PO Box 214 - SODIS Labsodislab.com/sbm/assets/images/sodislab_SHMS_eng.pdfSultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium 20 Other noteworthy failures 21 Possible future failures 22 Project Selection

SODIS LAB (Australia)PO Box 214

South Carlton, 3053 VIC, Australia

t: +61-466-911-419

www.sodislab.com

SODIS LAB (Russia)11/1 Bolotnikovskaya str., Moscow,

117556, Russian Federation

t: +7-495-545-48-40

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ContentsContact details 1

Introduction 2

Contents 3

The Company 4

The Safety of Civil Infrastructure 4

Introduction 4

Russian Regulation 5

Regulation in Other Countries 6

Recognition of Importance 7

Building Equipment Monitoring Systems (BEMS) 8

Introduction 8

Development 8

BEMS for Maintenance and Management 8

Difference with Building Management Systems (BMS) 9

Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS) 11

Introduction 11

Design Stage 13

Installation stage 15

Maintenance stage 16

Structural Failures and Prevention 17

Introduction 17

I-35W Bridge 17

John Hancock Tower 17

Citigroup Center 18

Lotus Riverside Residential 19

Rana Plaza Building 19

Sampoong Department Store 20

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium 20

Other noteworthy failures 21

Possible future failures 22

Project Selection 23

Introduction 23

Sochi 2014 Olympic Complex 23

Moscow City High-rises 24

Baltic Sea Tunnel, St. Petersburg 25

Lakhta Tower, St. Petersburg 25

Summary 26

References 27

Introduction

In this document it is intended to provide a more detailed overview of the monitoring services and products SODIS LAB provides.

This document contains the following information:

• Regulation to monitoring• Structural monitoring• Building equipment monitoring• Building management• Historical structural failures

and issues• Selection of projects

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The Company

SODIS LAB offers a large range of services for the building and civil infrastructure industry. The main focus of SODIS LAB and its specialized services and products, is on the safe development and operation of buildings and civil infrastructure. This focus comes to light in the development, installation and maintenance of building equipment monitoring systems (BEMS) and structural health monitoring systems (SHMS). Additionally, SODIS LAB is able to evaluate terrorist and other attacks to civil engineering projects and provide recommendations for improvement of the safety of building and civil infrastructure. They are also able to manage complete BIM projects and provide full MEP, communication and security system design, 2D-3D transformation and visualization.

The company was founded in 2005, but research to SHMS and BEMS started in 1998. Currently, SODIS LAB has its headquarters in Moscow, Russia and a branch in Melbourne, Australia. In total 60 employees work for SODIS LAB, many graduated from prestigious engineering universities. It has worked on more than 200 projects for the development of SHMS and BEMS, including the Sochi 2014 Olympic venues and the FIFA 2018 world soccer cup venues.

SODIS LAB is a member of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), the leading organization for high-rise buildings, and a member of the International Society for Structural Health Monitoring of Intelligent Infrastructure (ISHMII), the world’s leading organization for monitoring systems. They have received the Autodesk Innovation Award in 2013 for their rapid development on and work on building information modelling.

IntroductionThe failure of a structural component can lead to disastrous results. Such failure can be due to incorrect construction, a flaw in the design, the use of incorrect construction materials or many other factors. It does not have to be inherent to the building, environmental events such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones (typhoons, hurricanes) may cause structural damage. Although many factors are taken into account in the design of civil infrastructure to cope with these effects, occasionally a flaw has been overlooked or the environmental effects are worse than expected.

The failure of building equipment, such as elevators, air-conditioning systems, pumps etc. does not necessary create emergencies, but can be a large nuisance to the users of the building. A fire in the building however is an emergency and can endanger the occupants. Similarly, a flood in a tunnel or a boat hitting a bridge pillar can endanger the users of this infrastructure.

The Safety of Civil Infrastructure

Russian RegulationIn 2005, the Russian Federation implemented a standard which requires a single integrated system to monitor emergency situations. This standard, GOST R 22.1.12-2005, defines a “structured system for the monitoring and control of building and construction engineering equipment (SMIS)” as follows:

A software/hardware (program-technical) based (instrument, facilities) system, designed for the implementation of automatic monitoring of engineering-technical maintenance systems, conditions of foundations, building constructions of buildings and facilities (structures), technological processes, facilities of engineering protection on the respective categories of objects and transmission of real-time information about threats and emergencies, including caused by terrorist acts, through thecommunicationchannelstothedailymanagementbodiesofaunifiedstate system for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations (Russian UnifiedEmergencyRescueService,RUERS).

Of the many objects the standard is required to be implemented, SODIS LAB develops monitoring systems according to this standard for the following objects:

• Airports and related infrastructure• Capital construction projects where in the project documentation provision is

made of at least one of the following:• height is more than 100 m• span is more than 100 m• console or overhang is more than 20 m• the underground section (fully or partially) is more than 10 meter below

the level of land planning• presence of structures and structural systems which are subject to non-

standard methods of calculation based on the physical or geometric nonlinear properties, or use specially developed methods of calculation

• Objects with an estimated capacity of more than 500 people: entertainment, sports facilities, multipurpose office and shopping complexes, health care facilities, hotels

The SMIS system should monitor:

• Outbreak of fire• Irregularities in the heat supply system (including hot and cold water supply)• Irregularities in the supply of electricity (power supply)• Irregularities of the gas supply (gas transmission), including gas leaks• Failure of the elevator equipment• Unauthorized entry to the premises• The maximum allowable concentration of chemically hazardous substances,

biological hazards, explosive concentrations of gas-air mixtures and high levels or radiation

• Flooding of the premises, drainage systems and technological pits• Deviations from the standards of technological processes (if they can lead to

emergency • situations)• Changes in substrate conditions, building (engineering-technical) constructions

of buildings and facilities

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• Malfunction of emergency, security and fire protection systems• Engineering protection facilities (equipment)• Site condition changes such as possible floods, landslides or avalanches in the neighbourhood

of the object

The SMIS system must provide:

• Prediction and prevention of accident situations by controlling the parameters of the operational processes of objects and determine deviations from the standard from their current values

• Continuity of data collection, transmission and processing of information about the parametric values of the object’s operational processes

• Generation and transfer of formalized operative information about the state (condition) of technological systems and the change of state (conditions) of engineering-technical structures (constructions) of object to the duty and dispatch services facility of the object

• Generation and transfer of formalized emergency reports (messages about emergencies) of facilities, including those caused by terrorist acts, to the daily management bodies of a unified state system for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations (emergency rescue service)

• Automated notification of the occurred accident and issue the emergency action of evacuation

• Automated notification of professionals responsible for the security of objects• Documenting and recording of emergency situations and the actions required by the duty

and dispatch services facility of the object

In summary, the building standard GOST R 22.1.12-2005 states that any situation that can cause an emergency or equipment failure, should be monitored by a single system by means of sensors and software, where this information is provided to the building operator and emergencies are transmitted to the local or national emergency services.

SODIS LAB follows this standard but markets its products internationally as building equipment monitoring systems (BEMS) and structural health monitoring systems (SHMS). According to the GOST R 22.1.12-2005 standard, SHMS must be used in combination with a BEMS. The details of how a SHMS is set up and which structural elements require monitoring, is defined specifically in the GOST R 53778-2010 standard.

Regulation in Other CountriesThe Russian regulation GOST R 53778-2010 has been extended and approved into the Eurasian standard GOST 31937-2011. This standard states the implementation of structural health monitoring systems, similar as GOST R 53778-2010, in the following countries:

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

In late 2012 the new International Building Code has a provision in Appendix L stating that a simple structural monitoring system of at least 3 accelerometers is required when the 1-second ground acceleration is larger than 0.40 g. Based on this standard, SODIS LAB in collaboration with a research project at The University of Melbourne, Australia has created the following map indicating the regions of the world where structural monitoring systems should be implemented, provided that the legislation of that country has approved the International Building Code 2012 including Appendix L.

Recognition of ImportanceIn January 2014 the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) released, in cooperation with the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a roadmap on the future research needs of tall buildings. In this roadmap it recognized the need for structural health monitoring as one of the most important aspects requiring research.

In particular, in the category “Structural Performance, Multi-Hazard Design and Geotechnics”, the top five topics were as follows:

1. Research on the development and implementation of real-time structural monitoring of completed tall buildings (including the creation of a database of results, comparison with design assumptions, determining actual performance such as in-situ natural frequency, damping, vertical shortening, acceleration, creep, etc.)

2. Research on the validation of modelling assumptions for wind and seismic loading3. Research to improve tall building protection from multi-hazard events such as seismic

and wind events, blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc. (including robustness, structural optimization, etc.)

4. The development of design criteria to determine the appropriate level of safety for tall buildings in extreme events (such as seismic and wind events, blast, plane impact, tornadoes, etc.)

5. Research on the development of holistic performance-based multi-hazard design and analysis of tall buildings across multiple disciplines

It is unfortunate that this is considered a research need and that the industry has not yet taken action towards the widespread implementation of monitoring systems. Luckily however many countries are requiring monitoring, others are considering regulations and the industry is now understanding its benefits. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai for example has implemented an extensive monitoring system, and a select group of other buildings have as well.

SODIS LAB is able to directly solve the first ‘research need’, as its structural monitoring system is real-time and performs these calculations. Within the system, detection of seismic, wind and other extreme events is possible. The measurement results obtained from the SODIS LAB monitoring system can then be used for further research as listed at number 2, 3, 4 and 5.

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Building Equipment MonitoringSystems (BEMS)

IntroductionA building equipment monitoring system (BEMS) keeps track of all incoming information from individual components in a building. These components range from power systems to elevators to safety systems.

In many tall buildings, each system has its own measurement and monitoring system. SODIS LAB integrates these systems into one system and only one software program is needed to keep track of all building equipment. Therefore, information about a failure or warning is directly accessible instead of the need to browse through many different software packages, each with a different method of reading information.

DevelopmentSystems which already have a measurement and monitoring system need to be integrated into the system developed by SODIS LAB. However, some systems are not part of the standard MEP design and SODIS LAB can perform this design in that case. This includes:

• Fire safety systems• Security and access control systems• Chemical monitoring• Flood monitoring

Structural safety and site condition monitoring can also be designed by SODIS LAB. For structur-al safety monitoring, refer to the chapter “Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS)”.

As SODIS LAB can also design a full MEP system, the integration of all systems and its building equipment monitoring system will be seamless.

As part of the BEMS development, statistical analysis of the MEP and safety systems is performed so correct operation is ensued and critical situations can be forecast by the system.

BEMSforMaintenanceandManagementOne could see the BEMS as an enterprise asset management system with functionality for maintenance. The software system for BEMS reads all received data and displays this in a clear overview for the operator. It integrates with the building information model (BIM) by indicating the elements in a 3D model, allowing direct identification and localization of the equipment.

The software additionally has algorithms in place to detect impending failures and of course deals with warning and failure messages from the equipment itself. As it is based on existing building standards, it is capable of monitoring:

• Outbreak of fire• Irregularities in the heat supply system (including hot and cold water supply)• Irregularities in the supply of electricity (power supply)• Irregularities of the gas supply (gas transmission), including gas leaks• Failure of the elevator equipment• Unauthorized entry to the premises• The maximum allowable concentration of chemically hazardous substances, biological haz-

ards, explosive concentrations of gas-air mixtures and high levels or radiation• Flooding of the premises, drainage systems and technological pits• Malfunction of emergency, security and fire protection systems• Engineering protection facilities (equipment)• Site condition changes such as possible floods, landslides or avalanches in the neighbour-

hood of the object

Due to the integration with the BIM, an emergency, failure or pending problem is immediately identified in the model by its location. It will also analyse the scale of the problem, and recommend further tasks to be performed (such as evacuation in case of a fire). The software for BEMS has the special capacity to report messages automatically to emergency services, thus direct safety response is ensured (in case of fire, flood-ing, terrorist attacks).

It must be noted that the building information model is the model shown as-built – sometimes when BIM is employed in the construction and MEP design, modifications are made which are not referred in the BIM. A clear difference between the ‘design-BIM’ and ‘as-built-BIM’ is when offices with infill walls are implemented and communication and power cables are laid out according to the office layout.

Together with the BEMS, a ‘service desk’ such as a web portal, can be implemented. This allows the tenants to directly communicate with the operators and maintenance crew of the building, so that complaints or requests for maintenance can be handled accordingly.

If a structural health monitoring system (SHMS) is implemented in the building, the software for BEMS can also receive messages from this system.

DifferencewithBuildingManagementSystems(BMS)Building management systems are used to control all parameters of the building’s equipment instead of only monitoring them. A building management system allows to:

• Set the temperature of a certain room• Turn on or off the lights in a certain room• Control the power to certain equipments• Control the elevator’s locations

The term “building management system” (BMS) is sometimes used when a “building equipment monitoring system” (BEMS) is meant. As described before, the BEMS keeps track of all incoming information, but it cannot send commands back to the equipment to control them. A BMS extends a BEMS by being able to send commands for control.

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Current BMS have the issue that for almost every building system, a separate management system is needed. SODIS LAB is capable of developing a single software program that interfaces with every building equipment management system, so that only one software program is needed to control all equipment in a building. Therefore, a real, integrated BMS.

A large disadvantage is that the system developers, who create management systems for their own equipment, do not want single-software integration. This is the reason why building operators have to deal with a large amount of different software packages when operating a building. The suggestion of SODIS LAB is that, if a single software system is recommended for building operation, to indicate this requirement to the system developers so SODIS LAB can integrate the management into a single system.

SODIS LAB has the software developers working on the development of such system, provided that the individual system developers are willing to cooperate. The goal of SODIS LAB is to use the building information model used in the building’s design to also be used for the successful operation and management of the building.

Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS)

IntroductionA structural health monitoring system (SHMS) can be developed for any civil infrastructure project. SODIS LAB has experience with and has developed SHMSs for buildings, stadiums, bridges and tunnels.

The main goal of a SHMS is to keep track of the safety and trends of the structural elements of a structure. The items of a SHMS are:

• Sensors• Connectivity (data transmission, power)• Server and operator computer• Software

The design of a SHMS is not only the selection of sensors and the installation is not only installing them at their intended location. Three stages can be identified: design, installation and maintenance. In the design stage, which is generally started when the structural design of civil infrastructure is being finalized, the system is designed to be integrated in the structure. In the installation stage the sensors and other equipment is installed; this commonly begins when a structure’s MEP systems are being installed or nearing installation completion. The maintenance stage is ongoing after installation and continues throughout the lifetime of the structure.

The complete design and installation procedure is shown in the flowchart on the next page and includes the following steps:

1. Estimation of project time, Determination of cost2. Creation of 3D model(s)3. Threat modelling4. Structural & dynamic analysis5. Determination of critical structural elements6. Determination of measurable parameters7. Determination of safety criteria8. Choice of sensors9. Choice of locations10. Construction & installation documentation & drawings11. Installation of equipment in building12. Initial measurements13. Matching of mathematical model14. Additional measurements15. Updating of processing software16. Installation of management software17. Commissioning18. Data analysis19. Technical support

Each step is described in more detail and uses buildings as an example.

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Estimation of project time, determination of costThe process for the development and installation of a structural monitoring system always consists of three stages: the design, installation and maintenance stage. The client can decide to split the process into three contracts, one for each stage (most common in Russia) or as a single contract. Splitting up the development into three separate contracts however is not as efficient as complete development and therefore can add extra costs and will require more time. A better cost and time efficiency is achieved when all three stages are performed by SODIS LAB.

To estimate the time and cost for a design contract only, we ask the client to provide at least the building’s height, amount of floors, surface area and construction type. For a total contract, more detailed information is needed such as the structural design and generic floor plans. The more information is present and provided, the better the estimation of project time and cost will be.At this point the client discusses the contract items and terms with us and if the client decides to employ the services of SODIS LAB, the client signs the contract.

Design StageCreation of 3D model(s)Many of the monitoring analysis processes require the use of 3D models. The creation of 3D models is continuous and parallel to the other processes. 3D models are used in:

• Structuralanddynamicanalysis• Determinationofcriticalstructuralelements• Determinationofparameters• Choiceofsensorlocations• Mathematicalmodelmatching• Updatingoftheprocessingsoftware

If not present yet, the client is requested to provide building plans or building models to aid in the creation of the analysis models.

Threat modellingWith the building information, threats have to be identified and modelled. These can include seismic events, large wind loads, extreme thermal conditions but also terrorist threats can be modelled when requested. In this process the threats are identified and modelled to be used in the following processes.

Structural & dynamic analysisBased on the threats and regular environmental loads, the building is extensively analysed. As many different loads are present and analysed, the ANSYS package is used for all analysis done. Non-linear analysis can also be performed.

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Determination of critical structural elementsBased on the threat modelling and structural design of the building, critical structural elements can be determined. The structural & dynamic analysis will additionally assist in determining these elements, where the weakest points or sections of the building might be located. These critical elements will be used in determining the parameters for measurement and the sensor locations, so that reactions of these elements to the environmental loads can be determined.

Determination of measurable parametersA measurable parameter is not only the data of a sensor itself; it can also be a combination of multiple sensors with a mathematical model behind it or a set of processing algorithms. In this process these parameters are determined so to give an optimal view of the structure’s total response in combination with the response of the critical structural elements.

Determination of safety criteriaA unique element in the design of SODIS LAB’ structural monitoring system is setting the criteria for building safety. This process sets limits to the parameters after which the building’s response is considered in a dangerous area. These limits allow for real-time monitoring of the building and immediately detecting issues with the building as a whole but also the critical structural elements.

Choice of sensorsBased on the measurable parameters sensors have to be chosen which can accomplish the measurement of these parameters. Depending on the previous analyses, the amount and type of sensors is determined in this process. Although accelerometers are the most common instrument for measurement of building’s responses, this is not always enough nor does it always identify all issues with the building. SODIS LAB is able to work and has experience with a wide variety of different sensors.

Choice of locationsBased on the sensors and the critical structural elements, locations have to be determined for the sensors. The goal is position sensors as efficient as possible, without interfering with building operation but still able to identify the total response of the building and its critical structural elements.

If the client only signed a design contract, this is the point where a definite list of equipment, their costs and the costs for installation are made. At this point the client is requested to evaluate the further involvement of SODIS LAB in the installation of the structural monitoring system into the building. At this point the installation contract will be drafted.

Construction & installation documentation & drawingsAs an output of the structural monitoring system design process, construction and installation documentation and drawings are made to allow for the installation of the sensors. These drawings of course also include all required cabling such as data transmission and power to the sensors. These drawings are

requested to be evaluated by the client as not to interfere with other systems or possible changes to the layout.

Installation stageInstallation of equipment in buildingBy following the construction and installation drawings, the sensors and all cabling is installed in the building. Additionally a server is set up and connected to the sensor cabling, which stores all measurement data and processes the algorithms. The installation takes place while the building is still under construction, which means that the building does not have to be operational at that time.

Initial measurementsAfter the construction of the building is finished, a period of time is used to collect initial measurements. Although measuring the building will continue as long as the sensor system is within the building, this set of measurements is used to identify the building in its ‘complete and undamaged’ state, obtaining the natural responses of the building. These measurements are then used in the next process.

Matching of mathematical modelAll measurements of the building need to be matched to the mathematical model of the building, running on the server. The initial measurements of the building are used to update the mathematical model, so that both the measurements and mathematical model provide an equal result. If this is not performed, the mathematical model as used in the design stage for structural and dynamic analysis might be slightly off, and measurements might indicate a problem with the building or its critical structural elements, even though this is not the case.

Because this matching is performed, the mathematical model represents the structure as newly built.

Additional measurementsIn exceptional cases the building reacts different to environmental loads than as was modelled, determined by the initial measurements results. This would require more detailed measurements so that the mathematical model can be modified accordingly. If additional measurements for analysis are requested by the client, this can also be performed at this point.

Updating of processing softwareWhen the matching of the mathematical model has been performed, the initial mathematical model running on the server has to be updated to the matched model. Now when the server receives the sensor data and calculates the measurable parameters (as determined in the design stage), it can identify if there is a potential problem in the building by matching them to the safety criteria limits (also determined in the design stage).

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Installation of management softwareAll sensor data and measurable parameters stored and calculated in the server can be accessed by management software running on the building operator’s computer. This management software also receives messages from the server when safety criteria limits are exceeded, therefore allowing for real-time monitoring of the building.

CommissioningAt this point the structural monitoring system has been completed for the building, and can be handed over to the owner(s) and operator(s) of the building.

MaintenancestageData analysisWe are able to analyse all sensor data and measurable parameters and evaluate the building’s performance, even when the software does not indicate any issues with the building. We can make a periodic report on the building’s status and performance and issue this to the people responsible for handling the analysis reports. Any analysis requests should of course be discussed with us.

Technical supportWe can provide technical support for when issues arise with the monitoring system and when sensors need replacement. Technical support also includes updates of the software to newer versions and implementations of feature requests from the owner(s) and operator(s).

Maintenance trainingWe can provide training for the responsible maintenance personnel to also include maintenance to the monitoring system, when maintenance is needed. This would then limit the necessity of SODIS LAB to come on-site when issues arise.

Structural Failuresand Prevention

IntroductionThere have been a large number of structural failures, even collapses. Many of these could have been prevented or repair could have been made when a structural health monitoring system was installed.

I-35W BridgeMinneapolis,USA

This bridge collapsed in 2007 due to a ‘design fault’, killing 13 and injuring 145. The bridge however operated for 40 years before its collapse. The collapse could have been prevented if it was instrumented with a structural monitoring system which monitored the distribution of forces along its structural members. Even though visual inspection was performed, the bridge was considered stable. Afterwards, the slight bowing of the gusset plates, detected on an image made 4 years before the collapse, indicated the location of eventual failure.

The current replacement bridge is the most instrumented bridge in the USA.

John Hancock TowerBoston, USA

The tower is still standing, but had many problems during construction and operation. During construction, a retaining wall to hold back clay and mud bent and damaged the site and nearby buildings. This could have been prevented with a stronger wall, but could be predicted if soil pressure monitoring was performed.

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The original glass windows would detach from the frame and fall down to the floor. This was attributed to thermal stress. Although this could not have been prevented by monitoring (as this is a design fault), thermal stresses can be monitored with a structural monitoring system.

The occupants of the upper floors were nauseated by the excessive building motion, and a tuned mass damper was installed to counteract this. This could have been prevented by measuring the vibrations from the construction start, thus determining the need for a damper earlier.

Finally, due to all the research performed on the building, it came to light that the building could have fallen over under certain kind of wind loading, and diagonal steel bracing was added to the building. This could have been detected earlier if a SHMS was monitoring the wind, structural vibration and foundation tilt.

Citigroup CenterNew York, USA

Also this building is still standing, but only a year after its construction in 1977 it came to light that a strong wind could have toppled the building, only weeks before a large storm was approaching which, when it hit New York, would have caused the building to collapse. Luckily the storm changed course and strengthening of the structure was performed.

Again, in this case, even the development of a monitoring system would have detected the flaw, as during the design all critical events are evaluated. One must note however that this example is of the 1970s, and monitoring systems were unavailable at that time.

In 2002, the building received blast resistant shields and steel bracing to enforce the building in case of terrorist attacks. SODIS LAB is able to determine the weak spots of buildings in their anti-terrorism analysis, and recommend these improvements. Additionally, the structural monitoring system can issue evacuation messages when a terrorist attack is detected.

Lotus Riverside ResidentialShanghai, China

This building collapsed in 2009 not long after it finished construction, killing 1. The collapse happened as an underground parking lot was being dug on one side of the building, and the excavated earth was positioned on the other side. The difference in soil pressure caused the building to tilt until it collapsed. The two top shareholders were sentenced to life in prison.

This collapse could have been prevented if inclinometers were installed on the foundation slab, which would measure a small inclination before a final collapse.

Reports state that poor quality of Chinese construction is a large problem: the building lifespan is estimated to be only 25 to 30 year instead of the blueprints’ stated 50 years. If regulations are set in place to monitor buildings, sufficient building quality will be certain as building quality is a long-term monitoring parameter.

Other failures in China are:

1. Wuhan 6-storey apartment block collapse, 2009 2. Nanjing construction pit collapse which also created cracks in nearby buildings, 2009 3. Taizhou 18-storey building leans, underground pillar fails, then being demolished, 2011 4. Chengdu 5-storey cinema collapse, 2013

Rana Plaza BuildingSavar, Bangladesh

The commercial building collapsed in 2013 after cracks were discovered the day before and evacuation recommendations were partially ignored. The shops on the ground floor were empty on recommendation; however the garment factories continued their work.

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The collapse killed 1126 people and injured more than 2500, making it the deadliest structural failure.

The building at the moment had a 9th floor under construction. According to several sources, the 5th to 9th floors were illegally constructed and the building was not designed to house factories. The rubble indicated the use of poor building material.

Sampoong Department StoreSeoul, South Korea

This department store collapsed in 1995, killing 502 and injuring 937, making it the second deadliest collapse related to structural failure while not being related to terrorism. The building collapsed due to the cutting corners in construction such as not enough and too small columns, incorrect floor slab construction and the addition of a fifth floor with heavy equipment.

Although the building was flawed, vibrations of the air-conditioning unit caused cracks in the concrete, which a monitoring system would be able to measure. Also, the monitoring system would be able to detect the overloading of the fifth floor.

SultanMizanZainalAbidinStadiumKualaTerengganu,Malaysia

One year after construction, the roof of the stadium collapsed while there were no special weather or seismic conditions. Loud noises were heard before the collapse occurred but luckily the stadium was not in use at the moment.

While reconstruction work of the roof was undergoing in 2013, two thirds of the roof’s old structure collapsed again, again with loud noises followed by the collapse of the steel pillars. This time it injured 5 construction workers.

No investigation has been performed to the reason of the collapse. A structural monitoring system could have identified pending failure or flaws in the construction.

Other noteworthy failures:• Seongsu, South Korea, 1994: a bridge slab of the Seongsu Bridge collapses, killing 32 and injuring 17. The investigation concluded that the slab’s trusses were not fully welded and that the pins for the steel bolts were insufficient.• Cartagena, Columbia, 2007: the 206 meter steel structure of the Torre de la Escollera twisted due to a storm – the steel structure was dismantled the year after. If the building had been completed, it would likely have collapsed.• Malahide, Ireland, 2009: a 20 meter section of the Broadmeadows train viaduct collapses after a passenger train passed and only 3 days after visual inspection identified no issues. The piers of the viaduct did not go into bedrock and river erosion in combination with train vibration caused the collapse.• Indonesia, 2011: the full 720-meter span of “Indonesia’s Golden Gate Bridge” collapsed, killing 11, injuring 39. The hypothesis is that the weight was incorrectly distributed over the suspension cables, causing a progressive failure after the cable with the largest load failed first.• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2012: 20-storey building collapses and takes a 10-storey building and 4-storey building, kills 17. Illegal construction work in the building compromised the structural integrity.

• Thane, India, 2013: under-construction building (6 storeys at time of construction) collapsed, killing 74 and injuring 62. Building was being constructed illegally, was of poor build quality and weakly built.

Many other collapses are listed on the following Wikipedia lists:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_structural_failures_and_collapseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridge_failures

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Project Selection

IntroductionSODIS LAB has since 2005 worked on more than 200 different projects for the development and installation of monitoring systems. The following are a selection of SODIS LAB’ projects.

Sochi 2014 Olympic ComplexIn February 2014 the Winter Olympic Games were held in Sochi. For this event, a large amount of new stadiums were constructed. SODIS LAB was heavily involved in this project by designing and installing structural health monitoring systems (SHMS) in all stadiums and building equipment monitoring systems in several stadiums. During the Games SODIS LAB was responsible for the direct maintenance of the stadiums and buildings.

Not only stadiums are being monitored, the ski jumping centre and bobsled track are also equipped with structural monitoring systems. New residential buildings and a hotel under renovation in the city of Sochi itself also require monitoring systems.

SODIS LAB did not only work on monitoring systems for the Sochi 2014 Olympic venues. The security and access control system for two stadiums was also designed by SODIS LAB, and an overall emergency management plan was created.

Possible future failures

The Ping-An Financial Center, a 660 meter high skyscraper currently under construction, and 14 other high-rises, are under discussion of using concrete with insufficient strength due to the mixing of sea sand in the mix. The sea sand can, if untreated, cause corrosion of the steel material in the building and weaken the structural structure. A structural monitoring system can keep track of the structural strength throughout the lifetime of the structure.

Simulations in South California performed in 2009 suggest that at least 5 steel high-rise buildings would collapse in a 7.8 magnitude earthquake. Current building standards and earthquake models do not predict any collapses, signifying incorrect building standards.

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SODIS LAB works on the following projects:

• Bolshoy Ice Dome (Ice Hockey Arena)• Fischt Olympic Stadium• Adler Arena• Iceberg Skating Palace• Shayba Arena• Russki Gorki Jumping Centre• Ice Cube Curling Centre• Bobsled Track• Organising committee office building

MoscowCityHigh-risesThe business centre of Moscow is rapidly expanding with a master plan for more than 15 high-rise buildings. When completed, the top 10 of Europe’s tallest buildings will be rewritten with more than 7 being located in this business centre.

In its initial stage, SODIS LAB worked closely with the planning authority in creating an emergency response plan for the complete area. This included the analysis of terrorist actions, how the public would react and how emergency response would deal with it. Additionally, improvements for safety were given.

Currently, SODIS LAB is involved in many individual buildings, designing and installing structural monitoring systems (SHMS) and building equipment monitoring systems (BEMS).

Baltic Sea Tunnel, St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg’s expanding city required a new ring road highway to the north of the city. This ring road would require a bridge or tunnel across the Baltic Sea inlet. However, this inlet is a busy shipping route and therefore a tunnel was required. Additionally, flood protection was needed to protect St. Petersburg from flooding. Both a submersible storm surge barrier and a 1.2 kilometre underwater tunnel were constructed at the same location.

SODIS LAB designed and installed the building equipment monitoring system (BEMS) and structural health monitoring system (SHMS) for Russia’s longest underwater tunnel.

The SHMS consists of many pressure gauges to measure soil pressure (in particular of interest for when the storm surge is closed) and strain gauges in the critical tunnel connecting elements. A total station and several measurement points within the tunnel keep track of tunnel deformation. Additionally, borehole inclinometers are installed to keep track of soil and bridge movement and tilt.

The BEMS consists of all video security systems for the road tunnel, to keep track of traffic safety. Fire and gas detection systems were also designed and installed.

Lakhta Tower, St. PetersburgThe Lakhta Tower in St. Petersburg will become Europe’s tallest building at a height of 463 meter when construction finishes. SODIS LAB is currently developing the building equipment monitoring system (BEMS) and structural health monitoring system (SHMS).

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Summary

SODIS LAB is able to provide building equipmentmonitoringsystems(BEMS)and structural health monitoring systems (SHMS),andisdevelopingafullyintegrated building management system (BMS).TheengineersofSODISLABhavethe expertise to specify a monitoring system for many civil infrastructure projects and base their design on local and international standards.

ReferencesThese references indicate mainly websites as sources for the news reports on structural failures.

1. MatthysLevyandMarioG.Salvadori.WhyBuildingsFallDown:HowStructuresFail.W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.,2002.

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock_Tower4. http://www.hoax-slayer.com/13-story-buliding-collapse-china.shtml5. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/2010-04/06/content_11017532.htm6. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-212428127. http://english.cri.cn/6909/2013/03/27/2561s756285.htm8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampoong_Department_Store_collapse9. http://www.nema.go.kr/eng/m4_seongsu.jsp10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Thane_building_collapse11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_Stadium12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_la_Escollera13. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-12/08/content_14230102.htm14. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/8919923/11-dead-

after-Indonesias-Golden-Gate-bridge-collapses.html15. http://www.indii.co.id/news_daily_detail.php?id=245116. http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/like-a-pack-of-cards-it-crumbles/17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Plaza18. http://www.wired.com/design/2013/03/poor-quality-chinese-concrete-could-lead-

to-skyscraper-collapses/19. http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/02/local/me-steeltower2

SODIS LAB (Australia)PO Box 214South Carlton, 3053 VIC, Australia

t: +61-466-911-419

SODIS LAB (Russia)11/1 Bolotnikovskaya str., Moscow, 117556, Russian Federation

t: +7-495-545-48-40

www.sodislab.com