Policy and Coordination in Multilingual Internet Names Tan Tin Wee Vice Chairman Multilingual Internet Names Consortium (MINC)
Mar 27, 2015
Policy and Coordination in Multilingual Internet Names
Tan Tin Wee
Vice Chairman
Multilingual Internet Names Consortium
(MINC)
Framework of Authority-I
IANA
Names Numbers Protocols
gTLDs ccTLDs APNICARINRIPE
IETF
SRINSIVerisign
CountryNICs/Mngrs
US Govt
LegalGovtContract
Framework of Authority-II
IANA
Names Numbers Protocols
gTLDs ccTLDs APNICARINRIPE
IETF
Verisign/NSI CountryNICs/Mngrs
US Govt
Registries
Registrars
LegalContract
LegalGovtContract
ICANN “Inc”
PSOASODNSO
Stakeholders:ConstituenciesAt Largeetc
GAC
Framework of Authority-III Names
ICANN “Inc”
DNSO
gTLDs ccTLDs
Verisign/NSI CountryNICs/Mngrs
Registries
Registrars
. “root”
.com
.org
.net
.intetc
.us
.jp
.cn
.tvetc
TopLevel Domains TLDs
example.com
www.example.com
geneve.ch
elections.org.sg
Framework of Authority - IV
• US Government Dept of Commerce• IANA original authority• ICANN is in charge of the “Root” inter
alia• ICANN coordinates Insertion of TLDs in
the Root• Delegates authority to gTLDs and
ccTLDs
Justification for authority
• US Government funded the original research, operation of IANA, Jon Postel – Precedence
• Delegated Authority from USG• Universal Acceptance• Government Involvement through GAC• Contractual Agreements between authority and
delegee – Commercial Contract law• Universal Representation from Stakeholders• Hierarchy of authority – ICANN – SOs – Stakeholders• Universal Suffrage of current Internet users?
Multilingual Name Space - I
• New Name Spaces extended from ASCII
• New Technology Originated from Asia Pacific 1998
• Testbed pioneered in Asia 1998/1999
• New Standards with Strong Asian Input in IETF processes 1999
• New Complexities of Languages and Scripts
Multilingual Name Space - II
• New Scenarios of TLDs – language TLDs? ccTLDs and gTLDs in other scripts?
• New Names – IDNs and Keywords• New User communities of non-English
speaking users• New authority/expertise framework nascent –
MINC-INFITT-AINC-CDNC-JDNA-etc 2000-2001
• New Companies – I-DNS.net (1999) Neteka, Netpia, Realnames, Nativenames etc
ICANN ++ response
• IETF Internationalized Domain Name IDN Working Group end 1999/ 2000
• IDN Committee 2001
• Names Council/DNSO IDN WG 2001
• Since 1998 to date.
Different Premises may necessitate Review of Authority
Framework• Is any change required of existing framework of
authority?• Can existing framework be extended to include
the new multilingual namespace?• Can the existing stakeholder base be extended to
the new multilingual stakeholders?• Can the gTLD/ccTLD ICANN authority structure
work for the new multilingual multiscript IDN namespaces?
Authority Matrix in IDNLanguage Script Country/
EconomyExample
1 1 1 Hebrew, Greek
1 M 1 Japanese
1 1 M Russian, Mongolian
M 1 M Ascii, Han, Arabic
1 1 0 Tamil
1 M M Korean
Matrix of Language-Script-Country I
• ManyLanguages-OneScript-ManyCountries – - Latin script-ASCII; - Arabic/Farsi/Urdu/Jawi-Arabic->20countries; -Chinese/Japanese/Korean-Han-China/Japan/Koreas/Taiwan/HK/Macau/Singapore etc.
• OneLanguage-OneScript-OneCountry – Ancient Icelandic-Iceland; Hebrew-IsraelGreek-Greece
• OneLanguage-ManyScripts-OneCountry – Japanese-Hiragana/Katakana/Kanji-Japan
Matrix of Language-Script-Country II• OneLanguage-OneScript-ManyFonts-NoCountry – - Tamil-
Tamil-TamilNadu State+>12countries with Tamil minorities; - American Indian languages; - Indian Languages such as Gujerati, Marathi, etc.
• OneLanguage-OneScript-SeveralCountries – - Mongolian-Mongolian-Mongolia/China; - Russian-Cyrillic-Russia/postSovietUnion states
• OneLanguage-SeveralScripts-SeveralCountries – - Korean-Hanguel/Hanja-NorthKorea/SouthKorea
• Other combinations
Current Status - I
• IDN Technologies available
• Strong IDN demand is proven
• IDN Service providers already present
• IETF IDN standards imminent
Current Status II
• Even more new technologies forthcoming – Growth area
• New Processes available – MINC, INFITT, AINC, JDNA, CDNC
• New businesses and new opportunities and new services in keywords and above-DNS services
Urgency• Multilingual masses shut out of Internet because of
linguistic limitation• IDN Technology/Service Vendors moving forward
with proprietary software – fracturing internet• Alternative Root advocates getting stronger• Application-Dependent/ Vendor Specific Solutions
– Keywords-Realnames/Verisign/Microsoft; AOL keywords; Netscape keywords
• Country Authorities launching their own
MINC
• Multilingual Internet Names Consortium• Coordination of IDN and Keywords• Cooperation with relevant international
organisations – ICANN, IETF, ISOC, ITU, WIPO, etc
• Creation of and fostering of ties with new organisations – AINC, CDNC, JDNA, INFITT, etc
• Formation in 2000
MINC WGs and Other Associated Organisations
• Chinese Domain Names Consortium – CDNC• International Forum for IT in Tamil – INFITT• Arabic Internet Names Consortium – AINC• Japanese Domain Name Association – JDNA• Urdu WG
Russian WGIndian Lang WGGreek Langauge WG etc
MINC Proactive Ongoing Plan• Work with all stakeholders and relevant
organisations – ICANN, ISOC, ITU, WIPO etc• Set up Interoperability Testbed for Technology
testing• Foster growth of new Stakeholder communities
beyond AINC/INFITT/CDNC/JDNC etc for Self Determination process in their own languages
• Formulation of workable authority structures• Formulation of Inter-language group coordination
and dispute resolution• Creation of level playing field for all levels
Policy and Coordination• ICANN IDN Committee mid2001• ICANN Names Council IDN committee late2001• ITU-WIPO-MINC meeting on multilingual domain
names – this conference late 2001.• MINC-AINC MoU and meeting• MINC-CDNC meeting• MINC official support of JDNC• MINC-INFITT MoU• MINC fostering RussianWG, IndianLangWG,
GreekWG, HebrewWG etc.
What Policy/Coordination needed going forward?
• Conservative Central-Control Approach
• Revolutionary Liberal Free-Market Approach
• Something in-between?
Conservative Central-Control Approach
ICANN
DNSO
gTLDs ccTLDs
Verisign/NSIothers
CountryNICs/Mngrs
Registries
Registrars
IDN-TLDs
ccSO? ?SO?
CountryNICs/Mngr ??
Language TLDs ??
Unique RootWith Single Authority
Revolutionary Liberal Free-Market Approach
ICANN
DNSO
gTLDs ccTLDs
Verisign/NSIothers
CountryNICs/Mngrs
Registries
Registrars
IDN-TLDs
ccSO? ??
CountryNICs/Mngr ??
Language TLDs ??
?? ?? ??….
?? ?? ?? ?? ??
Non-Unique RootWith MultipleAuthorities
Other TLDs
Loose or No CoordinationWith colliding namespaces
Other iTLDs
Something in Between?
ICANN
DNSO
gTLDs ccTLDs
Verisign/NSIothers
CountryNICs/Mngrs
Registries
Registrars
IDN-TLDs
ccSO? ??
CountryNICs/Mngr ??
Language TLDs ??
?? ?? ??….
?? ?? ?? ?? ??
Unique Distributed RootWith CoordinatedMultiple AuthoritiesMulti-Lateral
Agreements /Coordination
Past Present Future of IDN• Technically Impossible, but 1998 iDNS proxy• Technically Unimplementable, but 1998 APNG Testbed• No Commercial Interest, but 1998 I-DNS.net Inc• No Demand, but 1999 Overwhelming response• No Standard, but 1999 IETF IDN WG• No Organisation, but 2000 MINC• No Language Support, but 2000/1 CDNC, INFITT,AINC,JDNA
• No Authority, but ICANN IDN Committee, NC IDN WG• No Fair, Equitable, Proactive, Responsive
Authority Structure to address the complexity of languages
When can the non-English speaker start to use IDN?
• Define standards
• Demythologise the unique root
• Devolve authority and responsibility
• Deploy Coordination process
• Delimit and Delegate new IDN TLDs
• More work, mostly political work needed.
Please provide feedback to:
• Tan Tin Wee [email protected]
• MINC Website: www.minc.org
• MINC Email: [email protected]
• MINC Mailing Lists