Political Beliefs “The government that governs least, governs best” Believed in states rights, not a strong national government U.S. should be an agrarian.

Political Beliefs• “The government that governs least,

governs best”• Believed in states rights, not a

strong national government• U.S. should be an agrarian republic

– People shouldn’t be dependent on others for their livelihood

• Wanted to mend political rifts– “We are all Federalists, we are all

Republicans”

Changes to the office of President• Presidential Messages ended

– Woodrow Wilson next Pres to give addresses

• Alien and Sedition Acts Reversal– Most had expired, but reversed

residency requirements & pardoned those convicted

• Excise Taxes– Repealed them

• The Army, Navy, & Govt– Reduced them

• The White House– 1st to live there

Things that remained the same

• Dealing with the debt– Kept Hamilton’s plans in place to pay off the debt– Reduced the debt from $87 million to $50 million

• Tariffs

• The Bank of the United States

John Marshall

• Became Supreme Court Chief Justice in 1801

• Appointed by J. Adams• Held the position for 34

years• Worked to establish the

powers of the Judicial Branch– Judicial Review

Judiciary Act of 1801

• Passed by the Federalists to maintain control over the Judicial Branch 19 days before Adams left office

• Created new Judgeships and other positions

• Adams rushed to fill the positions• “Midnight Judges” – men who were last

minute (literally) appointments by Adams

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• William Marbury was one of the Midnight Judges (3/3/01)

• His commission was supposed to be delivered by the new Secretary of State James Madison

• Jefferson & Madison were angry about the Midnight Judges

• Madison refuses to deliver the commission

• Marbury sues Madison for his job

• Case goes to the Supreme Court

• Marshall makes the decision• Marbury was entitled to the

position, but the Court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission

• Found parts of the Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional

Judicial Review

• Concept established by the Marbury v. Madison case

• The Courts have the power to decide the constitutionality of a law

• Constitutionality is whether or not a law violates the Constitution

• If it does, it is not a valid law

Samuel Chase• An associate justice of the

Supreme Court– Was a Federalist

• Jefferson & D-Rs wanted to gain more power in the Judicial Branch

• Tried to impeach him for his biased opinions

• Failed – he hadn’t committed any crimes

• Reassured the independence of the Judicial Branch

Louisiana is returned to the French

• Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800) returned Louisiana to the French

• American access to New Orleans is put into jeopardy

Napoleon wants to sell Louisiana

• Failed to regain control of Haiti

• Wanted to concentrate on Europe

U.S. reasons for Purchasing

• Wanted to have access to New Orleans• Jefferson’s agrarian society needed

room for expansion• James Monroe sent to Paris to negotiate

the purchase of New Orleans• Was offered all of Louisiana

The Purchase• Problem for Jefferson: Was this

constitutional?• Federalists argue no, D-R argue yes• U.S. paid $15 million for 828,000 square

miles

Lewis and Clark (1804-1806)• Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark sent to explore the territory

• Sacagawea helped

Tripolitan War (a.k.a. Barbary War) (1801 – 1805)

• Barbary States (Algiers, Tripoli, Tunis, & Morocco)

• Blackmailed countries to pay a tribute for protection from pirates

• Jefferson refused to continue paying the tribute

• Pasha of Tripoli declared war

• Jefferson orders the navy to defend American ships in the Mediterranean

• Battles ensue

• Inconclusive results:– Barbary states sued for

peace– U.S. would still pay a tribute

for protection

• U.S. showed military strength

Dealing with the Napoleonic Wars

• Fighting continues between France & Britain

• Both sides want to end trade between the U.S. & their enemy:– Blockades created– France continued seizing

American ships– Britain continued seizing

American ships– Britain Impressed American sailors

into the British navy

• British sailors began to desert the Royal Navy for American merchant ships

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

• June 22, 1807• HMS Leopard demanded to

board the USS Chesapeake to search for deserters

• Chesapeake refused• Leopard fired on the Chesapeake

and boarded anyways• 3 Americans died•Jefferson’s Jefferson’s Response:Response:

- Forbade Br. - Forbade Br. ships to dock in ships to dock in American ports.American ports. - Ordered state - Ordered state governors to call governors to call up as much as up as much as 100,000 100,000 militiamen.militiamen.

Embargo Act (1807)• Passed in response

to Chesapeake-Leopard affair

• Ended all exports from the United States to foreign nations

• Passed to pressure Britain and France to recognize American neutrality

• Problem:– It hurt the U.S. more

• Exports dropped by 80% by 1808– 1807: Exports worth $108 million– 1808: Exports worth $22 million

Embargo Act (1807)• Country thrown into a

depression– New England hurt the

most– South & West had

crops that piled up

• Smuggling became common

• Enforcement was difficult

• Jefferson had Congress pass harsh enforcement laws

• Very costly to enforce

• Congress repealed the Act 3 days before Jefferson left office

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

• Replaced the Embargo Act• Forbid the export of goods with only Britain

and France• Remained U. S. policy until 1812Remained U. S. policy until 1812• Unexpected ConsequencesUnexpected Consequences::

– N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old factories reopened]again [old factories reopened]

– Laid the groundwork for US industrial powerLaid the groundwork for US industrial power– Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America,

ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the USUS