Poli - Agra Lecture Ppt - Election

7/28/2019 Poli - Agra Lecture Ppt - Election

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Overview ofElection LawsAlherto C. Agra

Professor of Laws and Political Law Bar ReviewerAteneo Law School

Eldo. L*!, Anado c. agri

Election Laws1. 1987 Constitution t2. Omnibus Election Code (B.P. BlS. 881)3. Automated Election Law (R.A- No.9369 amending

R.A. No.8436)4. Synchronized Elections Act (R.A. No' 7156)5. 1991 Local Government Code (R.A. t*o. 7160)6. Fair Election Act (R.A, No.9006)7. Voter's Registration Act of 1995 (R.A. No. 8189)' El6.don !tlE, L.do C. /r.


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Topics for Discusilon1) Commission onElections2) Voters and Voter

Registration3) Elective Officials

6) Postponement andFailure of Llections7) Automated

Elections8) Pre-ProclamationCases9) Post-ProclamationCases

and Candidates4) Campaign5) Contributionsand Expenditures

C. A0rs

1) Commission on Elections, Enforcement Power: All election laws (personsand policies)ludicial Power: Qualifications and ElectionContests (not Suffrage)lurisdiction: Origina I ( Regional, Provincial andCity); and Appellate (Municipal, Barangay andSangguniang Kabataan)Remedies: En Banc (MR, administrative) andDivision (1st instance, judicial)

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1) Commission on ElectionsProcessr Division - MR to En Banc - Certiorari toscJudicial: Disqualification, Election Protest, Quo' Warranto, Pre-Proclamation, Annulment of

Procla mationAdministrative: Failure of Eler--tions,

Postponement of Elections; Election Offense,Annulment of Book of VotersContempt: Judicial (not Administrative)

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2) Voters: ConCeptsWhat? Suffrage is a Right (,rit an obligation)Who? Qualifications defined in Constitution;Disqualifications defined in Statute; AllowAbsentee Voting, Dual Citizens, Disabled andllliterates to VoteHow? Procedural Requirements allowed to beimposed, Substantive not aliowed

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2) Voters: QualifitationsFilipino CftizenAt least 18 years of age on election dayResident in Philipfines for at least l year priorto election dayResided in place wherein propose to vote forat least 5 months prior to election dayFree from Disqualificationsln order to vote, rrlust be a registered voterrr*r,- r-'*t, lLcrto c. eg,"

2) Voters: Disqualifications

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Sentenced by final judgment - imprisonment of1 year or more

Sentenced to suffer accessory penalty - politicalAdjudged by finaljudBrnent - crime involvingdisloyaltyCourt-declared insane and incompetent peRons

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Listing: Computerize{ List at all LevelsNumber: 200 Voter-Precinct (rrnless clustered)Changes: Permanent but suhjr:ct to changesi(+ or-): New Voters; Transfer; Deactivation and

Activation; Cancellation; lnclusion and Exclusion;and Annulment of Book of Vottrrs

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2) Voters: Deactivation

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2) Voters: Opposltion,|'What? Applications ndt yet acted upontlWhere Oppose? Electlon Rggistration Board

Who may Oppose? Vdter, Candidate or PoliticalPartyWhen? Specified PeriodHow Oppose? File Written Opposition/ ChallengeWhy Oppose? Not Qualified, FictitiousAppearance? Mandat0ry if application opposed

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2) Voters:lnclusion/ ExcltlsionWhat? Applications already acted uponWhere File? MTC (not Comelec), then RTC, then SC(question of law)Grounds? Disapproval or Name Stricken Out(lnclusion); Not Qualifidd or Voter Not Real(Exclusion)When? Specified Period '

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2) Voters:Annulment of Book of VotersAnnul What? Book of Voters per precinctWhere File? ComelecWhen Filed? Nornrally, after period to fileinclusion/ exclusion lapsesWho Files? Any Voter, EO or PartyWhat Grounds? (1) Eook Prr-"pared lmproperly,Preparation Attended with Vice or Fraud, and (2)Book contains Statistically lmprobable Data (notqualification of voters)

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2) Voters: Election Dalrlllegal Voter

Not registered; Use another name; Disqualified;Multiple Registrant /o//owed to vate if properlyidentified)lllegal Act

Vote-Buying; Vote-Sellirlg; Vote" Bettin g : Promise toinduce or withhold vote (ollowctd to vote if tokeooth)

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q3) Officials: Electite W{tlational OfficePresident; Vice-Presiderit; Senators {2a; L/21;Representatives (District and Pafi-List)local Office

LCE: Governor, Mayorand Punong Barangay; VLCE:Vice-Governor and Vice-Mayor; SanggunianMembers; Sangguniang Kabataan

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3) Officials: Party;ListMulti-Partism/ Party Loyalty/ Social JusticeExclusive to Marginalized/ Nominees OrganicOnly in House (20% of Total)2% Threshold (and until filled up)3-5eat Maximum

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3) Officials: CandidateDefinition: Seeks public office ond filescertificate of candidacy ond c;lrnpaign period hasstarted (but connot compoign Lefore compoignperiod)Effect of Non-Filing: [tlot a car didate (not tiable

for unlowful octs ond omission: before becomingo condidote; before stort af cuntpoign period)

Effect of Filing: On Tenure of lncumbents(elective - remain in office; apF,ointive - ipso/ocfo resigned) Elecl6n 1 9. Albdlo a A.ra

3) Officials: SubstitutionGrounds: (1) Death, (2) W thdrawal, and (3)Disqualification (not allowed if violate termlimit; CoC denied due course or cancelled -nuisance and material m isrrlpresentation )Who? Substitute must be J.ualifiedWhen? Up to mid-day of' eiection daySubstitute? Qualified and Same PartyLimitationsl Subslituted carr no longer runfor any other positipn; Witldrawal not affectliabilities I

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3) Officials: Quali$icationsSet by the Constitution (naflonal) and statutes (local)

CitizenshipAgeResidencyRegistered VoterLiteracyFree from Disqua lifrcations

. Undertake Drus.Test under CDDA OF 2OO2(unconstrtutrona,er""ri* r.rr., Jfim c eg."

3) Officials: Disqualifi cations

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Lack qualifications/ possess some disqualificationsViolate Term Rule (1-2-3 terms)Commission of an election offenseNuisance CandidateSentenced by Final Judgment (accessory penalty)Willfully Commits Material MisrepresentationNo valid, timely and properly filed certificate ofcandidacy

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Lack of QualificationsWhere File? Comelec DivisionWhen File? Before Proclamationlf Not File? Quo Warranto

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3) Officials : DisqualiflcationsCommission of Election Offense

What Offenses? Vote- Buying, l-e rrorism, U rrlawfu IExpenditures, Unlawful Campaign, (loercion ofSubordinates, Threats, Prohibition against Relr:ase ofPublic Funds (other election offense ,s - file EO case -RTC hears)Where File? Comelec DivisionWhen File? Before Proclamationlf Not File? Election Protest; Election Offense

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3) officials: oisqu8tificationsNuisance Candidate

Who ls? Campaign Capabitity, lntention, Performance,Exposure, Platform, Party Affiliation, Orga nization,Profession, lncome, Health, Education, NameWhere File? Comelec DivisionWhen File? Within 5 days from last Oay Filing ofCertificate of Candidacylf Not File? No remedy

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3) Officials: DisqualificationsMisrepresentation

What? Misrepresentation must be Material(pertains to Qualifications and Disqualifications) andWillful/ Deliberate; Even if there is'Misrepresentation," if actually Qualified - NotDisqualifiedWhere File? Comelec DivisionWhen File? 25 days from Filing of CoClf Not Flle? No remedy

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4l Campaign: ConcePtDefinition: Act designed to promote the electionor defeat of a candidateOperative Act: tntent/ Design (not all acts of

beneficence are considered campaigning) andPeriod (start of campaign)Application: All Candidates for All Elective OfficesFramework: Regulated but Liberalized

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4) Campaign: Allowable FormsForming OrganizationsHolding RalliesMaking SpeechesDistributing Campaign MaterialsfSoliciting VotesPublishing Advertisefnents

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4) Campaign: Fprms

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4l Carnpaign: Paid Ads

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Print U4th page in broadsheet; % in tabloid 3x aweekTelevision: 120 minutes (for national); 50 minutes(for local)Radio: 180 minutes (for national);90 minutes (forlocal)

4) Campaign: Unlqwful ActsForeign lnterventionRemoval or Destruction of Lawtul PropagandaMaterials not Disclose PayorExceed Limits (Time an{ Space)Transportation, Foods 6pd Drinks During RalliesMovie or Video on or by Candiclate

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5) Prohibited ContributionsFinancing lnstitutionsPublic Utility OperatorNatural Resources ExplorerGovernment ContractorsFranchise HoldersDonee lnstitution from GovernmentEducational lnstituticnsForeigners/ Foreign Corporations

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5) Other Prohibited AasNot reveal true name of contributor

Exceed Limits (P10, P5, P3)Not file StatementExpenditures made by non-authorized persons

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5) Lawful ExpendituresUse of FacilitiesTravelCompensationCommunicationsWritten MaterialsPollwatchercOffice/ HQ

AdvertisementsMeetings/ RalliesCounsel*Copying of List ofVote,rs*Sarnple Ballots*Volunteers*

(* - not included in cop)El.lon L*, Alorto c. Aen 33

6) Postponement of ElestionsGrounds: (1) Force majeure, (2) Violence, (3)Terrorism, (4) Loss or Destruction of ElectionParaphernalia, and (5) Analogous CausesExtent: Serious ond lmpossible to have free andorderly electionsConditions: Grounds must exist before votingAuthorfty: Comelec en panc (petition or motupropio); not BEI or electiiin officersResuh: Special Electiong

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6) Failure of Elections 'J1!Grounds: (1.) Force majeure, (2) Violence, (3)Terrorism, (4) Fraud; and (5) Analogous CausesExtent: Failure to elect ond atfect. results of electionsExamples: Foilure - transfer of venue of countingwithout notice; No Foilure - voting resumes aftersporadic violence, landslide results, not affect outcomeConditions: Election not held or:iuspended, Aftervoting, During preparations or trarrsmission of electionreturns, CanvassingAuthority: Comelec en Qanc (petition)Resutt: Special Elections

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7! Automated ElectionsStatutory Bases: RA 9369 amending RA8435Automated Election System: voting,counting, consolidating, canvassing, andtransmissionPaper-Based or Dipect Recording ElectionSystem : Ba llots, Eteition Retu rns, Certificateof Canvass, Statement of VotesComelec Discretiop: AES or AESs, Paper-Based or Direct RecQfding

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7| Automated ElectionsFeatures: Use of Ballots, Stand-alonemachine, with Audit Trails, Minimum Humanlntervention and Security MeasuresVoting Procedure (before Board of Elections

lnspectors):l.Voter gets ballots from BEI2.Voter fills uo ballot in votine booth {sooil onlv 1x)3.Voter affixes thumbmark oi voti,rg ieicord4. BEI aoolies indelible ink5.Votei ilrops ballot in ballot box

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;!7) Precinct-Count Optical Scan

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7) Automated ElectionsProcesses: Counting at CountingCenter as ballots arrive (physical transport)Precinct-Level Result: Printing of ElectionsReturns (30 copies) then ElectronicTransmission to Board of Canvassers; Resultsloaded in Data Storage DevicesCanvassing at BoC: Consolidatiori of Resultsin Data Storage Devices then ElectronicTransmission to Comelec (Senate and Party-List) and Congress (President and Vice-President) and Proclapation

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TransmiSsionl- cq--l tffit and Canyass COMELEC

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8) Pre-Proclamation CasesAllowed: Objections pertaining toProceedings and Composition of BoC;

Pol lwatchers-related; Data-storage Delayed,Destroyed, Falsified (before convoss)NotAllowed:1. No Material Defects, Manifest Errors underAES2. Rules of Appreciation; Violence, VotingProcedure, Eligibility of Voftrrs

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9! Post-Proclamatlon:GroUnds: Fraud and lrregularities in Castin!, Countingand CanvassingDocuments in Qraostion/ Evidence: Batlots, ERs, cocsand Data-Storage DevicejVenue: P/1y'P : Senators: ReDresentatives : Reqional :Province; City; Municipility; Barangay

Procedure: Revision; Trilltf plospe4: protestee removed, true winnerproclarmed

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