Pointers Re-introduce Pointer Concepts. Why Pointers Remember Arrays – try to accommodate user entry by guessing the size. Usage increases over time.

Pointers

Re-introduce Pointer Concepts

Why Pointers

Remember Arrays – try to accommodate user entry by guessing the size.

Usage increases over time – our array size becomes to small

Try to outguess by creating array’s – waste memory and performance

How can we create an array that is just the right size every time we run our program?

Why Cont.

Compiler error– cout << “Enter # of entries you will provide:

“;– cin << size;– int array [size];

Solution -> pointers; we want to make the array only as large as needed during execution

Later if more RAM is needed – it is obtained from the OS while program is running.

Why Cont.

When OS hands out RAM, it does so by providing a starting address of that location.

Program needs to store this address in some variable so that it can gain access to RAM

A pointer is a variable that can store a memory address.

Hence – one purpose for pointers.

Why Cont.

Another – as you learn about inheritance and polymorphism – see that process objects uniformly – need to store their addresses in an array.

Need an array of pointers to store the addresses

Pointers enable virtual functions – advanced C++ skills.

A programmer who understands pointers realizes what is going on “behind the scenes”.

Pointers are used by OS and help us to understand how it operates.

An Analogy

In an apartment – post office box - # 415 Mail is delivered to that box # specific to its

owner When create a variable – int x = 54; the

compiler assigns an address ( PO box #) to that variable.

Memory is RAM (Random Access Memory) It selects the # -- similar to PO selecting PO

# Once compiler stores X – you can not tell it

to move to another location in memory.

Analogy Cont.

However, the mail changes from day to day in same way data placed in your variable changes

Name of variable and address are fixed once the program starts executing, but contents will change.

Understanding Pointers

One way is to understand Assembly language

Simple computer system contains RAM / CPU

Ram – memory – where computer instructions, data, other items are stored

Ram made up of locations, each location is accessed by its address – like PO Box.

Ram (Prog Stored) Ram (Data Stored) CPU

Address Contents of Location

FFOO Move the address FFFO to the register called pointer

FF10 Move the number that is in the location specified by the address that is in pointer to the accumulator.

FF20 Add 1 to the contents of pointer

FF30 Add 1 to the contents of accumulator

FF40 Move the number that is in the accumulator to the location specified by the address in the pointer.

FFF0

FFF1

FFF0 FFF1

FFF04

FFF1

FFF0 FFF1

FFF0 FFF15

FFF0

4

FFF1

5

pointer accumulator

Ram (Prog Stored) Ram (Data Stored) CPU

Address Contents of Location

FFOO pointer = &i;

FF10 accumulator = *pointer;

FF20 ++pointer;

FF30 ++accumulator

FF40 *pointer = accumulator

FFF0

FFF1

FFF0 FFF1

FFF04

FFF1

FFF0 FFF1

FFF0 FFF15

FFF0

4

FFF1

5

pointer accumulatori j

De-reference

accumulator = *pointer;Two step: 1: Find the address

stored in pointer, FFF0.Step 2: Go to that address (FFF0)

and find what is stored there.int *pointer; {Declaring the

pointer} This is the name of the variable

That stores addresses

Of integers

Proper Use of Pointers

Recall – variables that store memory addresses are called pointers.

Pointers allow us to access variables ( and memory) indirectly.

Int I, *p; - two variables I and p – I stores integer values while p stores

addresses of integer locations.– You can store 54 in I but not in p or you

can store the address of I in p but not in I.

Proper Use Cont.

X = 54; //storing a integer value P = & x; //storing an address of an

integer variableRAM RAM RAM

AD1A03

AD1A04 54 i

AD1A05 AD1A04 p

Proper Use Cont.

Also define pointer variables that store addresses to other data types:– Char a[11], *pa;– Float x, *px;pa can store addresses of characters and px

can store addresses of floatspa = &a[10]; //storing a char address in a

char ptrpx = &x; //storing a float address in a float

ptrThis is wrong:pa = &x; and px = 3.40

Proper Use Cont.

54 is an integer constant value 54 will always be the same

I is a integer variable its value may change

Address AD1A05 is a pointer constant It is an address of a location in RAM –

can not be changed however p is a pointer variable; the address stored in it may change

Let’s Review

Int I = 5, j = 7, *p = &I, *q = &j; Float x = 2.0, y = 8.0, *r = &x, *s = &y; NonPointers PointersInts I j p q 5 7 FFOO FF10 FFOO FF10Floats x y r s 2.0 8.0 FFA0 FFB0 FFA0 FFB0

Valid Statments

Statement # Valid Statements Variable Changed To What Value

1 I = j; I 7 2 I = I – x; I 3 3 I = *r; I 2 4 p = & j; p FF10 5 p = q; p FF10 6 *p = j; I 7 7 *p = *s; I 8

Invalid Statements

Statement # Invalid Statements Error 8 p = j; Can’t place an int value in a ptr 9 p = * j; can’t de-reference an int value 10 p = s; can’t place a float address in an

int ptr 11 p = *q; can’t place an int value in a ptr 12 p = &x; can’t place a float address in a int

ptr 13 *p = s; can’t place a ptr in a non-ptr

variable, i 14 *p = & i; can’t place an address in a non-

ptr variableNotice that 14 is wrong as an executable statement but is

correct when used in a declaration int *p = &i;

Arrays & Pointers

Whether you realized it or not –we’ve been working with ptrs.

Passing array’s to functions – we were actually passing its starting address

Working with addresses is working with pointers

Example

Int i = 20, bal[ 5 ] = {500, 200, 400, 100, 700}, *p = &i;

i bal[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] bal p20 500 200 400 100 700 FFA4 FFA0FFA0 FFA4 the address in RAM where

bal[] beginsBal and p are not any different both int

ptrsCan we assign bal to p ? YesBal contains an int address and p is an int

ptr.

Exp Cont.

Can you assign bal [0] to p – also yes. Bal and & bal[0] are both evaluated to the starting address of the array.

P = bal; //valid and p = &bal[0] /// also validReferencing to any array name is the same as

the address of the first element of that arrayNow can we assign p to bal No! Difference - once the array is created by the

compiler, it cannot be moved in memory. Its starting address is fixed.

P on the other hand isn’t used to declare any array so the address in p can be modified.

Note: pointers are pointer variables and arrays are pointer constants.

So bal = p ; //invalid