Policy Formulation Presentation

8/6/2019 Policy Formulation Presentation

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Policy FormulationPolicy Formulation

and Case Studyand Case Study

Jeremiah V. PacerJeremiah V. Pacer

MA Public AdministrationMA Public AdministrationDepartment of Political ScienceDepartment of Political Science

Rizal Technological UniversityRizal Technological University


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PolicyPolicy

a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by aa course or principle of action adopted or proposed by agovernment, party, business or individual.government, party, business or individual.

defined as the process by which governments translate theirdefined as the process by which governments translate their

political vision into programs and actions to deliverpolitical vision into programs and actions to deliver

'outcomes''outcomes' desired change in the real world.desired change in the real world.

can take a range of different forms, including noncan take a range of different forms, including non--

intervention; regulation, for instance by licensing; or theintervention; regulation, for instance by licensing; or the

encouragement of voluntary change, including by grant aid;encouragement of voluntary change, including by grant aid;as well as direct public service provision.as well as direct public service provision.


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Classification of PoliciesClassification of Policies

1.1. SubstantiveSubstantive--what government is going to do, such as thewhat government is going to do, such as the

construction of highways, payment of benefits. It directlyconstruction of highways, payment of benefits. It directly

distributes advantages and disadvantages, benefits and cost to thedistributes advantages and disadvantages, benefits and cost to the

people.people.

2.2. ProceduralProcedural--pertain to how something is going to be done or who ispertain to how something is going to be done or who is

going to take action, how: it includes organizational matters.going to take action, how: it includes organizational matters.

33. Distributive. Distributive-- involve in the distribution of services or benefits toinvolve in the distribution of services or benefits toparticular segments of the populationparticular segments of the population--individual, groups,individual, groups,

organizations and communities involve in the use of public funds toorganizations and communities involve in the use of public funds to

assist particular groupsassist particular groups--social reform agenda.social reform agenda.


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Classification of PoliciesClassification of Policies

4.4. RegulatoryRegulatory--involve the imposition of restrictions or limitations oninvolve the imposition of restrictions or limitations on

the behavior of individuals and group, it reduces the freedom orthe behavior of individuals and group, it reduces the freedom or

discretion to act of those who are regulated.discretion to act of those who are regulated.

5.5. Self regulatorySelf regulatory-- involve restriction or control of some matter orinvolve restriction or control of some matter or

group, police your own rank, are usually sought and supported bygroup, police your own rank, are usually sought and supported by

the regulated group as a means of protecting and promoting thethe regulated group as a means of protecting and promoting the

interests of its members.interests of its members.

6.6. MaterialMaterial--provide tangible resources and substantial power to theirprovide tangible resources and substantial power to their

beneficiaries or impose real advantages on those who are adverselybeneficiaries or impose real advantages on those who are adversely

affected.affected.


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Stages of the Policy Process

Problem identificationAgenda setting

Policy formulation

Decision Implementation

Evaluation


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Problem Identification

Outcomes affecting the lives of people and thecondition of the nation are described

Typical examples: unemployment, national security,

poverty, crime

Not all problems are matters of public concern Who identifies problems? Media, government,

citizens

Globalization expands the problems facing society,

and makes existing issues more complicated


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Agenda Setting

Problems are selected for official

consideration

Agenda setters: Media, government officials,

interest groups, think tanks, political parties,citizens

Globalization gives many outsiders a role in

agenda setting


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Policy Formulation

Specification of problem: define terms andidentify relevant population

Explanation of problem

Alternatives for addressing problem

Costs and benefits assessed

Globalization makes explaining problems

more contentious


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Decision

Policy makers choose one or more solutions to

the problem

Political battles of previous stages are partly

geared toward affecting this stage

Combinations of options can be chosen

Non-action is a choice

Globalization changes the incentives and

challenges democracy


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Implementation

Taking actionAllocate resources (money, personnel,

equipment), establish rules and standardoperating procedures,

determine lines of authority

In general, the domain of the executive branch

Globalization has recently meant greater

reliance on markets and market-likestructures, more privatization


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Evaluation

In political debate, evaluation is pervasive

Systematic evaluation tools are highly developed,

but often not used

Good evaluation focuses on measuring outcomes

Instead, evaluation may be political or oriented

toward activities rather than outcomes

Globalization means it is harder to identify relevant

population or the reasons things happen


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An Example: Iraq

What was the problem in 2002?

How did Iraq get on the agenda?

What policy options were available to solvethe problem?

Why was war chosen?

How was the war implemented?

How are things working out?


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Political Power

Who controls the agenda? Who decides?

A central concern of Political Science

Many theories have been developed to answer

such questionsSystem-centered

Society-centered: groups, classes, social

movementsState-centered: Government officials and

structure


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Society-centered

Groups, classes, and individuals in societyhold power

Elite theory

Class analysisSocial movements theory

Group theory

Pluralism


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State-centered

Government officials take the initiativeStructure of government determines in part

what happens

Bureaucratic actors dominate policy process


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System-centered

Relationship of country to the rest of theworld determines its policy preferences

Distribution of power (powerful countries

prefer open world economy)World system (unequal distribution of wealth)

Globalization (US turns to world market to

solve economic problems at home)


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Case StudiesCase Studies

Filipino First PolicyFilipino First Policy

--Embodied in the advocacy of President Carlos Garcia.Embodied in the advocacy of President Carlos Garcia.

--Reflected in the 60Reflected in the 60--40 pro40 pro--filipino ownership requirement infilipino ownership requirement in

the 1987 Constitution.the 1987 Constitution.--Ensured the welfare and dominance of local businessmen andEnsured the welfare and dominance of local businessmen and

entrepreneurs.entrepreneurs.

--Encouraged the subsistence of dummies.Encouraged the subsistence of dummies.

--Deprived PHISIX and entire local economy of necessary capitalDeprived PHISIX and entire local economy of necessary capitaloutpour from foreign conglomerates and multinationaloutpour from foreign conglomerates and multinational

companies.companies.


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COMELEC Modernization and ComputerizationCOMELEC Modernization and Computerization

--Conceptualized to fastConceptualized to fast--track the results of the triennial pollstrack the results of the triennial polls

and other mandated elections provided by law.and other mandated elections provided by law.

--Programmed to minimize electoral frauds likeProgrammed to minimize electoral frauds like Dagdag Bawas.Dagdag Bawas.--Instituted to streamline and limit the number of personnelInstituted to streamline and limit the number of personnel

rendering service during elections.rendering service during elections.

--The initial undertaking of computerization was stalled due toThe initial undertaking of computerization was stalled due to

the decree issued by Supreme Court.the decree issued by Supreme Court.--The current cost of the computerization has taken a great tollThe current cost of the computerization has taken a great toll

on the budget of the commission.on the budget of the commission.


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Bases Conversion ofCampBases Conversion ofCamp CrameCrame and Aguinaldoand Aguinaldo

--Patterned after the development of Fort Andres Bonifacio intoPatterned after the development of Fort Andres Bonifacio into

a bustling commercial hub.a bustling commercial hub.

--Government is envisioning large income from theseGovernment is envisioning large income from thesetransactions that will sustain the modernization of militarytransactions that will sustain the modernization of military

and police personnel.and police personnel.

--Relocation, however, proves to be difficult and a risk on theRelocation, however, proves to be difficult and a risk on the

part of national security.part of national security.

-- Monetary gains from the conversion may not serve its raisonMonetary gains from the conversion may not serve its raison

detre.detre.


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Cheaper Medicines ActCheaper Medicines Act

--The purpose of the measure is to lower the cost of health careThe purpose of the measure is to lower the cost of health care

maintenance and medication.maintenance and medication.

--The authors specifically pointed out to the exponential gainsThe authors specifically pointed out to the exponential gainsand profits of pharmaceutical firms.and profits of pharmaceutical firms.

--Along the way, the government wavered in the fullAlong the way, the government wavered in the full

implementation of the act because of the political pressureimplementation of the act because of the political pressure

coming from medication drug manufacturers and distributors.coming from medication drug manufacturers and distributors.

-- Government made a compromise in classifying certain familyGovernment made a compromise in classifying certain family

of medications subject to Cheaper Medicines Act.of medications subject to Cheaper Medicines Act.


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Reproductive HealthBillReproductive HealthBill

--Piece of legislation made to address the growing concern ofPiece of legislation made to address the growing concern of

population in the Philippines.population in the Philippines.

--The bill is made to encourage and support the people in usingThe bill is made to encourage and support the people in usingcontraceptives and familycontraceptives and family--planning schemes.planning schemes.

--The bill does not compel nor coerce the community to adoptThe bill does not compel nor coerce the community to adopt

family planning schemes.family planning schemes.

--Leaders of the Catholic Church fervently opposed the bill as itLeaders of the Catholic Church fervently opposed the bill as itis against the teachings and dogma of the christian faith.is against the teachings and dogma of the christian faith.

--Implementation systems are still on the verge of uncertaintyImplementation systems are still on the verge of uncertainty

and dilemma.and dilemma.

Policy Formulation Presentation

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