Political Communication Syllabus Kaplan V4

Political Communication: The Mass Media, Campaigns and their Role in American Politics (Political Science 6395)

Summer 2010

(This syllabus is current as of June 2, 2010, but is subject to change at any time.)

Instructor: Noah KaplanOffice: 415 PGH, ext. 3-3907Office Hours: 9:30 am – Noon, Wednesdays, & by appointmentE-mail: [email protected]

This seminar provides a graduate level overview of the study of political communication and the mass media in American politics. It is intended to familiarize students with the theoretical issues and the state of empirical research on an array of topics within the field of political communication. The course will emphasize psychological theories of information processing and media effects at the individual level such as priming, framing and learning, cognitions and emotions, attitude development and political behavior. There is a vast literature addressing the role of political communication and the mass media in the United States. Thus, no claim is offered that the coverage of material in this seminar is either comprehensive of the field in general or for any specific topic.

The field is interdisciplinary, involving political scientists and scholars of mass communication, psychology, sociology, economics and journalism. Though the top three journals in political science regularly publish articles on political communication, there are a number of subfield specific publications in political science including Public Opinion Quarterly, Political Psychology and, most prominently, Political Communication. Also, there are a variety of non-political science journals that publish articles on the subject, including journals in communication, psychology, sociology, economics, journalism, business & market research, and law reviews.

The seminar is open to graduate students regardless of discipline or subfield, though the readings predominately address political communication in the United States (and contain quantitative analyzes).

FormatCourse meetings are scheduled for the first six weeks of the summer session (June 2nd – July 9th). The course moves very quickly due to the compressed summer schedule. Consequently, it is vital that you do not fall behind in the readings. See schedule below.

Course Requirements (READ CAREFULLY):1) Always attend class and be prepared to discuss ALL the material assigned for the class.

2) Actively participate in class discussions and present an overview of at least one article for each class or every other class (depending on class size). In their overview, students should highlight a) the question the author seeks to address, b) where this article or book

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fits in the debate or literature, c) the author’s hypotheses, d) competing hypotheses in the field, e) a description of the research design, and f) a critical evaluation of the author’s claims noting any major flaws.

3) All students NOT presenting papers (requirement 2) must submit to me a list of 4 (four) CRITICAL questions based on the readings by noon. These questions well help facilitate discussion in class.

4) There will be a take home midterm exam on Friday, June 18th. The midterm exam will consist of two questions similar to the type that would appear on a comprehensive exam. You will answer one of the two questions – an answer should be 8-10 pages in length (double-spaced, 1-inch margins, 12-point Times font). No essay should be more than 10 pages and I will not read beyond 10 pages.

You will have 8 hours to take the exam. I will email you the questions on Friday, June 18th at 8 am. You will have until 5 p.m. to return your essay to me. If you have not received an email reply indicating that I have received your essay, it means that I have not received your essay.

5) There will be a take home final exam on Friday, July 9th. The final exam will consist of two questions similar to the type that would appear on a comprehensive exam. You will answer one of the two questions – an answer should be 8-10 pages in length (double-spaced, 1-inch margins, 12-point Times font). No essay should be more than 10 pages and I will not read beyond 10 pages.

You will have 8 hours to take the exam. I will email you the questions on Friday, July 9th at 8 am. You will have until 5 p.m. to return your essay to me. If you have not received an email reply indicating that I have received your essay, it means that I have not received your essay.

Course Evaluation is based on the following: 20% of grade, attendance and class participation throughout the semester;20% of grade, individual presentations;30% of grade, midterm exam;30% of grade, final exam.

Attendance Notice: All students are expected to attend class each and every time we meet. Only a highly contagious or severely grave disease is a valid excuse to miss class. As a significant percentage of your final grade depends on class participation, and you can only contribute to class discussion if you are present, it follows you cannot afford to be absent.

Required Books: Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

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Recommended Books (classics not read during the course): Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What’s News. New York: Pantheon. Iyengar, Shanto and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and

American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago. Cook, T. E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution.

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (the 2005 second edition is identical to the first, but adds an “Afterwards” with associated notes). Not quite a classic, but a common read.

Cheating and Plagiarism: All students are expected to observe the University of Houston’s rules against cheating and plagiarism. See the section on “Academic Honesty” in the University of Houston Studies handbook for a full statement regarding UH’s rules against cheating and plagiarism. A succinct discussion of the University’s policies with links to all the relevant regulations can be found at http://www.uh.edu/provost/stu/stu_syllabsuppl.html. Any violation may result in expulsion from the University. Cheating and plagiarism in this class will be punished to the maximum extent possible.

ADA Statement: The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal antidiscrimination statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection for persons with disabilities. Among other things, this legislation requires that all students with disabilities be guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their disabilities. If you believe you have a disability requiring an accommodation, please contact UH’s Center for Students with Disabilities (CSD) at (713) 743-5400.

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Schedule

6395: Political Communications: The Mass Media, Campaigns and American Politics

Class 1 (Wednesday, June 2nd): Course Introduction and OverviewGraber, Doris. 2003. “The Media and Democracy: Beyond Myths and Stereotypes.” Annual Review of Political Science 6: 139-160.

Bennett, W. Lance, and Shanto Iyengar. 2008. “A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication.” Journal of Communication 58(4): 707-731.

Leighley, Jan E. 2004. Mass Media and Politics: A Social Science Perspective. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Determine class schedule.Determine schedule for presentations and questions etc….

SECTION A: POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY Class 2 (Friday, June 4th): Cognition and AffectLavine, Howard. 2002. “On-Line Versus Memory-Based Process Models of Political Evaluation.” In Political Psychology. Kristen Renwick Monroe, ed. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 225-247. [Review Article]

MacKuen, Michael, George E., Marcus, W. Russell Neuman and Luke Keele. 2007. “The Third Way: The Theory of Affective Intelligence and American Democracy.” In The Affect Effect. W. Russell Neuman, George E., Marcus, Ann N. Crigler and Michael MacKuen eds. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Huddy, leonie, Stanley Feldman and Erin Cassese. 2007. “On the Distinct Political Effects of Anxiety and Anger.” In The Affect Effect. W. Russell Neuman, George E., Marcus, Ann N. Crigler and Michael MacKuen eds. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to Emotions.” American Journal of Political Science 49(2):388-405.

Assumed That You Read in 6309Zaller, John, and Stanley Feldman. 1992. “A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 36(3): 579-616.

Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 89(2): 309-326.

RecommendedZaller, John. 2001. “Monika Lewinsky and the Mainsprings of American Politics.” In Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy, eds. W. Lance Bennett and Robert M. Entman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 252-278.

Class 3 (Monday, June 7 th ): Motivated Information Processing and Cognitive Bias Redlawsk, David P. 2002 “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on Political Decision Making.” Journal of Politics 64(4): 1021-1044.

Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology 26(3): 455-482.

Taber, Charles S. and Milton Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American Journal of Political Science 50(3): 755-769.

Stanovich, Keith. E., and Rihard F. West. 2008. “On the Relative Independence of Thinking Biases and Cognitive Ability.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94(4): 672-695.

Redlawsk, David P., Andrew Civettini, and Karen Emmerson. 2010. “The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners ever ‘Get It’?” Political Psychology 31(4).

RecommendedHastie, Reid and Robyn M. Dawes. 2001. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. [Introductory text that summarizes work of Kahneman and Tversky and colleagues in the Behavior Economic Research paradigm regarding cognitive biases in a fashion designed to be assessable to upper division undergraduates and is a good introduction for graduate students who wish a single source they can skim to learn the key concepts and findings in the field].

See Recommended Section for this particular class.

Class 4 (Wednesday, June 9 th ): Information Selection & Selective Exposure Mutz, D.C., & Martin, P.S. 2001. “Facilitating Communication Across Lines of Political Difference: The Role of Mass Media.” American Political Science Review 95(1): 97-114.

Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2008. “Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure.” Political Behavior 30(3): 341-366.

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Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, and Jingbo Meng. 2009. “Looking the Other Way: Selective Exposure to Attitude-Consistent and Counterattitudinal Political Information.” Communication Research 36(3): 426-448.

Baum, Matthew A. and With Phil Gussin. 2008. "In the Eye of the Beholder: How Information Shortcuts Shape Individual Perceptions of Bias in the Media.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 3(1): 1-31.

RecommendedSlater, Michael D. 2007. “Reinforcing Spirals: The Mutual Influence of Media Selectivity and Media Effects and Their Impact on Individual Behavior and Social Identity.” Communication Theory 17(3): 281-303. [REVIEW ARTICLE]

Bartels, Larry M. 2002. “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions.” Political Behavior 24(2): 117-150.

SECTION B: THE MASS MEDIA

Class 5 (Friday, June 11 th ): The Mass Media as Organizations and as a Political Institution Cook, Timothy E. 2006. “The News Media as a Political Institution: Looking Backward and Looking Forward.” Political Communication 23(2):159-171.

Reese, Stephen D. 1994. “The Media Sociology of Herbert Gans: A Chicago Functionalist.” Paper presented to the Mass Communication Division, International Communication Association, Sydney, Australia, July 1994. (media_sociology_of_gans.pdf)

Kuklinski, James H., and Lee Sigelman. 1992. “When Objectivity is Not Objective.” Journal of Politics 54(3): 810–33.

Hamilton, James T. 2004. All the News That’s Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Chapter 1 (“Economic Theories of News”) and Chapter 9 (“Content, Consequences, and Policy Choices”).

Ho, Daniel E. and Kevin M. Quinn. 2009. “Viewpoint Diversity and Media Consolidation: An Empirical Study.” Stanford Law Review 61(4): 781-868. (have pdf file)

RecommendedBaker, C. Edwin. 2009. “Viewpoint Diversity and Media Ownership: Comment” Federal Communications Law Journal 61: 651-672.

Ho, Daniel E. and Kevin M. Quinn. 2009. “The Role of Theory and Evidence in Media Regulation and Law: A Response to Baker and a Defense of Empirical Legal Studies.” Federal Communications Law Journal 61: 673-714.

Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What’s News. New York: Pantheon.

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Cook, T. E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (the 2005 second edition is identical to the first, but adds an “Afterwards” with associated notes; scan Afterwards and associated footnotes). Chapters ?

Class 6 (Monday, June 14 th ): Media Bias Gilens, Martin and Craig Hertzman. 2000. “Corporate Ownership and News Bias: Newspaper Coverage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act.” Journal of Politics 62(2): 369-386. Althaus, Scott. 2003. “When News Norms Collide, Follow the Lead: New Evidence for Press Independence.” Political Communication 20(4): 381-414.

Groseclose, Tim and Jeffrey Milyo. 2005. “A Social Science Perspective on Media Bias.” Critical Review 17(3-4): 305-314. (saved pdf file already) [A Version of their QJPS piece aimed at a larger, more general audience]

Ho, Daniel E. and Kevin M. Quinn. 2008. “Measuring Explicit Political Positions of Media.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 3(4): 353–377. (newspapers compared to supreme court justices)

Gunther, Albert C., and Janice L. Liebhart. 2006. “Broad Reach or Biased Source? Decomposing the Hostile Media Effect.” Journal of Communication 56(3): 449-466.

RecommendedGroseclose, Tim and Jeffrey Milyo. 2005. “A Measure of Media Bias.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics CXX(4):1191-1237. (newspapers compared to legislators)

SECTION C: MEDIA EFFECTS

Class 7 (Wednesday, June 16 th ): Priming Effects Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 96(1): 75-90.

Huber, Gregory A., and John S. Lapinski. 2006. The ‘Race Card’ Revisited: Assessing Racial Priming in Policy Contests.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 421-440.

Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2000. “News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens Are Guided by a Trusted Source.” American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 301-315.

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Althaus, Scott L. and Young Mie Kim. 2006. “Priming Effects in Complex Information Environments: Reassessing the Impact of News Discourse on Presidential Approval.” Journal of Politics 68(4): 960-976.

Lenz, Gabriel S. 2009. “Learning and Opinion Change, Not Priming: Reconsidering the Priming Hypothesis.” American Journal of Political Science 53(4): 821-837.

RecommendedIyengar, Shanto and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Class 8 (Friday, June 18 th ): MIDTERM

Class 9 (Monday, June 21 st ): Framing Effects Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. 1997. “Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance.” American Political Science Review 91(3): 567-583.

Druckman, James N. and Kjersten R. Nelson. 2003. “Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science 47(4): 729-745.

Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite Environments.” Journal of Communication 57(1): 99-118.

Druckman, James, and Rose McDermott. 2008. “Emotion and the Framing of Risky Choice.” Political Behavior 30(3): 297-321.

Slothuus, Rune. 2008. “More Than Weighting Cognitive Importance: A Dual-Process Model of Issue Framing Effects.” Political Psychology 29(1): 1-28.

Assume (from 6309 with Dr. Rottinghaus):Druckman, James. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics 63(4):1041-1066.

Chong, Dennis and James Druckman. 2007. “Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies.” American Political Science Review 101(4): 637-655.

RecommendedChong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 103-126. [REVIEW]

Lee, Nam-Jin, Douglas McLeod, and Dhavan V. Shah. 2008. “Framing Policy Debates: Issue Dualism, Journalistic Frames, and Opinions on Controversial Policy Issues.” Communication Research 35(5): 695-718.

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Class 10 (Wednesday, June 23 rd ) : Information/Learning Effects Prior, Markus. 2005. “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3): 577-592.

Jerit, Jennifer and Jason Barabas. 2009. “Estimating the Causal Effects of Media Coverage on Policy-Specific Knowledge.” American Journal of Political Science 53(1): 73-89.

Hetherington, Marc J. 1996. “The Media's Role in Forming Voters' National Economic Evaluations in 1992.” American Journal of Political Science (40)2: 372-395.

Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder and Robert Rich. 2000. "Misinformation and the Currency of Democratic Citizenship." Journal of Politics 62(3): 790-816.

Nyhan, Brendan and Jason Reifler. 2010. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.” Political Behavior 32(2): 303-330.

Assume from 6309 Jerit, Jennifer, Jason Barabas and Toby Bolson. 2006. “Citizens, Knowledge and the Information Environment.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 266-282.

SECTION D: MEDIA AND CAMPAIGN EFFECTS

Class 11 (June 28 th ): The Mass Media and Political Campaigns Bartels, Larry M. 1993. “Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure.” American Political Science Review 87(2): 267-285.

Dalton, Russell J., Paul A. Beck, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. “Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election.” American Political Science Review 92(1): 111-126.

Druckman, James N. and Michael Parkin. 2005. “The Impact of Media Bias: How Editorial Slant Affects Voters.” Journal of Politics 67 (4): 1030-1049.

Martin, Paul S. 2008. “The Mass Media as Sentinel: Why Bad News About Issues is Good News for Participation.” Political Communication 25(2): 180-193.

Nadeau, Richard, Neil Nevitte, Elisabeth Gidengil; and André Blais. 2008. “Election Campaigns as Information Campaigns: Who Learns What and Does it Matter?” Political Communication 25(3): 229-248.

Recommended

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Norris, Pippa and David Sanders. 2003. “Message or Medium? Campaign Learning During the 2001 British General Election.” Political Communication 20(3): 233 - 262.

Class 12 (Wednesday, June 30 th ): Campaign Effects: The Influence of Campaign Advertising Shaw. Daron R.1999. “The Effect of TV Ads and Candidate Appearances on Statewide Presidential Votes, 1988-1996. American Political Science Review 93(2): 345-362.

Hill, Seth J., James Lo, Lynn Vavreck and John Zaller. 2008. “The Duration Of Advertising Effects In The 2000 Presidential Campaign.” Paper prepared for the 2008 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting.

Gerber, Alan, James G. Gimpel, Donald P. Green and Daron R. Shaw. 2007. “The Influence of Television and Radio Advertising on Candidate Evaluations: Results from a Large Scale Randomized Experiment.” Manuscript.

Lau, Richard R., Lee Sigelman and Ivy Brown Rovner. 2007. "The Effects of Negative Political Campaigns: A Meta-Analytic Reassessment." Journal of Politics 69(4): 1176–1209.

RecommendedLau, Richard, Lee Sigelman, Carolinbe Heldman and Paul Babbitt. 1999. “The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment.” American Political Science Review 93: 851-75.

Geer, John G. 2006. In Defense of Negativity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press

Franz, Michael M., Paul B. Freedman, Kenneth M. Goldstein and Travis N. Ridout. 2007. Campaign Advertising and American Democracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Class 13 (Monday July 5 th ): The Political Effects of Soft News and Entertainment Programs Prior, Markus. 2003. "Any Good News in Soft News? The Impact of Soft News Preference on Political Knowledge." Political Communication 20(2):149–171.

Baum, Matthew A. and Angela Jamison. 2006. “The Oprah Effect: How Soft News Helps Inattentive Citizens Vote Consistently.” Journal of Politics 68(4): 946-59.

Baum, Matthew A. 2005. "Talking the Vote: What Happens When Presidential Politics Hits the Talk Show Circuit?" American Journal of Political Science 49(2): 213-234.

Morris , Jonathan. 2009. “The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and Audience Attitude Change During the 2004 Party Conventions.” Political Behavior 31(1): 79-102.

Xenos, Michael A. and Amy Becker. 2009. “Moments of Zen: Effects of the Daily Show on Information Seeking and Political Learning.” Political Communication 25(3): 229-248.

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RecommendedBaumgartner, Jody and Jonathan Morris. 2006. “The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth.” American Politics Research 34(3): 341-367.

Xiaoxia Cao and Paul R. Brewer. 2008. “Political Comedy Shows and Public Participation in Politics.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(1):90-99.

Class 14 (Wednesday, July 7 th ): The New Media Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Baum, Matthew A. and Tim Groeling. 2008. “New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse” Political Communication 26(3): 317 – 332.

Boulianne, Shelley. 2009. “Does Internet Use Affect Engagement? A Meta-Analysis of Research.” Political Communication 26(2): 193-211.

RecommendedPanagopoulos, Costas. 2009. Politicking Online: The Transformation of Election Campaign Communications. Rutgers N.J.: Rutgars University Press. (edited volume) – selected readings).

Tolbert, Caroline T. and Ramona S. McNeal. 2003. “Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation?” Political Research Quarterly 56:175–185.

Best, Samuel J. and Brian S. Krueger. 2005. “Analyzing the Representativeness of Internet Political Participation.” Political Behavior Volume: 27 (2): 183-216.

Xenos, Michael and Patricia Moy. 2007. “Direct and Differential Effects of the Internet on Political and Civic Engagement.” Political Communication 57(4): 704-718.

Final Exam (July 9 th )

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RECOMMENDED READINGS

Schedule

6395: Political Communications: The Mass Media, Campaigns and American Politics

SECTION A: POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY Class 2 (Friday, June 4th): Cognition and Affect

Assumed That You Read in 6309Zaller, John, and Stanley Feldman. 1992. “A Simple Theory of the Survey Response: Answering Questions versus Revealing Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 36(3): 579-616.

Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 89(2): 309-326.

Recommended For Cognition***Price, Vincent and David Tweksbury. 1997. “News Values and Public Opinion: A Theoretical Account of Media Priming and Framing.” Progress in Communication Sciences: Advances in Persuasion 13: 173-212.

Zaller, John. 2001. “Monika Lewinsky and the Mainsprings of American Politics.” In Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy, eds. W. Lance Bennett and Robert M. Entman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 252-278.

Kuklinski James H. and Paul J. Quirk. 2002. “Reconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics and Mass Opinion.” In Elements of Reason. Arthur Lupia, Mathew McCubbins and Samuel Popkin eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Redlawsk, David P. 2001. “You Must Remember This: A Test of the On-Line Model of Voting.” Journal of Politics 63(1): 29-58.

Dobrzynska, Agnieszka, and André Blais. 2008. “Testing Zaller’s Reception and Acceptance Model in an Intense Election Campaign.” Political Behavior 30 (2): 259-276.

Lang, Annie. 2000. “The Limited Capacity Model of Mediated Message Processing.” Journal of Communication 50 (1): 46-70.

Recommended For AffectMarcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago: The University of Chicago.

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Brader, Ted. 2006. Campaigning for Hearts and Minds: How Emotional Appeals in Political Ads Work. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Westen, Drew. 2007. The Political Brain. New York: Public Affairs.

Westen, Drew et al. 2006. “Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (11): 1947-1958.

Weinberger, Joel, and Drew Westen. 2008. “RATS, We Should Have Used Clinton: Subliminal Priming in Political Campaigns.” Political Psychology 29 (5): 631-651.

Conover, Pamela Johnston and Stanley Feldman. 1986. “Emotional Reactions to the Economy: I’m Mad as Hell and I’m Not Going to Take It Anymore.” American Journal of Political Science 30(1): 50-78.

Achen, Christopher H. and Larry M. Bartels. 2006. “It Feels Like We’re Thinking: The Rationalizing Voter and Electoral Democracy.” Working Paper.

Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. “Is a Worried Citizen a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet.” Political Psychology 29(2): 247-273.

Class 3 (Monday, June 7 th ): Motivated Information Processing and Cognitive Bias RecommendedLodge, Milton and Charles Taber. 2002. “Three Steps toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning.” In Elements of Reason, ed. Arthur Lupia, Mathew McCubbins and Samuel Popkin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hastie, Reid and Robyn M. Dawes. 2001. Rational Choice in an Uncertain World. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. [Introductory text that summarizes work of Kahneman and Tversky and colleagues in the Behavior Economic Research paradigm in a fashion designed to be assessable to upper division undergraduates and is a good introduction for graduate students who wish a single source they can skim to learn the key concepts and findings in the field].

Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman. 1974. “Judgment Under Uncertainty - Heuristics and Biases.” Science 185(4157): 1124-1131.

Kahneman, Daniel and Amos Tversky. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.” Econometrica 47(2): 263-291.

Tversky, Amos and Daniel Kahneman. 1981. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice.” Science 211(4481): 453-458.

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Quattrone, George A. and Amos Tversky. 1988. “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice.” American Political Science Review 82(3): 7s19-736.

Kahneman, Daniel and Amos Tversky eds. 2000. Choices, Values, and Frames. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Class 4 (Wednesday, June 9 th ): Information Selection & Selective Exposure RecommendedSlater, Michael D. 2007. “Reinforcing Spirals: The Mutual Influence of Media Selectivity and Media Effects and Their Impact on Individual Behavior and Social Identity.” Communication Theory 17(3): 281-303. [REVIEW ARTICLE]

Bartels, Larry M. 2002. “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions.” Political Behavior 24(2): 117-150.

Eveland, William P., and Dhavan V. Shah. 2003. “The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias.” Political Psychology 24(1): 101-117.

Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2007. “Media Effects, Selective Exposure, and Fahrenheit 9/11.” Political Communication 24(4): 415-432.

Valentino, Nicholas A., Antoine J. Banks, Vincent L. Hutchings, and Anne K. Davis. 2009. “Selective Exposure in the Internet Age: The Interaction between Anxiety and Information Utility.” Political Psychology 30(4): 591-613.

Iyengar, Shanto., & Kyu S. Hahn. 2009. “Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use.” Journal of Communication 59(1): 19-39.

Garrett, R. Kelly. 2009. “Echo Chambers Online?: Politically Motivated Selective Exposure Among Internet News Users.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14(2): 265-285.

SECTION B: THE MASS MEDIA

Class 5 (Friday, June 11 th ): The Mass Media as Organizations and as a Political Institution RecommendedBaker, C. Edwin. 2009. “Viewpoint Diversity and Media Ownership: Comment” Federal Communications Law Journal 61: 651-672.

Ho, Daniel E. and Kevin M. Quinn. 2009. “The Role of Theory and Evidence in Media Regulation and Law: A Response to Baker and a Defense of Empirical Legal Studies.” Federal Communications Law Journal 61: 673-714.

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Gans, Herbert J. 1979. Deciding What’s News. New York: Pantheon.

Lawrence, Regina G. 2000. The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality. Berkeley: The University of California Press.

Tuchman, Gaye. 1972.”Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen’s Notions of Objectivity.” American Journal of Sociology 77(4): 660-679.

Eliasoph, Nina. 1988. “Routines and the Making of Oppositional News.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 5(4): 313-334.

Popkin, Samuel L. 2006. “Changing Media, Changing Politics.” Perspectives on Politics, 4(2): 327- 341. [review essay of All the News That’s Fit to Sell and Soft News Goes to War]

Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (the 2005 second edition is identical to the first, but adds an “Afterwards” with associated notes; scan Afterwards and associated footnotes). Chapters ?

Sparrow, Bartholomew H. 1999. Uncertain Guardians: The News Media as a Political Institution. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Class 6 (Monday, June 14 th ): Media Bias RecommendedHofstetter, C. Richard. 1976. Bias in the News: Network Television Coverage of the 1972 Election Campaign. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press.

Vallone, Robert P., Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper. 1985. “The Hostile Media Phenomenon: Biased Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the Beirut Massacre.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49(3): 577-585.

Danielian, Lucig H. and Benjamin I. Page. 1994. “The Heavenly Chorus: Interest Group Voices on TV News.” American Journal of Political Science 38(4): 1056-1078.

Niven. David. 2002. Tilt? The Search for Media Bias. Westport NC: Praeger Publishers.

D'Alessio, Dave, and Mike Allen. 2000. “Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Communication 50(4): 133-156.

Niven, David. 2003. “Objective Evidence on Media Bias: Newspaper Coverage of Congressional Party Switchers.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80(2): 311-326.

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Groseclose, Tim and Jeffrey Milyo. 2005. “A Measure of Media Bias.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics CXX(4):1191-1237. (newspapers compared to legislators)

Schmitt, Kathleen M., Albert C. Gunther, and Janice L. Liebhart. 2004. “Why Partisans See Mass Media as Biased.” Communication Research 31(6): 623-641.

SECTION C: MEDIA EFFECTS

Class 7 (Wednesday, June 16 th ): Priming Effects RecommendedIyengar, Shanto and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago.

Krosnick, Jon A., and Donald R. Kinder. 1990. “Altering the Foundations of Support for the President Through Priming.” American Political Science Review 84(2): 497-512.

Druckman, James, Lawrence R. Jacobs and Eric Ostermeier. 2004. “Candidate Strategies to Prime Issues and Image.” Journal of Politics 66: 1205-1227.

Druckman, James. 2004 “Priming the Vote: Campaign Effects in a U.S. Senate Election.” Political Psychology 25(4): 577-594.

Schaffner, Brian F. 2005. “Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women's Issues in U.S. Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 49(4): 803-817.

Scheufele, D.A., and David Tewksbury. 2007. “Framing, Agenda-Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media-Effects Models.” Journal of Communication 57(1): 9-20.

Gilens, Martin, Lynn Vavreck and Martin Cohen. 2007. “The Mass Media and the Public’s Assessments of Presidential Candidates, 1952-2000,” Journal of Politics 69(4): 1160-1175.

Class 8 (Friday, June 18 th ): MIDTERM

Class 9 (Monday, June 21 st ): Framing Effects Assume (from 6309 with Dr. Rottinghaus):Druckman, James. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics 63(4):1041-1066.

Chong, Dennis and James Druckman. 2007. “Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies.” American Political Science Review 101(4): 637-655.

Recommended

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Iyengar, Shanto. 1990. “Framing Responsibility for Political Issues: The Case of Poverty.” Political Behavior 12(1): 19-40.

Iyengar, Shanto. 1990. Is Anyone Responsible? How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Entman, Robert M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43(4): 51-58.

Druckman, James N. 2004. “Political Preference Formation: Competition, Deliberation, and the (Ir)Relevance Of Framing Effects.” American Political Science Review 98(4): 671-686.

Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 103-126.

Zhou, Yuqiong, and Patricia Moy. 2007. “Parsing Framing Processes: The Interplay Between Online Public Opinion and Media Coverage.” Journal of Communication 57(1): 79-98.

Lee, Nam-Jin, Douglas McLeod, and Dhavan V. Shah. 2008. “Framing Policy Debates: Issue Dualism, Journalistic Frames, and Opinions on Controversial Policy Issues.” Communication Research 35(5): 695-718.

Class 10 (Wednesday, June 23 rd ) : Information/Learning Effects Assume from 6309 Jerit, Jennifer, Jason Barabas and Toby Bolson. 2006. “Citizens, Knowledge and the Information Environment.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2): 266-282.

RecommendedPrior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lupia, Arthur and Mathew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need To Know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Duch, Raymond M., Harvey Palmer and Christopher Anderson. 2000. “Heterogeneity in Perceptions of National Economic Conditions.” American Journal of Political Science 44(4): 635- 652.

Irwin, Galen A., and Joop J. Van Holsteyn. 2002. “According to the Polls: The Influence of Opinion Polls on Expectations.” Public Opinion Quarterly 66(1): 92-104.

Aarts, Kees, and Holli A. Semetko. 2003. “The Divided Electorate: Media Use and Political Involvement.” Journal of Politics 65(3): 759-784.

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Walgrave, Stefaan, Jonas Lefevere, and Michiel Nuytemans. 2009. “Issue Ownership Stability and Change: How Political Parties Claim and Maintain Issues Through Media Appearances.” Political Communication 26(2): 153-172.

Jerit, Jennifer and Jason Barabas . 2006. “Bankrupt Rhetoric: Effects of Misleading Information on Knowledge about Social Security.” Public Opinion Quarterly 70(3): 278-303.

Jerit, Jennifer. 2009. “Understanding the Knowledge Gap: The Role of Experts and Journalists.” Journal of Politics 71(2): 442-456.

SECTION D: MEDIA AND CAMPAIGN EFFECTS

Class 11 (June 28 th ): The Mass Media and Political Campaigns

Class 12 (Wednesday, June 30 th ): Campaign Effects: The Influence of Campaign Advertising

RecommendedLau, Richard, Lee Sigelman, Carolinbe Heldman and Paul Babbitt. 1999. “The Effects of Negative Political Advertisements: A Meta-Analytic Assessment.” American Political Science Review 93: 851-75.

Geer, John G. 2006. In Defense of Negativity. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press

Franz, Michael M., Paul B. Freedman, Kenneth M. Goldstein and Travis N. Ridout. 2007. Campaign Advertising and American Democracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Class 13 (Monday July 5 th ): The Political Effects of Soft News and Entertainment Programs RecommendedBaumgartner, Jody and Jonathan Morris. 2006. “The Daily Show Effect: Candidate Evaluations, Efficacy, and American Youth.” American Politics Research 34(3): 341-367.

Xiaoxia Cao and Paul R. Brewer. 2008. “Political Comedy Shows and Public Participation in Politics.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 20(1):90-99.

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A FEW EXAMPLES OF SUBJECTS NOT COVERED1) Information and Deliberation in Normative Theories of Democracy2) The Role (and Models) of the Mass Media in Democracies3) The Genetic Foundations of Political Psychology4) Ambivalence (versus Uncertainty)5) Media Effects such as Agenda Setting and Persuasion6) Interpersonal Political Communications within Social Networks7) The Mass Media and the Presidency8) The Mass Media and Congress (and the Supreme Court and Political parties and Interest

Groups)9) Foreign policy and the Mass Media