poken english-Complete Notes

You probably already know hello and how are you?However, English speakers dont always say hello and how are you?They also use many other English greetings and expressions to say slightly different things.You can also use such English greetings to sound more natural, and also to express yourself more clearly and precisely.Lets learn how to use some other simple formal and informal English greetings, as well as fun slang expressions that people around the world use to greet each other.Whether youre an ESL student or a English business professional, weve got you covered.Common English Greetings and ExpressionsEnglish-speaking people usually greet each other in an informal way, so you can use these common conversational greetings for friends, family, as well as people you meet in casual settings.1. Hey,Hey man, orHiYou can use hey and hi to greet someone instead of hello. Both are particularly popular among younger people. While hi is appropriate to use in any casual situation, hey is for people who have already met. If you say hey to a stranger, it might be confusing for that person because he or she will try to remember when you met before! You can also add man to the end of hey when greeting males. Some people also use hey man to casually greet younger women, but only do this if you know the woman very well. Remember that hey doesnt always mean hello. Hey can also be used to call for someones attention.2. Hows it going?orHow are you doing?These are casual ways of asking how are you? If youre trying to be particularly polite, stick with how are you? but otherwise, you can use these expressions to greet almost anyone. The word going is usually shortened, so it sounds more like go-in. You can answer with its going well or Im doing well depending on the question. Although its not grammatically correct, most people just answer good and you can too. Like when responding to how are you? you can also follow your answer by asking and you?.3. Whats up?,Whats new?,orWhats going on?These are some other informal ways of asking how are you? which are typically used to casually greet someone you have met before. Most people answer with nothing or not much. Or, if it feels right to make small talk, you could also briefly describe anything new or interesting thats going on in your life, before asking what about you? to continue the conversation.4. Hows everything ?,How are things?, orHows life?These are some other common ways of asking how are you? They can be used to casually greet anyone, but most often theyre used to greet someone you already know. To these, you can answer good or not bad. Again, if small talk feels appropriate, you could also briefly share any interesting news about your life, and then ask the person what about you? or another greeting question.5. Hows your day?orHows your day going?These questions mean how are you? not just right now, but how youve been all day. You would use these greetings later in the day and with someone you see regularly. For example, you might ask a co-worker one of these questions in the afternoon, or a cashier that you see at the grocery store every evening. Its going well is the grammatically correct response, but many people simply answer with fine, good or alright.By the way, notice that good, fine or not bad are perfect answers to almostanygreeting question.6. Good to see you or Nice to see youThese casual greetings are used with friends, co-workers or family members that you havent seen in a while. Its common for close friends to hug when they greet each other, particularly if they havent seen each other in some time; so you might use this greeting along with a hug or handshake depending on your relationship with the person.7. Long time no seeorIts been a whileThese casual greetings are used when you havent seen someone in a long time, particularly if you meet that person unexpectedly. How much is alongtime? It depends on how often you normally see that person. For example, you could use one of these greetings if you normally see the person every week, but then dont see them for a few months or more. Usually, these phrases are followed with a question like how are you, how have you been? or whats new?Business Greetings andFormal GreetingsIts best to begin by using formal greetings in most business situations, and then listen to how your co-workers or business partners greet you. Its a good idea to wait until someone speaks casually with you before you speak casually with them. You may find that people will begin to use casual greetings with you over time, as you get to know each other better. Formal greetings are also used when you meet older people.8. Good morning,Good afternoon, orGood eveningThese are formal ways of saying hello, which change depending on the time of day. Keep in mind that good night is only used to say good bye, so if you meet someone late in the day, remember to greet them with good evening, rather than good night. Good morning can be made more casual by simply saying morning. You can also use afternoon or evening as informal greetings, but these are less commonly used.9. Its nice to meet youorPleased to meet youThese greetings are formal and polite. If you say this to someone when you meet him or her for the first time, it will make you seem courteous. Remember to only use these greetings thefirsttime you meet someone. Next time you see the person you can show that you remember him or her by saying its nice to see you again.10. How have you been?This greeting question is only asked by people who have already met. If someone asks you how have you been? they want to know if you have been well since the last time the two of you met.11. How do you do?This greeting is VERY formal, and quite uncommon, but it may still be used by some older people. The proper response is Im doing well or, as strange as it seems, some people even ask how do you do? right back as an answer.Slang English GreetingsSlang greetings are extremely informal, and should only be used with people that you know very well, and feel very comfortable with. Keep in mind that a lot of slang is regional, and using Australian slang, for example, in America can sound quite strange. Youll need to learn the local slang wherever you are, but these common examples will help you get started.12. Yo!This extremely informal greeting is common in America. It comes from 1990s hip-hop slang and these days its often used jokingly. This greeting should only be used with very close friends, and never in a business setting.13. Are you OK?,You alright?,orAlright mate?This casual way of asking both hello and how are you is common in Britain. You can respond yeah, fine, or simply alright.14. Howdy!This is a very informal abbreviation of how do you do? that is common in certain parts of Canada and the U.S. Keep in mind that if you say howdy outside of these regions, you will sound like a cowboy, and it might make the other person laugh.15. Sup?orWhazzup?These greetings are abbreviations of whats up? which are common among teenagers. Like with whats up? you can answer nothing or not much.16. Gday mate!This casual greeting is an Australian abbreviation of good day. Keep in mind that Australian greetings often use ya instead of you. So how are ya? is the same as how are you?, and how are ya going? is basically the same as hows it going? or how are you doing?17. Hiya!This greeting, short for how are you?, is commonly used in certain parts of England. However, you dont need to actually answer this question you can just say hey! right back. I hope you enjoy trying out these new English greetings. Youll find that greeting people in different ways will help your English sound more natural, and it might even make English greetings more fun and interesting for you.There are many ways of greeting people, both formal and informal. General greetings (Formal)1. Hello!2. How are you?3. How are you doing?4. How is everything?5. Hows everything going?6. How have you been keeping?7. I trust that everything is well.General greetings (Informal)8. Hi.9. Whats up?10. Good to see you.11. How are things (with you)?12. Hows it going?13. Hows life been treating you?Greeting a person you havent seen for a long time (Formal)14. It has been a long time.15. Its been too long.16. What have you been up to all these years?17. Its always a pleasure to see you.18. How long has it been?19. Im so happy to see you again.Greeting a person you havent seen for a long time (Informal). How come I never see you?. Its been such a long time.. Long time no see.. Where have you been hiding?. Its been ages since we last met.Conversation skills - SEEKING, GRANTING AND REFUSING PERMISSION

In our life situations who do we seek permission from? What for?LETS ROLE PLAYInformalLee : Sheela, I lost my calculator. Mind if I use yours?

Sheela : No, not at all. You can have it.

Lee: OK if I have this until this evening?

Sheela : Oh, sure.

FormalKaila, the secretary of the English club meets the Principal.Kaila : Good morning, Sir.

Principal : Good morning. Have you got the confirmation from the speaker for the inauguration?

Kaila : Yes, sir. Professor Mathew from St. Josephs College has given his consent. Hell reach Sofia University by 1 pm tomorrow. Would it be possible to send the car to pick him up, Sir?

Principal : Im afraid it is not possible. You better hire a taxi. Well pay the fare.

FOCUS ON COMMUNCIATIONExpressions for seeking, granting and refusing permission in various situations are given below:

Formal SituationsSeeking permission : Might I have your permission to

With your permission I should like to

Would it be all right if I

Granting permission: Permission is granted .

We are pleased to permit ..

Refusing permission : Im afraid we couldnt allow.

Im afraid we dont have the authority.

Informal SituationsSeeking permission : Any chance of borrowing .

Mind if I borrow ..

All right if I use ..

Granting permission : Its OK / fine / all right

Go ahead.

Of course, you can.

Refusing permission : Id like to, but I cant .

I cant possibly.

Sorry thats not on.

No way, Im afraid.

Neutral Situations

Seeking permission : Would it be possible ..?I wonder if you could Do you mind if .. ?Granting permission: By all means do ..Please dont hesitate.

Yes, certainly, you can.

Refusing permission : I dont really think you can.

Im afraid thats not possible.

Im sorry Im not supposed to allow..ORAL PRACTICE - Conversation in shop1. Shopkeeper : May I help you, Sir?

Rafa : Im looking for a pair of black cotton trousers.

Shopkeeper : Heres one, Sir.

Rafa : Do you mind if I try this on me?

Shopkeeper : No, not at all.

Rafa : Thank you (after trying). Its quite all right for me. Ill take this

Conversation in school.

Teacher : Sir, class XII students want to go for a picnic to Hokaido. Would it be all right if I take them this week end?

Headmaster : How about their revision test?Are they through with it?

Teacher : Yes sir, they are.

Headmaster : In that case, I think you can go ahead.

Teacher : May I take the Zoology teacher with us?

Headmaster : Im afraid we couldnt allow. For twenty students only one teacher can accompany.

Teacher : Its all right, Sir. Ill manage.Asking for permission to do something takes many different forms. Perhaps you need to get permission to do something at work, or perhaps you need to ask a friend for permission to use one of her possessions, or maybe you need to ask the teacher if you can leave room the for a moment or two. Remember to use polite forms when asking for permission to do something or use an object as you are asking a favor of that person.Structures Used when Asking for PermissionCan I + verb - VERY INFORMALCan I go out tonight?Can he have dinner with us?NOTE: The use of "Can I do something?" is very informal, and considered incorrect by many. However, it is used in everyday informal speech and for that reason has been included.May I + verbMay I have another piece of pie?May we go out with our friends tonight?NOTE: Traditionally, the use of "May I do something?" has been used for asking permission. In modern society, this form has become a little more formal and is often replaced with other forms such as "Can I..." and "Could I ..." Many argue that "Can I ..." is incorrect because it refers to ability. However, this form is quite common in everyday situations.Could I please + verbCould I please go with Tom to the movie?Could we please go on trip this weekend?Do you think I could + verbDo you think I could use your cell phone?Do you think I could borrow your car?Would it be possible for me + infinitiveWould it be possible for me to use your computer for a few minutes?Would it be possible for to study in this room?Would you mind if I + verb in pastWould you mind if I stayed a few more minutes?Would you mind if I took a five minute break?Would you mind my + verb + ing + your + objectWould you mind my using your cellphone?Would you mind my playing your piano?Giving PermissionIf you would like to say "yes" to someone who asks permission, you can give permission using these phrases:SureNo problem.Go right ahead.Please feel free + infinitiveWhen giving permission people will sometimes also offer to help in other ways. See the example conversations below for an exampleRefusing a FavorIf you do not want to deny permission, you can these responses:I'm afraid I'd prefer if you didn't / don't.Sorry, but I'd rather you not do that.Unfortunately, I need to say no.I'm afraid that's not possible.Saying 'no', is never fun, but sometimes it's necessary. It's common to offer a different solution to try to help out even if you can't give permission.Example Situations - Asking for Permission which is GivenJack: Hi Sam, do you think I could use your cellphone for a moment?Sam: Sure, no problem. Here you are.Jack: Thanks buddy. It will only be a minute or two.Sam: Take your time. No rush.Jack: Thanks!Student: Would it be possible for me to have a few more minutes to review before the quiz?Teacher: Please feel free to study for a few more minutes.Student: Thank you very much.Teacher: No problem. Do you have any questions in particular?Student: Uh, no. I just need to review things quickly.Teacher: OK. We'll begin in five minutes.Student: Thank you.Example Situations - Asking for Permission which is DeniedEmployee: Would you mind if I came in late to work tomorrow?Boss: I'm afraid I'd prefer if you didn't.Employee: Hmmm. What if I work overtime tonight?Boss: Well, I really need you for the meeting tomorrow. Is there any way you can do whatever it is you need to do later.Employee: If you put it that way, I'm sure I can figure something out.Boss: Thanks, I appreciate it.Son: Dad, can I go out tonight?Father: It's a school night! I'm afraid that's not possible.Son: Dad, all my friends are going to the game!Father: I'm sorry son. Your grades haven't been the best recently. I'm going to have to say no.Son: Ah, Dad, come on! Let me go!Father: Sorry son, no is no.Practice SituationsFind a partner and use these suggestions to practice asking for permission, as well as giving and denying permission as shown in the examples. Make sure to vary the language you use when practicing rather than using the same phrase over and over again.Ask permission to ... go out on a weekday evening with friends use someone's car for the day use someone's cell or smart phone take a day or two off work skip school for a day play someone's piano use someone's computer make a copy of an article in a magazineGiving and Receiving Presents in EnglishImportant phrases to use when exchanging giftsHappiness doesn't result from what we get, but from what we give. Of course, you can justsay 'Thank You', butI'd also saythat happiness also comes from the response someone shows when receiving a present. Use these phrases to give and receivegifts or presents in English with grace while making a great impression.Phrases Used when Giving a PresentIn order to make a good impression, you'll need to say something better than "Here. Take it!" when giving someone a present. This is especially true whengiving fits in the workplace.Informal - for friends and familyI got you something I hope you like it.Look what I have for you!I thought you might like this for ...Happy Birthday! Happy Anniversary! Here's a little gift / present for you.(handing present to someone) Enjoy!It's only something small, but I hope you like it.Here's a little present for you.Guess what I bought you!Formal - at work and special occasions(Name), I'd like to give you this present / gift.(Name), This is a present that I / we / staff / got you.I'd like to present you with this .... (very formal, used when giving an award or special present)In the name of (xyz), I'd like to give you this present.Here is a token of our appreciation.Phrases Used when Receiving a PresentYou can just say, "Thanks." when receiving a present. However, chances are that you might insult someone with such a short thank you. These phrases will help you make a good impression when receiving a present depending on thetype of gift.General Phrases for Smaller ItemsThank you so much!That's so kind!You shouldn't have!For Clothing, Decorative Household Items, Handicraft and ArtThank you! It's beautiful.I love it! I'll put it on / hang it up / etc. immediately.That is so thoughtful of you. It matches my .... perfectly!How did you know I've always wanted a ... to go with my ...For Larger Items such as Household AppliancesThank you. I really need a ...Fantastic! I've been thinking about getting a ...This is exactly what I needed. Now, I can ...For Travel, Tickets and Other EventsHow kind of you! I've always wanted to see ... in concert / at the movies / at an exhibitionWow! This is a dream come true! Tickets for ...Thank you so much! I've hoped / wanted to travel to .... for a long time.Example SituationsTwo FriendsFriend 1: Tammy, I need to talk to you for a moment.Friend 2: Anna, Hi! It's good to see you.Friend 1: I got you something. I hope you like it.Friend 2: I'm sure I will. Let me open it!Friend 1: It's only something small.Friend 2: Come on. Thank you so much!Friend 1: ... Well, what do you think?Friend 2: I love it! It matches my sweater!Friend 1: I know that's why I bought it.Friend 2: How did you know I've always wanted a broach to go with this sweater.Friend 1: I'm glad you like it.Friend 2: Like it. I love it!At WorkColleague 1: Your attention, your attention! Tom could you come over here?Colleague 2: What's this?Colleague 1: Tom, in the name of everybody here, I'd like to give you this token of our appreciation.Colleague 2: Thank you Bob. This IS an honor.Colleague 1: We thought you might be able to use this at home.Colleague 2: Let's see ... let me open it.Colleague 1: The suspense is killing us.Colleague 2: You've wrapped it up tight! ... Oh, it's beautiful.Colleague 1: What do you think?Colleague 2: Thank you so much! This is exactly what I needed. Now I can get to work building that birdhouse.Colleague 1: We had a little help from your wife. She told us about your love of woodworking.Colleague 2: What a thoughtful gift. I'll put it to good use immediately.Colleague 1: Thank you Tom for all you've done for this company.Colleague 2: My pleasure, indeed.Practice SituationsFind a partner and use these suggestions to practice giving and receiving gifts in various situations. Make sure to vary the language you use when practicing rather than using the same phrase over and over again. give your friend a small gift just for fun give a married couple a gift for their anniversary give one of your parents a gift present someone with a gift at workAsking for Information in EnglishAsking for information can be as simple asasking for the time, or as complicated as asking for details about a complicated process. In both cases, it's important to use an appropriate form to the situation. For example, when asking for information from a friend, use a more informal form. When asking a colleague, use a slightly more formal form. Finally, when asking for information from a stranger, use an appropriately formal construction.Structures Used when Asking for InformationVery Informal - for Friends and FamilySimple Question: Wh? + Helping Verb + Subject + VerbIf you are asking a friend or family member for information, use a direct a question.How much does it cost?Where does she live?More Formal for Everyday Simple QuestionsUse these forms for simple, everyday questions in stores, with colleagues at work, and in other informal situations.(Pardon me, Excuse me) Can / could you tell me + wh? + S + verb?Can you tell me when the train arrives?Pardon me, could you tell me how much the book costs?Formal for More Complicated Questions and Asking Important People QuestionsUse these forms when asking complicated questions that require a lot of information, as well as asking information questions of important people such as your boss, on ajob interview, etc.I wonder if you could + tell me / explain / provide information on ...I wonder if you could explain how health insurance is handled at your company.I wonder if you could provide information on your pricing structure.Would you mind + verb + ing ...?Would you mind telling me a little bit more about benefits at this company?Would you mind going over the savings plan again?Replying to a Request for InformationIf you would like to provide information when asked for information, start your reply with one of the following phrases.InformalSureNo problem.Let me see ...More FormalI'd be happy to answer that.I should be able to answer your question.It'd be a pleasure to help you.When providing information people will sometimes also offer to help in other ways. See the example conversations below for an example.Saying NoIf you do not have the answer to a request for information, use one of the phrases below to indicate that you are unable to answer the question.InformalSorry, I can't help you out.Sorry, but I don't know that.That's beyond me.More FormalI'm afraid I don't have the answer to that question.I'd like to help you. Unfortunately, I don't have that information / don't know.Saying 'no', is never fun, but sometimes it's necessary. It's common to offer a suggestion as to where someone might find out the information required.Example SituationsSimple SituationBrother: When does the movie start?Sister: I think it's at 8.Brother: Check, will you?Sister: You're so lazy. Just a second.Brother: Thanks sis.Sister: Yes, it starts at 8. Get off the couch sometimes!Customer: Excuse me, can you tell me where I can find menswear?Shop Assistant: Sure. Menswear is on the second floor.Customer: Oh, also, could you tell me where sheets are.Shop Assistant: No problem, sheets are on the third floor at the back.Customer: Thanks for your help.Shop Assistant: My pleasure.More Complex / Formal SituationMan: Excuse me, would you mind answering some questions?Business Colleague: I'd be happy to help.Man: I wonder if you could tell me when the project is going to begin.Business Colleague: I believe we're beginning the project next month.Man: and who will be responsible for the project.Business Colleague: I think Bob Smith is in charge of the project.Man: OK, finally, would you mind telling me how much the estimated cost will be?Business Colleague: I'm afraid I can't answer that. Perhaps you should speak with my director.Man: Thank you. I thought you might say that. I'll speak to Mr. Anders.Business Colleague: Yes, that would be best for that type of information. Man: Thank you for helping out.Business Colleague: My pleasure.Ask for information about ... a subject you are studying at school a new product in a store a friend who you haven't seen for a long time what someone wants for a birthday how to do something you don't understand vacation spots how to cook something using a computer programExpressing SadnessHow to express yourself when you aren't happySome days aren't as good as others. In fact, you may be sad from time to time. How should you express yourself when you arefeeling sad? Use these phrases to express yourself when you are down, or to respond to people who are feeling blue.Idioms in the introduction:when you are down = when you feel sadfeeling blue = feeling sadStructures Used to Express SadnessThe examples used in this section are in thepresent continuoustense to express feeling sad at the moment of speaking. You can also use these expressions in different tenses.Informal - for friends and familyS + be + feeling down aboutsomethingI'm feeling down about work lately.She's feeling down about her grades.S + be + upset aboutsomethingI'm upset about my friends.Tom's upset about his boss. He's too hard on him!S + be + sad aboutsomethingI'm sad about the situation at work.Jennifer's sad about her mother.More Formal - for Colleagues or WorkS + be + out of sortsI'm sorry. I'm out of sorts today. I'll be better tomorrow.Peter is out of sorts today. Ask him tomorrow.S + do not + feel wellDoug doesn't feel well today.The staff doesn't feel well about the changes at work.Idioms Used to Express SadnessS + be + feeling blueabout somethingJack is feeling blue about his relationship with his girlfriend.Our teaching said he was feeling blue about life last night.S + be + in the dumps about somethingWe're in the dumps about our financial situation.Kelly is in the dumps about her horrible job.S + feel + down in the mouth about somethingKeith feels down in the mouth about his relationship.Jennifer is down in the mouth this month. I don't know what's the matter.How to Respond to Someone Who is SadWhen someone tells you they are sad, it's important toexpress your concern. Here are some common phrases to show you care.InformalBummerI feel you.Tough luck.I can't believe that. That's horrible / disgusting / not fairMore FormalI'm sorry to hear that.That's too bad.What can I do to help?Is there anything I can do for you?Would you like to talk about it?If you see that someone is sad, but that person is not telling you, you can use the following phrases to get the person to open up about their feelings. Make sure toask lots of helpful questionswhen helping a friend or a colleague who is feeling sad.What's the matter?You seem sad. Tell me all about it.Why the long face?Example SituationsExample 1 - At WorkColleague 1: Hi Bob. I'm feeling out of sorts today.Colleague 2: I'm sorry to hear that. What seems to be the problem?Colleague 1: Well, I'm really upset about the changes at work.Colleague 2: I know it's been difficult for everyone.Colleague 1: I just don't understand why they had to change our team!Colleague 2: Sometimes management does things we don't understand.Colleague 1: It make no sense! I just don't feel well.Colleague 2: Maybe you need some time off work.Colleague 1: Yes, maybe that's it.Colleague 2: Is there anything I can do to help?Colleague 1: No, just talking about it makes things better.Colleague 2: Feel free to talk anytime.Colleague 1: Thanks. I appreciate it.Colleague 2: No problem.Example 2 - Between FriendsSue: Anna, what's the matter?Anna: Nothing. I'm fine.Sue: You seem sad. Tell me all about it.Anna: OK, I'm in the dumps about Tom.Sue: Bummer. What seems to be the problem>Anna: I don't think he loves me anymore.Sue: Really! Are you sure about that?Anna: Yes, I saw him yesterday with Mary. They were laughing and having a great time.Sue: Well, maybe they were just studying together. It doesn't mean he's leaving you.Anna: That's what I keep telling myself. Still, I'm feeling blue.Sue: Is there anything I can do?Anna: Yes, let's go shopping!Sue: Now you are talking. A nice new pair shoes would help you feel much better.Anna: Yes, maybe that's what I really need. Not a boyfriend, but some beautiful new shoes.Asking for a Favor in EnglishHow to Ask for, Grant and Deny FavorsIt's common to ask for favors from friends, relatives, your family, and your colleagues. It's important to be polite when you are asking for a favor. Use these phrases to politely asking for a favor. Pay special attention to the form of the verb used.Structures Used when Asking a FavorCould / Would you do me a favor?Would you do me a favor? I need some help.Could you do me a favor? I'm late for work ...Could you please + verbCould you please take me to work?Could you please lend me a hand?Could you possibly + verbCould you possibly take some time off to help?Could you possibly work overtime today?Could I ask / bother / trouble you + infinitiveCould I ask you to help my brother?Could I bother you to give a ride to work?Could I trouble you to open the door for me?Would you mind + verb + ingWould you mind closing the window?Would you mind cooking dinner tonight?Would it be too much trouble for you + infinitiveWould it be too much trouble for you to let me come in late tomorrow?Would it be too much trouble for you to take a look at this letter?Granting a FavorIf you would like to say "yes" to someone who asks you for a favor, you can grant the favor using these phrases:SureNo problem.I'd be happy to help you.It would be my pleasure.I'd be glad to help out.It's common to ask for more specifics when granting a favor. For instance, if your friend asks you to help him out with a project, you might ask some follow up questions to get an idea of what is needed.Refusing a FavorIf you are unable to help out and need to say "no", you can refuse a favor with these responses:I'm afraid I can't.Sorry, but I'm unable + infinitiveUnfortunately, I'm not able + infinitive.Regrettably, I can't + verbSaying 'no', is never fun, but sometimes it's necessary. It's common to offer a different solution to try to help out even if you can't do the favor.Example Situations - Asking for a Favor which is GrantedPeter: Hi Anna. I've got a favor to ask. Would you mind cooking dinner tonight? I'm kind of busy.Anna: Sure, Peter. What would you like for dinner?Peter: Could I trouble you to make some pasta?Anna: That's sounds good. Let's have pasta. Which type of sauce should I make?Peter: Would it be too much trouble to make a four cheese sauce?Anna: No, that's easy. Yum. Good idea.Peter: Thanks Anna. That really helps me out.Anna: No problem.Student 1: Hey, could you please help me with the homework?Student 2: I'd be glad to help out. What seems to be the problem.Student 1: I don't get this equation. Would you mind explaining it to me?Student 2: No problem. It's difficult!Student 1: Yeah, I know. Thanks a lot.Student 2: Don't worry about it.Example Situations - Asking for a Favor which is RefusedEmployee: Hello, Mr. Smith. Could I ask you a question?Boss: Sure, what do you need?Employee: Would it be too much trouble for you to let me come in at 10 tomorrow morning?Boss: Oh, that's a little difficult.Employee: Yes, I know it's last moment, but I have to go to the dentist.Boss: I'm afraid I can't let you come in late tomorrow. We really need you at the meeting.Employee: OK, I just thought I'd ask. I'll get a different appointment.Boss: Thanks, I appreciate it.Brother: Hey. Would you mind letting me watch my show?Sister: Sorry, but I can't do that.Brother: Why not?!Sister: I'm watching favorite show now.Brother: But I'm going to miss my favorite game show!Sister: Watch it online. Don't bother me.Brother: Could you please watch your show online, it's a rerun!Sister: Sorry, but I'm unable to do that. You'll just have to watch it later.Practice SituationsFind a partner and use these suggestions to practice asking for favors, as well as granting and refusing favors as shown in the examples. Make sure to vary the language you use when practicing rather than using the same phrase over and over again.Ask someone to ... loan you $50 for the weekend help you with your homework assist you with some paperwork such as filling out a form give you a ride check your writing or correct your grammar practice speaking English with you cook a meal let you take a day off workDisagreeingHere are a number of useful phrases used when disagreeing or expressing another opinion. Notice that a number of these expressions employ the first or second conditional. I wouldn't do that. I would... But if we... I'm afraid I have to disagree with you. Don't get me wrong, ... Even so, if... Don't forget that... Very true, but...After you study these constructions, take the disagreeing quiz to check your understanding.Examples:I wouldn't do that. I'd speak to the teacher first and see what she says.But if we don't make those investments, we'll risk loosing market share.Don't get me wrong, I just think we should look at some other options before making a decision.Even so, if we change classes this late, we might not get a passing grade.Don't forget that we you still need to finish all your homework BEFORE you can do that.Very true, but we still need to get the garden in shape before building a new deck.Contrasting IdeasThere are a number of formulas used when contrasting ideas in English. Here are some of the most common: We'd love to stay for dinner, but we have got to get going. They decided to stay in the area, in spite of their problems with the local residents. Despite the difficulties of a long journey, Peter decided to visit India. Getting a good job is hard work, however, most people eventually find one with patience. There were a number of people who came, although the hotels were not equipped to handle them all.After you study these constructions, take the contrastingto check your understanding.

Making ComplaintsThere are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's important to remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or aggressive. It's best to mention a problem in an indirect manner. Here are some of the most common: I'm sorry to have to say this but... I'm sorry to bother you, but... Maybe you forgot to... I think you might have forgotten to... Excuse me if I'm out of line, but... There may have been a misunderstanding about... Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...Asking for and giving adviceThere are various ways how we can ask for/give advice in English. Imagine you have a problem and you ask one of your friends for a piece of advice, or a friend asks you for advice. You can ask for advice/ give advice by using some of the following expressions;Asking for advice What do you think I should do? What should I do? What do you suggest? What do you advise me to do? If you were me what would you do? What ought I to do? Do you think that I should?Giving advice If I were you I would/wouldnt. If I were in your shoes/position I would You had better/ youd better.. You should Your only option is to. Why dont you.? Have you thought about.? Have you tried?Giving AdviceIf I were in your place...

This page lists useful phrases for the language function ofgiving advice and recommendationsto other people.Elementary1. (I think/I really think) you need to/must/should ...2. How about ...?3. It is usually a good idea to ...4. My suggestion/advice is (to) ...5. Why don't you ...?6. You could (try) ...7. You probably/definitely/really should ...Pre-Intermediate1. Have you tried ...?2. I (would) (strongly) suggest/advise that ...3. If I was/were you, I'd ...4. In my experience, ... works really well.5. It's generally best/a good idea to...6. One idea is to ...7. One thing you could/should/have to do is ...8. The best/most important thing (to do) is to ...Intermediate1. ... might work.2. ... would probably work.3. ... (always) works for me.4. If I was/were in your place, I'd ...5. If that happened to me/In that case/If I had that problem, I'd ...6. My (main/personal) recommendation is/would be ...7. You'd better ...8. In this (kind of) situation, I (would) always recommend/advise ...Upper Intermediate1. (If I was/were) in that (that kind of) situation, I'd ...2. Have you thought about ...?3. If it was/were me, I'd ...4. Make sure you (don't) ...5. The sooner you ... the better.6. Whatever you do, ...7. Your only option is to ...8. You have no choice but to ...Advanced1. ... is worth a try.2. A (self-help) book I read recommends ...3. A piece of advice from ... that I'd like to pass on is to ...4. A wise man once said ...5. As the proverb says, ...6. I can't recommend ... strongly enough.7. You should ..., no doubt about it.8. It might be an old wives' tale, but ...Expressions for Agreeing and DisagreeingStating an opinion In my opinion... The way I see it... If you want my honest opinion.... According to Lisa... As far as I'm concerned... If you ask me...

Asking for an opinon What's your idea? What are your thoughts on all of this? How do you feel about that? Do you have anything to say about this? What do you think? Do you agree? Wouldn't you say?

Expressing agreement I agree with you 100 percent. I couldn't agree with you more. That's so true. That's for sure. (slang)Tell me about it! You're absolutely right. Absolutely. That's exactly how I feel. Exactly. I'm afraid I agree with James. I have to side with Dad on this one. No doubt about it. (agree with negative statement)Me neither. (weak)I suppose so./I guess so. You have a point there. I was just going to say that.

Expressing disagreement I don't think so. (strong)No way. I'm afraid I disagree. (strong)I totally disagree. I beg to differ. (strong)I'd say the exact opposite. Not necessarily. That's not always true. That's not always the case. No, I'm not so sure about that.

Interruptions Can I add something here? Is it okay if I jump in for a second? If I might add something... Can I throw my two cents in? Sorry to interrupt, but... (after accidentally interrupting someone)Sorry, go ahead.ORSorry, you were saying... (after being interrupted)You didn't let me finish.

Settling an argument Let's just move on, shall we? Let's drop it. I think we're going to have to agree to disagree. (sarcastic)Whatever you say./If you say so.

Agreeing/DisagreeingThere is no clearly defined difference between formal and informal ways of agreeing or disagreeing but its good to be careful about using expressions that sound too informal in certain situations.Click on the audio jukebox to hear the expressions according to tracks. Track 1- Simple agreement1. I agree.2. I really agree with you.3. I think you are right.4. I couldnt agree with you more.5. You said it.6. Cant say I dont agree.7. Im with you on this.8. I partly agree9. I agree on this but not that.10. Its partly true. Track 2 - Accepting/Declining/Expressing acceptance I accept your point. Please accept this on our behalf. Sorry, I cant accept this. Im 100% with you on this! Great idea. Ill take it. Sorry, I cant take it. Accept my apology. Track 3 - Simple disagreement or refusal I disagree with you. Everyone has their own opinion, right? I think youre wrong on this. Im sorry but I have to refuse your request. Youre wrong. No way! Youve got to be kidding! How can you even say that? Where is your logic? Track 4 - Strong disagreement I completely disagree with you. You are very wrong to say that. I totally disagree with you. I cant find myself to agree with you. Youre dead wrong. Youre way wrong.Agreement, partial agreement and disagreementThe way people agree or disagree in an argument or discussion varies in different languages.Agreement:It is worthwhile saying that silence is not understood as agreement. If you agree with an opinion or an idea, you are expected to say so.ExpressionsThere is no doubt about it that...I completely / absolutely agree with you.I agree with you entirely.I totally agree with you.I simply must agree with that.I am of the same opinion.I am of the same opinion.Thats exactly what I think.Disagreement:Expressing disagreement is always respected as honest, and sometimes as courageous.ExpressionsI don't agree with you.Im sorry, but I disagree.I'm afraid, I can't agree with you.The problem is that...I (very much) doubt whether...This is in complete contradiction to...With all due respect,I am of a different opinion because ...I cannot share this / that / the view.I cannot agree with this idea.What I object to is...I have my own thoughts about that.Partial agreement:You can also agree but with reservation especially when there is a doubt or feeling of not being able to accept something completelyExpressionsIt is only partly true that...Thats true, butI can agree with that only with reservations.That seems obvious, but...That is not necessarily so.It is not as simple as it seems.I agree with you in principle, butI agree with you in part, butWell, you could be right.Fact, Opinion, False Claim, or Untested Claim?Fact: Statement about the real world supported by convergent evidence.Facts can be empirical, analytical, evaluative, or metaphysical.Opinion: Self-report or attitudinal statement.False claim: Statement about the real world refuted by the evidence.Untested claim: Vague, ambiguous, or incomplete claimOR factual claim for which evidence is yet unavailable.A thorny issue in critical reading involves the ambiguous termsfactandopinion. We ask school children to distinguish facts and opinions, as if it were a relatively straightforward critical judgment. But sophisticated adults have difficulty in using these terms consistently.Moreover, fact versus opinion is a false dichotomy.In other words, facts and opinions are categories falsely assumed to divide all statements one way or the other. What makes one statement a fact and another an opinion? OpinionLet's begin with opinion.An opinion is a self-report of feelings or personal judgment, e.g., I'm thirsty. Opinions often contain clue words pointing to oneself, e.g., I think, I believe, I feel, in my opinion. Sometimes, however, a self-report is smuggled into a statement with an adjective indicating an attitude or emotion.For example, if I say, "This is a nasty day," I'm not really describing the objective day in the real world, but rather expressing my emotion that the day is unpleasant, which is equivalent to saying, "I'm not pleased about the day," a self-report. There is no need to argue against opinions when they are recognized as self-reports rather than as claims about the real world. It would be ridiculous to argue, "You are wrongyou really are not thirsty," or "In fact, the day actually is pleasant."We accept self-reports of emotion or attitude as unassailable because we have no basis for questioning them.For this reason, opinions (self-reports) don't count for much when someone is trying to persuade you.You can always answer, "I have a different opinion." Accordingly, it is correct that we are all entitled to our opinions because ordinarily, no one else has sufficient data to question our self-reports.Moreover, since opinions are not claims about the real world, they are usually inconsequential.FactMost people only count statements proven by observation as facts. Any other statement is written off as opinion. By implication, only science has facts.But dictionaries definefactmore generally as something that can be shown to be true, to exist, or to have happened. Isthata fact? It is.Can you verify this claim by observation?No. Therefore, at least one kind of fact cant be observed.The definition offactis a fact because that's how knowledgeable English speakers agree to use the term. Definitions are analytical facts, verified by linguistic usage, not by observation.We need an enlarged view of fact as any statement about the real world that can be shown to be true, i.e., that is supported by converging evidence.In the enlarged view, there are at least four kinds of facts: empirical, analytical, evaluative, and metaphysical.Kinds of facts, with false factual claims, and untested claimsEmpirical factsEmpirical facts are verified by observation, e.g., The Pacific is the largest ocean. Geographers have measured the oceans, and their convergent conclusion is that the Pacific Ocean is largest. When we think of facts, we think first of empirical facts, the conclusions of convergent scientific observation.Historical facts, though not available for observation today, are also empirically verifiable through the convergent observations of the past as recorded in primary sources. Thus, the claim that George Washington presided at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 is empirical fact. Untested claimsIn some cases, there is some evidence to support an empirical claim, but that evidence is not convergent. In other words, the evidence is not supported by other observations, giving us inadequate grounds for asserting the claim as fact.For example, the claim that there is other intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is certainly plausible, given observations of our own intelligent life and the theory of evolution.However, we have not collected evidence of other intelligent life in SETI observations using radio telescopes to detect transmissions of information from outer space. Thus, the claim of other intelligent life in the universe is an untested empirical claim, a plausible claim not supported by convergent observational evidence. Untested claims may be too vague, ambiguous, or incomplete to determine their validity.For example, the claim "This water is too hot" depends on the purpose intended for the water.Water that is 120 degrees may injure a bathing infant, and is thus too hot; water at the same temperature is probably not hot enough to sterilize dishes, and thus is too cool.Vague, ambiguous, and incomplete claims fall into the category of untested claims. Until they are more fully specified, such claims cannot be tested.In common usage, untested claims are often called opinions, particularly when they are untested evaluative claims (see below for a discussion of evaluative claims). While an untested claim may be explicitly cast as an opinion (e.g., "I think we'll get another shower this afternoon"), it may be put forth as a claim about the real world ("It's going to rain this afternoon").Distinguishing untested claims from opinions depends on recognizing whether the statement is a self-report or a statement about the real world.Practically, we have no basis for disagreeing with opinions as self-reports, but untested claims may require withholding judgment while gathering further evidence.False claimsFalse claims are contradicted by the relevant evidence.The claim that the world is flat is supported by the visual evidence of our eyes, but contradicted by other convergent evidence, including the observations of astronauts. Whether or not past humans believed in a flat earth with unquestioning conviction, in fact, the earth has never been flat.Thus, the claim that the earth is flat is a false factual claim. To summarize so far, we have at least two kinds of claims that are neither fact nor opinion: false factual claims and untested claims.The assumption that all statements are either fact or opinion rests on a false dichotomy because false factual claims and untested claims are neither facts nor opinions. In addition, there are other facts that are not empirical facts, including analytical facts, evaluative facts, and metaphysical facts.Analytical factsAnalytical facts are verified by consistency with the rules of a symbol system.For example, 3+2=5 is factual given the rules of arithmetic in base 10. Analytical facts include definitions, e.g.,commercemeans business, especially large scale buying and selling of goods or services.This is how competent speakers of English have agreed to use this term. Again, most people will allow that analytical statements can be verifiable facts, provided there is convergent evidence of their accurate usage within a symbol system.Evaluative factsEvaluative facts are verified by applying objective standards of value. For example, the claim that theft is wrong may be verified by applying the standard of the right to own property. If we have an objective right to keep or use goods that we have earned, received, or created, then if someone seizes such goods, they do wrong.The violation of a right is a wrong. Obviously, there are special situations and exceptions to be considered, such as a limited legitimacy of taxation as seizure of goods, which would fall outside the definition of theft. Nonetheless, the claim that theft is wrong is a statement about the validity of actions in the real world, and not an opinion.In common usage, evaluative statements are confused with opinions.For example, it might be claimed that the statement "theft is wrong" is simply a transposition of the opinion, "I don't like theft."Consider, however, that evaluating the validity of "theft is wrong" requires a complex process of applying value standards, often weighing the competing claims of different standards. For example, the right to own property is often in conflict with the requirements of government to fund its legitimate activities through taxation. Balancing the conflicting standards of ownership and citizenship requires high-level analysis.In contrast, opinions demand no analysis whatsoever. If people say, "I want a raise" or "I hate taxes," we have no basis for challenging their self-reports.Matters of right and wrong can be known objectivelythey are not matters of opinion. Though seizing or killing innocent people to terrorize governments into submission is objectively wrong, given the rights to life, liberty, and property, many people do not recognize that terrorism is wrong.The failure of terrorists to recognize that their actions are wrong does not make the claim "terrorism is wrong" an opinion.In general, the number of people who recognize the truth of a claim does not determine its truthfulness.500 years ago, only a small minority of people recognized the truth that the world is round. They were right, and everyone else was wrong. Similarly, the ignorance of terrorists about the validity of terrorism does not count against the truth of the claim.Evaluative claims may require expert judgment. For example, suppose an English professor made the claim, "Emily Bronte and Jane Austen are better romance novelists than Danielle Steele and Nora Roberts."Steele and Roberts likely sell many more books that Bronte and Austen, and legions of romance readers might object to the claim.However, there are literary standards that differentiate great literature from popular fiction. For example, great literature has fully developed characters, complex in their humanity, settings with rich visual and historical detail, a precise vocabulary that avoids hackneyed expressions. Because the ability to apply literary standards requires expertise, we often rely on expert judgment in making evaluative claims about literature. Reliance on expert judgment in evaluative claims is common in many fields.For instance, we rely on jewelers to assess the value of a diamond, on art critics to judge paintings, and on wine experts to judge the quality of a vintage. These experts use trained senses and deep learning to apply evaluative standards.Though only a small number of people are capable of rendering evaluative judgments of diamonds, paintings, and wines, their expert evaluations belong to the realm of fact, not opinion.Of course, evaluative claims are often false factual claims and untested claims.Many students argue that cheating is not wrong because everyone does it, but its popularity does not count as evidence for the truth of the claim. The claim that we should eliminate most fat from our diets is contradicted by empirical claims in the Atkins Diet that eating fat is not fattening, but supported by claims of other nutritionists that eating fats raises cholesterol and risks heart disease. Whether we should wage war in Iraq depends on a complex configuration of empirical and evaluative facts that are not fully tested.For this reason, we could legitimately argue that whether we should contest Iraq, like many other political decisions that cannot await the leisure of complete analysis, is an untested evaluative claim.Metaphysical factsMetaphysical facts are verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence.For example, the claim that all men are created equal is verifiable by self-evidence. We could make endless empirical observations without finding even two people who are precisely equal in size, beauty, strength, intelligence, or wisdom.Nonetheless, the axiom of equality must be accepted as self-evident in order to have just government.Accordingly, we assume it to be true without external evidence.Revelatory evidence is the record of the communications of divinity with humanity, found in religious traditions or sacred texts. Again, expert judgment may be required to determine whether revelatory claims are true.Hermeneutic experts use knowledge of ancient languages, history, agreement with other revelatory texts, and evidence about the character of the human authority who transmitted the revelation to examine revelatory claims.As with other kinds of claims, the number of people who believe the claims is irrelevant to judging their truth.Distinguishing Fact from OpinionA. Fact A fact is a statement of actuality or occurrence which is based on direct evidence, actual experience, or observation. A statement of fact describes the world without interpreting it. To test whether a fact is accurate or not, you can observe or make an experiment.Examples:1. The Nile is the longest river in the world.2. Jakarta has 7.500.000 population.3. UKI is an Indonesian private university.4. Pollution can kill fish and plants that live in rivers.5. English is the most interesting language in the world.B. Opinion An opinion is a statement that expresses an attitude, a belief, or a point of view. Itreveals an authors personal feelings, beliefs, attitudes, or judgments on a particular subject. It tells you not onlywhatwas seen buthowit was seen by the author as well. Since opinions depend on the personal experience, history, culture, and training of the people who hold them, though they are sometimes supported by facts, they cannot be judged true or false, right or wrong.Examples:1. The Nile is the most beautiful river in the world.2. Teenagers are too moody to be trusted.3. Young people think theyll live forever and cant be hurt.4. Monas is the most wonderful tower in Asia.Facts vs. OpinionsFactsOpinions

o Objectiveo States realityo Can be verifiedo Presented with unbiased wordso Subjectiveo Interprets realityo Can NOT be verifiedo Presented with value words

C. Blend of Fact & OpinionMany statement use words or phrases that belong to both concrete and abstract language. Such statement is a blend of fact and opinion.Example:1. An extraordinary and imaginative film, Steven Spielbergs Jurassic Park earned several million dollars in the first weekend of its American debut.2. Because of anewly formed and largely incompetent national weather service, Mentawai island, West Sumatra was practically destroyed in a horrifying tsunami that left thousands dead.Explanation:The italicized phrase/clause are opinions, while the rests are facts.D. Justified Opinion A justified opinion is the one supported by a number of convincing and relevant facts. It is worthy of ones serious consideration and could be take to enrich his knowledge. Unjustified opinions lack of factual support. To take them seriously, one needs to do further reading on the subject.Look at the following paragraph!People in Southeast Asia are living in both traditional and modern culture. In this region, cities of more than one million peoplesuch as Bangkok, manila, Singapore, and Jakarta with Western-style high rise buildings and automobile-clogged streetsspread into rise-growing countryside where peasants still plow with water buffaloes and live in little wooden house on stilts. Jet airliners take off from big municipal airports and in a few minutes are flying over mountains inhabited by tribesmen who wear almost no clothes and still hunt with poisoned darts. The king of Laos lives in a French-style palace with western dcor, but for official ceremonies he dons the baggypanung, the pantaloons worn by his ancestors for a thousand years. On the Indonesian island of Bali, barefoot men and girls perform elegant traditional dances in dusty village squares and then go see an American movie at the local theater.Explanation:The idea expressed in the topic sentence, that People in Southeast Asia are living in both traditional and modern culture is supported by a number of convincing and relevant facts. Thus it is justified.What about following paragraph?People of different ethnic backgrounds just cant live harmoniously in the same neighborhood. A mass chaos can easily occur due to ethnic difference. The disputes between ethnic differences are common in the world history. In addition, almost everyone Ive talked to thinks the same way. So we must always be cautious when living with people of different ethnic backgrounds in a neighborhood.Explanation:The idea expressed in the topic sentence, that People of different ethnic backgrounds just cant live harmoniously in the same neighborhood is truly supported by some supporting details. However, they are not convincing facts. Thus the idea is unjustified.