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Pneumopatii interstitiale difuze
Boli difuze parenchimatoase
pulmonare
Dr. Irina Strambu
Sef lucrari
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• Grup mare de afectiuni de cauze diverse
• Afectare difuza a parenchimului pulmonar
• Manifestari clinice similare• Sindrom functional similar
• Aspecte imagistice caracteristice
• Aspecte histopatologice variabile
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• PID = boala inflamatorie a parenchimului
pulmonar (alveolita)
• PID ≠ fibroza pulmonara
– Doar unele dintre PID evolueaza catre fibroza
ireversibila
– Altele pot regresa / stationa
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Etiologie
• Factori externi
– Medicamente (amiodarona, nitrofurantoin, aur, metotrexat, ciclofosfamida,bleomicina)
– Infectii (imunocompromisi: Pn. Carinii, legionella, aspergillus, virusuri)
– Alergeni (alveolita alergica extrinseca)
– Pulberi
• Boli sistemice
– Colagenoze (LES, PR, Scleroza sistemica, sdr. Sjogren, miopatii) – Vasculite (Wegener, Churg-Strauss, poliangeita microscopica)
– autoimune
• Sarcoidoza + granulomatoze
• Fibroza pulmonara idiopatica (FPI) + alte idiopatice
• Histiocitoza X• Limfangioleiomiomatoza
• Plamanul eozinofil
• Sdr. de hemoragie alveolara
• etc
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Pneumopatii Interstitiale Difuze
PID de cauza
cunoscuta(medicam. sau b.
vasc. de colagen)
Pneumopatii
interstitiale idiopatice(PII)
PID
granulomatoase(sarcoidoza)
Alte forme
(LAM, HisX etc)
Non-Familiale Familiale
(>80%) (2-20%)
Cronice FibrozanteAcute/Subacute
FibrozanteAsoc. cu fumatul
- Fibroza pulmonara
idiopatica (FPI)
- Pneumopatie interstitiala
nespecifica idiopatica
(NSIP)
- Pneumopatiecriptogenica in
organizare (COP)
- Pneumopatie
interstitiala acuta
- Bronsiolita respiratorie
– b. pulm. interstitiala
- Pneumopatie interst.
descuamativa
2012
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Diagnostic
• “Sindromul” interstitial – Clinic
– Radiologic (+ CT)
–Functional
– Lavaj bronhoalveolar
• Diagnosticul etiologic – Anamneza
– Manifestari extrapulmonare – Aspect CT si LBA sugestiv
– Biopsie pulmonara
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Clinic
• Dispnee progresiva de efort• Tuse seaca
• Inconstant
– Febra
– Degete hipocratice – Cianoza
– Semnele IVD
• Obiectiv – Crepitante difuz bilateral (“velcro”)
• Alte semne ale bolii de baza – Eritem nodos, modificari articulare, eritem in fluture, modificari
cutanate, adenopatii …
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Aspect radiologic
• Radiografie pulmonara standard: – sdr. Interstitial
– Procese de condensare
– micronoduli
• Tomografie computerizata de inalta rezolutie (HRCT):informatii valoroase
– Tip de leziuni
– Localizare
– Evolutivitate
– Informatii esentiale pentru diagnosticul etiologic
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Radiografia standard
• Sindrom interstitial – Noduli / micronoduli
– Opacitati reticulare fine
– Opacitati reticulo-nodulare
– Opacitati infiltrative “vatoase” bilaterale
• Alte modificari sugestive
– Pleurezie (LES, PR)
– Pneumotorax (limfangio-leiomiomatoza)
– Adenopatii hilare bilaterale (sarcoidoza)
Distributie difuza bilaterala
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Tomografie computerizata
• HRCT: detalii (sectiuni subtiri 1 mm, algoritm de amplificare)
• Tipuri de leziuni:
– “sticla mata”
– Opacitati reticulare
– Noduli / micronoduli
– “fagure de miere” (honeycombing)
– Bronsiolectazii de tractiune
– chisturi
• Localizarea leziunilor – Predominant subpleurale (FPI)
– Predominant peribronhovasculare (sarcoidoza)
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Fibroza pulmonara idiopatica: aspect reticular bazal bilateral
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FPI
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FPI
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Sdr. hemoragic alveolar: aspect infiltrativ “vatos” bilateral
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“Sticla mata”,
aspect de mozaic
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Sarcoidoza
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Sarcoidoza
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PR tratata cu saruri de aur
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Poliartrita
Reumatoida
cu afectare pulmonara
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PR
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PR
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PID neprecizat
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PID neprecizat
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Limfangioleiomiomatoza
pneumotorax
drenat
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LAM (acelasi caz)
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LAM (acelasi caz)
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LAM (acelasi caz)
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Proteinoza alveolara
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Functional
• Sdr. restrictiv “adevarat”
– Scadere CV, VR, CPT
• Fara obstructie bronsica
• Scadere (precoce) a DLCO
• Raport DLCO/FVC: scazut
• Hipoxemie: initial la efort, apoi si in repaus – Desaturare la testul de mers 6 minute (precoce)
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Bronhoscopie
• Aspecte endoscopice normale
• Utilitate:
– Lavaj bronhiolo-alveolar
– (Biopsie pulmonara transbronsica)
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Lavaj bronhiolo-alveolar
• Normal:
– Macrofage alveolare 80-90%
– Limfocite 5-15%
– PMN 1-3% – Eozinofile < 1%
– Mastocite
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Lavaj bronhiolo-alveolarmacrof limf neutrof eozin plasmo
cite
mastocite CD4/
CD8Sarcoid ↑ = =/ ↑ - ↑ ↑
AAE spumoase ↑ ↑ ↑ =/ ↑ - ↑ ↑ ↓
Medic spumoase ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ prezente ↑ ↑ ↓
FPI ↑ ↑/ ↑ ↑ ↑ - ↑ =
Eozinof ↑ = ↑ ↑ prezente =/ ↑ ↓
Proteinoza spumoase↑ = = - ? =
Colagenoz
e↑ =/ ↑ =/ ↑ - = =
Pneumoc Cu
incluzii↑ ↑ =/ ↑ - = =
ARDSCu Fe ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ - = ↓
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LBA – alte informatii
• Carcinomatoza: celule tumorale
• Infectii
– bK
– Pneumocystis carinii
– Aspergillus
• Macrofage incarcate cu fier
– Vasculite
– Hemosideroza pulmonara idiopatica
• Aspect laptos: proteinoza alveolara
• Corpi azbestozici - asbestoza
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENTIAL !
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Diagnostic diferential
• Tuberculoza pulmonara
• Limfangita carcinomatoasa
•Infectii
– Pneumocistoza
– Pneumonii virale
– Bronhopneumonie
• ARDS
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Prelevare fragment bioptic pulmonar
• Bronhoscopie: biopsie transbronsica
• Biopsie cu ac fin sub CT (leziuni solide)
• Toracoscopie
• Biopsie chirurgicala deschisa (standard de aur)
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Aspecte histopatologice
• Specifice
– Colagenoze – Vasculite
– Sarcoidoza
– LAM …
• Idiopatice – 4 tipuri histologice – Pneumonia interstitiala obisnuita (UIP) - FPI
– Pneumonia interstitiala nespecifica (NSIP)
– Pneumonia interstitiala acuta (AIP)
– Pneumonita de organizare criptogenica (COP)
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“Sindrom interstitial” clinic
Investigatii
Radiografie standard Explorari functionale
HRCT LBA
Prelevari histologice
Anamneza
Expunere la
factori externi
Semne extrarespiratorii
Teste biochimice
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Fibroza pulmonara idiopatica (UIP)
• Clinic: 45-64 ani
– Dispnee progresiva de efort – Crepitante uscate bazale
• Rx: reticulo-nodular
• HRCT: leziuni subpleurale, fibroza, bronsiolectazii, microchiste aerice(“fagure de miere”)
• LBA
– Celularitate mixta
– Neutrofile 10-30%
• Absenta altor elemente anamnestice si de lab
• Evolutie – Declin functional (CVF)
– Deces in cca 4 ani de la diagnostic• Complicatii
– Insuficienta respiratorie cronica hipoxemica, CPC
– Pneumotorax, infectii …
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Tratament
• PID determinate de agenti externi:
– Indepartarea factorului etiologic
• PID din colagenoze:
– Tratament specific
• PID idiopatice
– Este sau nu este FPI?
– Corticoid sistemic + imunosupresoare: non FPI
FPI nu se trateaza cu cortizon!
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Tratament
• “Oala” mare a bolilor tratabile cu cortizon
• Evaluare initiala: este cortizonul benefic?
• Initiere: 1 mg/kgc/zi prednison, 2 luni, scazut progresiv panala 1 an
• Asociere: imunosupresive
– Permit scaderea dozei de cortizon
– Ciclofosfamida, ciclosporina, metotrexat, azatioprina• Puls-terapie sau continuu
• Control hematologic periodic
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Tratamentul FPI
• Ineficiente:
– Cortizon
– Bosentan
– Etanercept – Interferon
– Biologice (?)
• Eficiente:
– Pirfenidona
– N-acetilcisteina (?)
– BIBF-1200 (?)
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Alte tratamente
• Oxigenoterapie de lunga durata
– La hipoxemia cronica
– Prelungeste supravietuirea
• Tratamentul complicatiilor
• Transplant pulmonar
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LAM dupa transplant unipulmonar
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Monitorizare
• De obicei la 3 luni
• Se urmaresc:
– Clinic
– Functional (CVF, DLCO, test de mers)
– Radiologic
FACTOR DE PROGNOSTIC !
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Evolutie clinica
• Variabila in functie de etiologie
– Stabilizare
– Evolutie in pusee
– Degradare progresiva continua
• Complicatii
– Insuficienta respiratorie cronica hipoxemica
– HTP, cord pulmonar cronic
– Infectii (imunosupresie cortizonica)