© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public ITE I Chapter 6 1 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Accessing the WAN – Chapter 2
Jan 20, 2016
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE I Chapter 6 1
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Accessing the WAN – Chapter 2
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 2
Objectives Describe the fundamental concepts of point-to-point serial
communication including TDM, demarcation point, DTE-DCE functions, HDLC encapsulation, and serial interface troubleshooting.
Describe PPP concepts including PPP layered architecture, PPP frame structure, PPP session establishment, multiprotocol encapsulation support, link control protocol (LCP), network control protocol (NCP), and Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP).
Configure PPP on a serial interface including enabling PPP encapsulation, verifying the PPP connection and troubleshooting encapsulation problems.
Configure PPP authentication including explaining PAP and CHAP authentication protocols, configuring PPP authentication using PAP and CHAP, and troubleshooting PPP authentication problems.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 3
Fundamental Concepts of Point-to-Point Serial Communication Concept of serial communication as the basis of WAN
technologies
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 4
Serial Communication Standards
All long-haul communications and most computer networks use serial connections, because
the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel connections impractical.
The most significant advantage is simpler wiring.
Also, serial cables can be longer than parallel cables, because there is much less interaction (crosstalk) among the conductors in the cable.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 5
Conti… Time Division Multiplexing
TDM is a Physical layer concept. It has no regard for the nature of the information that is being multiplexed onto the output channel.
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
To overcome the inefficiency of TDM, STDM was introduced. STDM is an advanced version of TDM in which both the address of the terminal and the data itself are transmitted together for better routing. Using STDM allows bandwidth to be split over 1 line. Many college and corporate campuses use this type of TDM to logically distribute bandwidth.
If there is one 10MBit line coming into the building, STDM can be used to provide 178 terminals with a dedicated 56k connection (178 * 56k = 9.96Mb).
In TDM the slot remains empty if no data to transmit at the sender side.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 6
Describe the Fundamental Concepts of Point-to-Point Serial Communication How two or more data streams are transported across
a single physical connection using TDM
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HDLC Encapsulation
WAN Encapsulation Protocols
To ensure that the correct protocol is used, you need to configure the appropriate Layer 2 encapsulation type. The choice of protocol depends on the WAN technology and the communicating equipment.
HDLC - The default encapsulation type on point-to-point connections, dedicated links, and circuit-switched connections when the link uses two Cisco devices.
PPP - Provides router-to-router and host-to-network connections
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) - A standard protocol for point-to-point serial connections using TCP/IP. SLIP has been largely displaced by PPP.
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Conti…
Frame Relay - Industry standard, switched, Data Link layer protocol that handles multiple virtual circuits. Frame Relay is a next generation protocol after X.25.
ATM - The international standard for cell relay in which devices send multiple service types (such as voice, video, or data) in fixed-length (53-byte) cells. Fixed-length cells allow processing to occur in hardware, thereby reducing transit delays.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 9
HDLC Encapsulation
Flag - The flag field initiates and terminates error checking. The frame always starts and ends with an 8-bit flag field. The bit pattern is 01111110.
Address - The address field contains the HDLC address of the secondary station. This address can contain a specific address, a group address, or a broadcast address. A primary address is either a communication source or a destination, which eliminates the need to include the address of the primary.
Control - The control field uses three different formats,
Information (I) frame: I-frames carry upper layer information and some control information.
Supervisory (S) frame: S-frames provide control information. An S-frame can request and suspend transmission, report on status, and acknowledge receipt of I-frames.
Unnumbered (U) frame: U-frames support control purposes
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Protocol-(only used in Cisco HDLC) This field specifies the protocol type encapsulated within the frame
Data-The data field contains a path information unit (PIU) or exchange identification (XID) information.
Frame check sequence (FCS)-The FCS precedes the ending flag delimiter and is usually a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) calculation remainder.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 11
Configuring HDLC Encapsulation
Router (config-if)# encapsulation hdlc
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Trouble shooting the Serial Interface
show interfaces serial
show controllers
Cisco 7000 series routers use a cBus controller card for connecting serial links. With these routers, use the
show controllers cbus command.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 13
PPP
What is PPP?
Recall that HDLC is the default serial encapsulation method when you connect two Cisco routers.
With an added protocol type field, the Cisco version of HDLC is proprietary.
Thus, Cisco HDLC can only work with other Cisco devices.
However, when you need to connect to a non-Cisco router, you should use PPP encapsulation.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 14
Conti… PPP contains 3 main components :
HDLC for encapsulating L3 over point to point links.LCP to establish, configure & test L2 connection.Family of NCPs for configuration different protocols.
LCP LCP sits on top of the physical layer & establishes configures & tests the data link connection.LCP establishes the P2P link, negotiates & sets up control options on the WAN data link.LCP provides the following services:Handling varying limits on packet sizeDetecting common misconfiguration issuesTerminating the linkDetermining when link is functioning or notSetting up authentication compression & error detection
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Conti… NCP
PPP permits multiple L3 protocols on the same linkFor every L3 protocol used PPP uses a separate NCPe.g. ICPCP, CDPCP, IPXCP, ATCPEach NCP manages the specific needs required by its respective networklayer protocols
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 16
Conti…
PPP encapsulates data frames for transmission over Layer 2 physical links.
PPP establishes a direct connection using serial cables, phone lines, trunk lines, cellular telephones, specialized radio links, or fiber-optic links.
There are many advantages to using PPP, including the fact that it is not proprietary.
The link quality management feature monitors the quality of the link. If too many errors are detected, PPP takes the link down.
PPP supports PAP and CHAP authentication.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 17
Conti… Purpose and format of each of the fields in a PPP
frame
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 18
Point-to-Point Concepts Three phases of PPP session establishment
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PPP Configuration Options
PPP can be configured to support various functions including:
Authentication using either PAP or CHAP
Compression using either Stacker or Predictor
Error Detection
Multilink which combines two or more channels to increase the WAN bandwidth
Link Quality Monitoring The percentages are calculated for both incoming and outgoing
directions. The outgoing quality is calculated by comparing the totalnumber of packets and bytes sent to the total number of packets andbytes received by the destination node. The incoming quality iscalculated by comparing the total number of packets and bytes receivedto the total number of packets and bytes sent by the destination node.
If the link quality percentage is not maintained, the link is deemedto be of poor quality and is taken down. Link Quality Monitoring (LQM)implements a time lag so that the link does not bounce up and down.
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 20
PPP Configuration Commands
R3#configure terminal
R3(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Compression
R3(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac]
Quality
R3(config-if)#ppp quality 80
Multilink
Router(config-if)#ppp multilink –this command perform load balancing
Verification-- show interfaces serial
Debug-Packet, negotiation, authentication, compression, etc
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PPP Authentication Protocol
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Initiating PAP
PAP provides a simple method for a remote node to establish its identity using a two-way handshake.
Command is ppp authentication pap
username name password password
It must match the user name and password of the other router.
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Conti…
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
Unlike PAP, which only authenticates once, CHAP conducts periodic challenges to make sure that the remote node still has a valid password value.
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Configuring PPP with Authentication Differentiate between PAP and CHAP
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Configuring PPP with Authentication Describe how to use PAP to authenticate a PPP
connection
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Configuring PPP with Authentication Describe how to use CHAP to authenticate a PPP
connection
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Configuring PPP with Authentication Explain how to configure a PPP connection with
authentication
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 27
Configuring PPP with Authentication Explain the output of the debug ppp authentication
command
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Summary
PPP is a widely used WAN protocol
PPP provides multi-protocol LAN to WAN connections
PPP session establishment – 4 phasesLink establishment
Link quality determination
Network layer protocol configuration negotiation
Link termination
WAN Encapsulation–HDLC default encapsulation
–PPP
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Summary
PPP authentication–PAP
•2 way handshake
–CHAP
•3 way handshake
–Use debug ppp authentication to confirm authentication configuration
PPP configuration–Done on a serial interface
After PPP configuration, use show interfaces command to display:
–LCP state
–NCP state
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicITE 1 Chapter 6 30