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Inflammation

• Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in the immune response- State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain,

heat and redness.

1. Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness

2. Vascular dilation = swelling = pain

3. Extravasation - change in adhesiveness of the endothelial tissue allowing immune cells to attach and migrate into the connective tissue

Figure 1-11 part 1 of 2Flowchart of Hematopoiesis

Pluripotent stem cell

Figure 1-11Flowchart of Hematopoiesis

Leukocytes

Myeloid Lineage

Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6Neutrophils:Most abundantPhagocyteEffector cells of Innate ImmunityShort-lived - Pus

Eosinophils:Worms/intestinal parasitesAmplify inflammationBind IgEVery Toxic - Pathogen and hostChronic asthma

Basophils:RareUnknown functionBind to IgE

Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor)Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)

• Circulate in blood• Bigger than PMLs• Look similar• Immature form of macrophage

• Scavengers• Phagocytose pathogens, cells, debris• Secrete cytokines

Figure 1-13

Figure 1-14

• Star-shape• In tissue• Cellular messenger• Cargo cell

• Connective tissue• Unknown progenitor• Granules• Degranulation major contributor to inflammation and allergies

Lymphoid Lineage Cells

Large lymphocytesNK cells

Innate immunity

Small lymphocytesB cellsT cells

Adaptive immunity

Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6

Lymp

• Large lymphocyte with granular cytoplasm• Effector cell of innate immunity

• B cells have B cell receptors and secrete Ab

• T cells have T cell receptors

• Adaptive IR• Small and immature• Activated by pathogen• Two types

- B cell- T cell

Erythroid Lineage

Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6

• Giant nucleus• Resident of bone marrow• Fusion of precursor cells• Fragments to make platelets

• Gas transport• Infected by Plasmodium falciparum

Figure 1-11 part 2 of 2Lymphoid Myeloid Erythroid

Plasma

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Centrifuged blood sample

Figure 1-12

20

55H

45H

Figure 1-15

Sites of Lymphoid Tissue

Primary and SecondaryGALT, BALT, MALTLymphRecirculation

Mouth-3 billion neutrophils/day

Figure 1-16

Draining Lymph nodeEdemaAfferent and Efferent

Figure 1-17 part 1 of 2

B-cell area(follicle)

Lymphocytes

T-cell area

artery

Activated by dendritic cell

T helper cell (lymph node) T helper cell

(Infection site)

Activate B cells

Make Antibodies

Activate Macrophages

Cytotoxic T cell (Infection site)

Kills infected host cells

Lymphocyte not activated

Efferent lymph

PathogenDendritic cells

Afferentlymph

Figure 1-19

Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen

• Blood filtering organ• Blood borne pathogens• Red pulp - red cells• White pulp - Immune system

Figure 1-20

Activated lymphocytes

M cells

Adaptive Immunity

1. Vertebrates only

2. Specificity- recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR- gene rearrangement is the source of diversity- clonal selection

3. Small lymphocytes- types and sub-types- functions

Recognition concept

Receptor or Antibody molecule

Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR

Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound

Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure

B-cellsBCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig)Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab

T-cellsTc = cytotoxic (CD8+)

TH = helper T-cells (CD4+)Th1 (inflammation)Th2 (help B-cells make AB)

Small lymphocyte sub-types

Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity

B cells T cells

B-cells T-cell

Figure 1-25

Intracellularpathogens

Extracellular pathogens

Figure 1-26MHC class I communicates with Tc cells

Figure 1-27MHC class II communicates with TH cells

Parasite +

Mast cell

Inflammation

Mast cell activated

Expel and/or destroy

pathogen

• Neutralization• Opsonization1. Inflammation

Parasitic infection

Principles of Adaptive Immunity

DiversitySpecificityMemorySelf-tolerance

Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity

Germline configuration

Diversity1. Alternative combinations2. Imprecise joints3. Different types of chains4. B-cells - somatic hypermutation

In the absence of antigen

Clonal Selection

1. Each cell = one receptor2. Millions of lymphocytes

are generated3. Small subset will

recognize a pathogen4. Proliferation and

differentiation5. Acquired immunity - the

adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory

Figure 1-22

Figure 1-30

Polio Vaccine - Inactive vs Oral “live” version

Figure 1-28

Mechanism of Self-tolerance

Immunodeficiencies

Inherited deficiencies

Stress induced

Pathogen caused deficiencies

Figure 1-32

• IgE

• IgG

• CD4 TH1

• CD8 CTL

Cells and molecules involved in Hypersensitivity Diseases

Figure 1-33Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 1-34