PM_Dharan

NSF Workshop on Polymer Processing,June 9-10, 2004

Hari DharanUniversity of California at Berkeley

Present researchResin Transfer MoldingNew concept for resin transfer molding (RTM) in which tool articulation provides significantly faster mold fill time compared to conventional RTM processes.

OutlineReview of conventional RTMDarcys Law and its componentsCurrent analytical methods based on Darcys LawExample of one-dimensional analysis for mold fill timeDrawbacks with conventional RTMFactors affecting permeabilityTool articulation conceptsResin peristalsis by tool articulation One-dimensional analysis for mold fill time using articulated toolAdvantages and drawbacksSome suggestions for future investigations

IntroductionIn RTM, the mold is packed with a dry fiber preform in which the fibers are oriented in the desired directions for reinforcing the part. The preform is impregnated by resin injected through one or more ports in the mold. After the mold is filled, the resin solidifies by cross-linking and the part is removed from the mold.There are currently many analyses and computer programs that simulate the mold filling process.

Prior WorkGonzalez, Castro and Macosko (1985): axisymmetric analysis 1-D (analytical and numerical)Coulter and Geri (1988): 2-D finite-difference code for isothermal flowYoung, et al (1991): included variable permeability effectsBruschke and Advani (1993): non-isothermal flow using finite-element methodOthers: Hieber and Shen (1980), Trochu and Gauvin (1992): numerical simulation issues

Process description of RTMFiber reinforcementsLiquid resin1. Prepare mold2. Place fiber preform3. Inject liquid resin4. Cure impregnated fibers5. De-mold and finishIn http://www.owenscorning.comMajor process steps

Conventional RTMKey Benefits Complex shapes All surfaces finished in the mold Low cost for repetitive production Moderate production quantitiesDrawbacks Anisotropic flow leading to entrapped voids Long times to allow for resin flow and delayed cure Mold temperature control: slow Restricted to low viscosity thermosetting resins Fiber wash

Ideal RTM process Rapid mold fill (minutes, not hours) No voids or resin bypass regions No fiber wash for various preforms Applicable to a variety of resin systems: hot melt epoxies, vinyl esters, thermoplastics Hybrid fiber preforms and embedded inserts

Resin Infiltration Model Darcys law => V = - (S/)(dP/dx)S:Permeability Tensor, m:Viscosity, (dP/dx):pressure gradient Mold fill time can be reduced only by :1. Increasing permeability2. Lowering viscosity, or3. Increasing inlet pressure

1. Increasing Permeability2. Lowering Viscosity3. Increasing Pressure Decrease fiber volume fraction Increase use of chopped and felt preformsProblem: Lowers composite properties Low molecular weight resins High temperature injectionProblems: Process window and control issuesLower Tg, modulus, compressive strength Problems: Preform distortion and fiber wash Permeability reduction

Permeability through Fiber Preform In-plane components (Sx, Sy) >> Sz Different types of preforms will have different compliance in the thickness direction resulting in different relative permeabilities (in-plane vs thickness). Multi-scale permeable paths : (Preform level / fiber bundle level) Compressible --> Permeability = f(P)

Articulated Approach Segmented upper mold Peristalsis-like flow propagation Squeeze flow through loose fibers Mechanical consolidationMajor tooling and functional features

Articulated RTMLoading point follows flow frontPressure gradient is kept from degrading at constant loadFilling rate is expected to remain high1. Liquid resin is supplied onto loose dry preform2. Initial squeeze-down of upper mold segments3. Transverse infiltration is driven by the first segment4. Unloading of second segment5. Excessive resin volume is captured by the unloading segmentKey process schemeResult:

Analytical ApproachProcess model Unidirectional mold/ten segments Darcys eqn applied to each segment Comparison of mold fill-time between conventional (C-) RTM and articulated (A-) RTM Investigation of segment controls as process parametersObjectiveApproach Transverse flow (w.r.t. laminate) is achieved by consolidation, longitudinal flow occursthrough loose preform (higher S) Loose fiber volume fraction, Vo =0.58 Sx/Sz=100 at a given fiber volume fraction

Mold filling analysis in C-RTMTransverse flow rateLongitudinal flow rate gradientTotal volume flow rate Two-directional flow is considered Longitudinal flow rate is a function of y and timeNomenclature :In the next page

qx: Longitudinal volume flow rate per unit widthqz: Transverse volume flow rate per unit width t: Time xf: Longitudinal flow front, fn(z)zf: Transverse flow front.Ao: Inlet area in C-RTMPo: Constant inlet pressure in C-RTMVf: Fiber volume fractionSx: Longitudinal permeability at Vf Sz: Transverse permeability at Vf : ViscosityNomenclature

Mold filling analysis in A-RTMResin flow in A-RTMTwo-stage flowCase 1 : Initial stage when the first segment is in motion Transverse down-flow through the loose preform only Longitudinal flow through the squeezed preform is restrictedCase 2 : After the transverse flow is completed in case 1. Longitudinal flow is driven by the excessive resin squeezed by segment motion. Transverse flow is achieved by the consolidation of the wet loose preform

Case 1:Volume flow rate per unit width by transverse flowAz: Area of a segment in contact with preformPo: Constant inlet pressure in C-RTMVf: Fiber volume fractionVo: Fiber volume fraction of loose fiberSx: Longitudinal permeability at VoSz: Transverse permeability at VoThis equation is limited to when the transverse flow front reaches the bottom of preform

Case 2:Volume flow rate per unit width by longitudinal flowAfter the transverse flow is completed in case 1tc: Time when the transverse flow reaches bottom (when hf = h)h: Preform thickness at VoSx: Longitudinal permeability at VoSz: Transverse permeability at Vowhere

Mold filling simulation resultsMold fill ratio with time tr : Mold-fill time for C-RTM Po : Inlet pressure for C-RTM P(segment load)=Po Ten segmentsResult: Mold fill time for A-RTM is 6 % of C-RTM fill time

figure1

0.0250.0250.0250.0250.025

0.02450.0230.02250.02250.0225

0.0240.0210.020.020.02

0.02350.0190.01750.01750.0175

0.0230.0170.0150.0150.015

0.02250.0150.01250.01250.0125

0.0220.0130.010.010.01

0.02150.0110.00750.00750.0075

0.0210.0090.0050.0050.005

0.02050.0070.00250.00250.0025

0.020.005000

0.020.005

t=0.0025

t=0.04

t=0.2

t=0.4

t=0.8

T=0.0025

T=0.04

T=0.10

T=0.50

Longitudinal direction, x/L

Thickness direction (h/L)

figure2

0.0430.043

0.0380.038

0.0330.033

0.0280.028

0.0230.023

0.0180.018

0.0130.013

0.0080.008

0.0030.003

00

First segment

>Resin propagation direction>Pressure ratio (P/Po) =1>Ten segments considered

t=0.0005

t=0.001


Thickness direction, h/L

mold-fill

00

0.01166666670.023256

0.03666666670.046512

0.0750.069767

0.12666666670.093023

0.19166666670.165257

0.24238074010.178397

0.27961362430.189897

0.35663987630.273769

0.42051070020.285791

0.47638035210.296559

0.52668935530.380212

0.57283630450.392234

0.61571397660.476769

0.65593435680.488791

0.69393894590.573769

0.73005879460.585791

0.76454976960.596559

0.79761452050.679769

0.82941681490.691791

0.86009125530.773769

0.88975007750.785791

0.91848803630.796559

0.94638599820.879769

0.97351363610.891791

0.99993148670.976269

0.988291

0.999059

Articulated process

Conventional RTM

Conventional RTM

Articulated process

Normalized time (t/tr)

Mold-fill ratio

fill-time-dummy

000

0.01166666670.0232560.011627907

0.03666666670.0465120.023255814

0.0750.0697670.0348837209

0.12666666670.0930230.0465116279

0.19166666670.1652570.0581395349

0.24238074010.1783970.0697674419

0.27961362430.1898970.0813953488

0.35663987630.2737690.0930232558

0.42051070020.285791

0.47638035210.2965590.111627907

0.52668935530.3802120.123255814

0.57283630450.3922340.1348837209

0.61571397660.4767690.1465116279

0.65593435680.4887910.1581395349

0.69393894590.5737690.1697674419

0.73005879460.5857910.1813953488

0.76454976960.5965590.1930232558

0.79761452050.679769

0.82941681490.6917910.211627907

0.86009125530.7737690.223255814

0.88975007750.7857910.2348837209

0.91848803630.7965590.2465116279

0.94638599820.8797690.2581395349

0.97351363610.8917910.2697674419

0.99993148670.9762690.2813953488

0.9882910.2930232558

0.999059

0.311627907

0.323255814

0.3348837209

0.3465116279

0.3581395349

0.3697674419

0.3813953488

0.3930232558

0.411627907

0.423255814

0.4348837209

0.4465116279

0.4581395349

0.4697674419

0.4813953488

0.4930232558

0.511627907

0.523255814

0.5348837209

0.5465116279

0.5581395349

0.5697674419

0.5813953488

0.5930232558

0.611627907

0.623255814

0.6348837209

0.6465116279

0.6581395349

0.6697674419

0.6813953488

0.6930232558

0.711627907

0.723255814

0.7348837209

0.7465116279

0.7581395349

0.7697674419

0.7813953488

0.7930232558

0.811627907

0.823255814

0.8348837209

0.8465116279

0.8581395349

0.8697674419

0.8813953488

0.8930232558

0.911627907

0.923255814

0.9348837209

0.9465116279

0.9581395349

0.9697674419

0.9813953488

0.9930232558

1

Conventional RTM

Articulated longitudinal squeeze-out

Step-wise transverse infiltration

Time normalized by mold fill time

Mold fill ratio

Chart4

0.4445471349

0.088909427

0.0443622921

0.0222735675

0.0148798521

0.0110720887

Pressure (P/Po) for articulated process

Mold fill time (t/tr)

Chart5

1.4583333333

1.3691666667

1.2041666667

1.0864583333

1

Number of segments

Mold fill time (t/ts)

Chart6

10

5

3.3333333333

2.5

2

1.6666666667

1.4285714286

1.25

1.1111111111

1

* Force acts on each segment.* Constant pressure Po in articulated RTM

Number of segments

Force (F/Fo)

Con RTM

tc=0.93219

yftimeQTime=M4T=0.0025Time=M7T=0.04TimeQ

000yxfh-yyxfh-y00

0.0050.00250.0116666667000.0750.025000.2250.0250.0023105360.0116666667

0.010.010.036666666710.00050.07243416490.024510.0020.21473665960.0230.00924214420.0366666667

0.0150.02250.07520.0010.06972135950.02420.0040.20388543820.0210.02079482440.075

0.020.040.126666666730.00150.06683300130.023530.0060.19233200530.0190.03696857670.1266666667

0.0250.06250.191666666740.0020.06372983350.02340.0080.17991933380.0170.05776340110.1916666667

0.02942108090.086560.242380740150.00250.06035533910.022550.010.16642135620.0150.080.2423807401

0.03289376840.10820.279613624360.0030.05662277660.02260.0120.15149110640.0130.10.2796136243

0.04028647420.16230.356639876370.00350.05238612790.021570.0140.13454451150.0110.150.3566398763

0.04651881340.21640.420510700280.0040.04736067980.02180.0160.11444271910.0090.20.4205107002

0.05200961450.27050.476380352190.00450.04081138830.020590.0180.08824555320.0070.250.4763803521

0.05697367810.32460.5266893553100.0050.0250.02100.020.0250.0050.30.5266893553

0.06153860580.37870.572836304500.0200.0050.350.5728363045

0.06578753680.43280.61571397660.40.6157139766

0.06977822010.48690.6559343568Time=M12T=0.2Time=M14T=0.30.450.6559343568

0.07355270220.5410.6939389459yxfh-yyxfh-y0.50.6939389459

0.07714272490.59510.7300587946000.4901881340.025000.59385850610.0250.550.7300587946

0.08057294830.64920.764549769610.00250.47751557240.022510.00250.58123784530.02250.60.7645497696

0.08386298350.70330.797614520520.0050.4644777430.0220.0050.56832410330.020.650.7976145205

0.08702873090.75740.829416814930.00750.45104111290.017530.00750.55509586090.01750.70.8294168149

0.09008329480.81150.860091255340.010.43716668130.01540.010.5415289560.0150.750.8600912553

0.09303762680.86560.889750077550.01250.42280864310.012550.01250.5275959640.01250.80.8897500775

0.09590099060.91970.918488036360.0150.40791260070.0160.0150.51326554620.010.850.9184880363

0.09868130520.97380.946385998270.01750.39241312320.007570.01750.498501620.00750.90.9463859982

0.10138540331.02790.973513636180.020.37623033240.00580.020.48326228820.0050.950.9735136361

0.1040192291.0820.999931486790.02250.35926499920.002590.02250.46749843550.002510.9999314867

100.0250.34139126570100.0250.45115185790

Time=M16T=0.4Time=M18T=0.5

yxfh-yyh-y

000.68287536810.025000.76052702190.025

10.00250.67025439290.022510.00250.74791901270.0225

20.0050.65738158040.0220.0050.73508717620.02

30.00750.6442412250.017530.00750.72201915090.0175

40.010.63081591790.01540.010.70870139360.015

50.01250.61708627580.012550.01250.69511901520.0125

60.0150.6030306130.0160.0150.68125558540.01

70.01750.58862453920.007570.01750.66709290010.0075

80.020.5738404620.00580.020.65261070040.005

90.02250.5586469660.002590.02250.63778633320.0025

100.0250.54300802690100.0250.62259433480


yxfh-yyxfh-y

000.89528730890.025000.9553762680.025

10.00250.88269626590.022510.00250.94279119990.0225

20.0050.86991761080.0220.0050.93003114490.02

30.00750.85694269850.017530.00750.91708859410.0175

40.010.84376219880.01540.010.9039554860.015

50.01250.83036601790.012550.01250.89062314720.0125

60.0150.81674320790.0160.0150.87708222580.01

70.01750.80288186240.007570.01750.86332261460.0075

80.020.78876899420.00580.020.84933336270.005

90.02250.77439039290.002590.02250.83510257340.0025

100.0250.75973045780100.0250.82061728610

Art Trans

yftimeQTimeQ

00000

0.0050.0003220.0116279070.0002975970.011627907

0.010.0012880.0232558140.00119038820.023255814

0.0150.0028980.03488372090.00267837340.0348837209

0.020.0051520.04651162790.00476155270.0465116279

0.0250.008050.05813953490.00743992610.0581395349

0.030.0115920.06976744190.01071349350.0697674419

0.0350.0157780.08139534880.01458225510.0813953488

0.040.0206080.09302325580.01904621070.0930232558

0.0050.024137120.1116279070.02230787430.111627907

0.010.025103120.1232558140.02320066540.123255814

0.0150.026713120.13488372090.02468865060.1348837209

0.020.028967120.14651162790.02677182990.1465116279

0.0250.031865120.15813953490.02945020330.1581395349

0.030.035407120.16976744190.03272377080.1697674419

0.0350.039593120.18139534880.03659253230.1813953488

0.040.044423120.19302325580.0410564880.1930232558

0.0050.047952240.2116279070.04431815160.211627907

0.010.048918240.2232558140.04521094270.223255814

0.0150.050528240.23488372090.04669892790.2348837209

0.020.052782240.24651162790.04878210720.2465116279

0.0250.055680240.25813953490.05146048060.2581395349

0.030.059222240.26976744190.05473404810.2697674419

0.0350.063408240.28139534880.05860280960.2813953488

0.040.068238240.29302325580.06306676520.2930232558

0.0050.071767360.3116279070.06632842880.311627907

0.010.072733360.3232558140.067221220.323255814

0.0150.074343360.33488372090.06870920520.3348837209

0.020.076597360.34651162790.07079238450.3465116279

0.0250.079495360.35813953490.07347075790.3581395349

0.030.083037360.36976744190.07674432530.3697674419

0.0350.087223360.38139534880.08061308690.3813953488

0.040.092053360.39302325580.08507704250.3930232558

0.0050.095582480.4116279070.08833870610.411627907

0.010.096548480.4232558140.08923149720.423255814

0.0150.098158480.43488372090.09071948240.4348837209

0.020.100412480.44651162790.09280266170.4465116279

0.0250.103310480.45813953490.09548103510.4581395349

0.030.106852480.46976744190.09875460260.4697674419

0.0350.111038480.48139534880.10262336410.4813953488

0.040.115868480.49302325580.10708731980.4930232558

0.0050.11939760.5116279070.11034898340.511627907

0.010.12036360.5232558140.11124177450.523255814

0.0150.12197360.53488372090.11272975970.5348837209

0.020.12422760.54651162790.1148129390.5465116279

0.0250.12712560.55813953490.11749131240.5581395349

0.030.13066760.56976744190.12076487990.5697674419

0.0350.13485360.58139534880.12463364140.5813953488

0.040.13968360.59302325580.1290975970.5930232558

0.0050.143212720.6116279070.13235926060.611627907

0.010.144178720.6232558140.13325205180.623255814

0.0150.145788720.63488372090.1347400370.6348837209

0.020.148042720.64651162790.13682321630.6465116279

0.0250.150940720.65813953490.13950158960.6581395349

0.030.154482720.66976744190.14277515710.6697674419

0.0350.158668720.68139534880.14664391870.6813953488

0.040.163498720.69302325580.15110787430.6930232558

0.0050.167027840.7116279070.15436953790.711627907

0.010.167993840.7232558140.1552623290.723255814

0.0150.169603840.73488372090.15675031420.7348837209

0.020.171857840.74651162790.15883349350.7465116279

0.0250.174755840.75813953490.16151186690.7581395349

0.030.178297840.76976744190.16478543440.7697674419

0.0350.182483840.78139534880.16865419590.7813953488

0.040.187313840.79302325580.17311815160.7930232558

0.0050.190842960.8116279070.17637981520.811627907

0.010.191808960.8232558140.17727260630.823255814

0.0150.193418960.83488372090.17876059150.8348837209

0.020.195672960.84651162790.18084377080.8465116279

0.0250.198570960.85813953490.18352214420.8581395349

0.030.202112960.86976744190.18679571160.8697674419

0.0350.206298960.88139534880.19066447320.8813953488

0.040.211128960.89302325580.19512842880.8930232558

0.0050.214658080.9116279070.19839009240.911627907

0.010.215624080.9232558140.19928288350.923255814

0.0150.217234080.93488372090.20077086880.9348837209

0.020.219488080.94651162790.20285404810.9465116279

0.0250.222386080.95813953490.20553242140.9581395349

0.030.225928080.96976744190.20880598890.9697674419

0.0350.230114080.98139534880.21267475050.9813953488

0.040.234944080.99302325580.21713870610.9930232558

0.0430.238151210.22010277261

Art Longi

Pressure=1

yftQt:side flowyfQtQ

0000.0010.04389339850.059773324100

0.010.0012880.0232558140.00150.04433339950.07376945390.001190.023256

0.020.0051520.04651162790.0020.04476907620.08579053460.0047620.046512

0.030.0115920.06976744190.00250.04520055380.09655938870.0107130.069767

0.040.0206080.09302325580.0030.04562795130.10644320230.0190460.093023

0.0430.023815120.10.0231050.165257

TimeTime0.0235670.178397

0.0250.16525685570.0250.04405671110.06525685570.024315120.04344904920.05927818240.024030.189897

0.02550.17839710170.02550.04449509710.07839710170.024815120.04389350470.05977343830.0258780.273769

0.0260.18989677670.0260.04492920590.08989677670.025315120.04433350460.06023261340.026340.285791

0.02650.20030581910.02650.04535916020.10030581910.025815120.04476918030.06066316910.0268020.296559

0.0286510.380212

0.02750.25977332410.0291130.392234

0.0280.27376945390.0309610.476769

0.02850.28579053460.0314230.488791

0.0290.29655938870.0332720.573769

0.02950.3064432023T=0.0005T=0.0010.0337340.585791

yxfyyxfy0.0341960.596559

0.03050.366216324100.1622896460.04300.18809086220.0430.0360440.679769

0.0310.38021245390.0050.15859607070.0380.0050.18292196520.0380.0365060.691791

0.03150.39223353460.010.15465344460.0330.010.17740868570.0330.0383550.773769

0.0320.40300238870.0150.15040335820.0280.0150.17147137140.0280.0388170.785791

0.020.14576022310.0230.020.16499391690.0230.0392790.796559

0.0330.46277332410.0250.1405893770.0180.0250.15779499580.0180.0411280.879769

0.03350.47676945390.030.13465540410.0130.030.14956121310.0130.041590.891791

0.0340.48879053460.0350.12746810030.0080.0350.13965307250.0080.0434380.976269

0.03450.49955938870.040.1175498160.0030.040.12623772980.0030.04390.988291

0.0430.106332120100.0430.112571787800.0443620.999059

0.03550.5597733241

0.0360.5737694539

0.03650.5857905346

0.0370.5965593887

0.03750.6064432023

0.03850.6657733241

0.0390.6797694539

0.03950.6917905346

0.040.7025593887

0.0410.7597733241

0.04150.7737694539

0.0420.7857905346

0.04250.7965593887

0.0430.8064432023

0.0440.8657733241

0.04450.8797694539

0.0450.8917905346

0.04550.9025593887

0.04650.9622733241

0.0470.9762694539

0.04750.9882905346

0.0480.9990593887

Pressure

Pressure =2Pressure =0.5Pressure =3Pressure =4

yftQt:side flowyfQyftQt:side flowyfQyftQt:side flowyfQyftQt:side flowyfQ

0000.00050.04389428290.05977427520000.00150.04367173570.05155525750000.00050.04433252380.07376836630000.00050.04476994330.0857917165

0.010.0006440.0232558140.00080.04442175060.07630147710.010.0025760.0232558140.00250.04411394760.06708970620.010.00042933330.0232558140.00070.04485483830.08802836970.010.0003220.0232558140.00060.04511544890.0944865301

0.020.0025760.04651162790.00110.04494302810.09022422640.020.0103040.04651162790.00350.04455177040.07996921080.020.00171733330.04651162790.00090.04537114030.10060344980.020.0012880.04651162790.000670.04535573680.1002072989

0.030.0057960.06976744190.001350.04537285150.10060599580.030.0231840.06976744190.00450.04498533230.09130363250.030.0038640.06976744190.030.0028980.0697674419

0.040.0103040.09302325580.040.0412160.09302325580.00540.04537199590.10060472290.040.00686933330.09302325580.040.0051520.0930232558

0.0430.011907560.10.0430.047630240.10.0430.00793837330.10.0430.005953780.1

TimeTimeTimeTime

0.0120.12528270970.0120.04316658470.02528270970.050.16525685570.050.04405671110.06525685570.0080.12541974440.0080.04316658470.02541974440.0060.12528270970.0060.04316658470.0252827097

0.01250.16522931540.01250.04405671110.06522931540.0510.17839710170.0510.04449509710.07839710170.00830.16237429840.00830.04396850930.06237429840.00620.15927904080.00620.04388013030.0592790408

0.0130.1898762030.0130.04492920590.0898762030.0520.18989677670.0520.04492920590.08989677670.00860.18547205750.00860.04475606760.08547205750.00650.1898762030.00650.04492920590.089876203

0.01330.20226710070.01330.0454446630.10226710070.0530.20030581910.0530.04535916020.10030581910.00880.19831381260.00880.0452734960.09831381260.006620.19988743630.006620.04534204030.0998874363

0.01380.26197427520.05450.25155525750.00940.27206836630.007120.2856917165

0.01410.27850147710.05550.26708970620.00960.28632836970.007220.2943865301

0.01440.29242422640.05650.27996921080.00980.29890344980.007290.3001072989

0.014650.30280599580.05750.2913036325

0.05840.30060472290.01030.37266836630.007790.3858917165

0.015150.36258027520.01050.38692836970.007890.3945865301

0.015450.37910747710.05990.35215525750.01070.39950344980.007960.4003072989

0.015750.39303022640.06090.3676897062

0.0160.40341199580.06190.38056921080.01120.47326836630.008460.4857917165

0.06290.39190363250.01140.48752836970.008560.4944865301

0.01650.46318627520.06380.40120472290.01160.50010344980.008630.5002072989

0.01680.4797134771

0.01710.49363622640.06530.45275525750.01210.57376836630.009130.5857917165

0.017350.50401799580.06630.46828970620.01230.58802836970.009230.5944865301

0.06730.48116921080.01250.60060344980.00930.6002072989

0.017850.56377427520.06830.4925036325

0.018150.58030147710.06920.50180472290.0130.67436836630.00980.6859917165

0.018450.59422422640.01320.68862836970.00990.6946865301

0.01870.60460599580.07070.55335525750.01340.70120344980.009970.7004072989

0.07170.5688897062

0.01920.66437427520.07270.58176921080.01390.77496836630.010470.7857917165

0.01950.68090147710.07370.59310363250.01410.78922836970.010570.7944865301

0.01980.69482422640.07460.60240472290.01430.80180344980.010640.8002072989

0.020050.7052059958

0.07610.65355525750.01480.87557136630.011140.8859917165

0.020550.76498027520.07710.66908970620.0150.88983136970.011240.8946865301

0.020850.78150747710.07810.68196921080.01520.90240644980.011310.9004072989

0.021150.79543022640.07910.6933036325

0.02140.80581199580.080.70260472290.01570.97616836630.011810.9861917165

0.01590.99042836970.011910.9948865301

0.02190.86558627520.08150.75415525750.01611.00300344980.011981.0006072989

0.02220.88211347710.08250.7696897062

0.02250.89603622640.08350.7825692108

0.022750.90641799580.08450.7939036325

0.08540.8032047229

0.023250.9657742752

0.023550.98230147710.08690.8547552575

0.023850.99622422640.08790.8702897062

0.02411.00660599580.08890.8831692108

0.08990.8945036325

0.09080.9038047229

0.09230.9553602575

0.09330.9708947062

0.09430.9837742108

0.09530.9951086325

0.09621.0044097229

Segment

Segment=2 P=1Segments=4, P=1Segments=6, P=1Segments=8, P=1

yftQyftQt:side flowyfQyftQt:side flowyfQyftQt:side flowyfQ

0000000.0030.04562795130.10644320230000.0020.04476907620.08579053460000.0010.04389339850.0597733241

0.010.0012880.11627906980.010.0012880.05813953490.0060.04811267190.15538009210.010.0012880.03875968990.0040.04647095530.12434429780.010.0012880.02906976740.0020.04476907620.0857905346

0.020.0051520.23255813950.020.0051520.11627906980.010.05123854210.2070256050.020.0051520.07751937980.0060.04811267190.15538009210.020.0051520.05813953490.0030.04562795130.1064432023

0.030.0115920.34883720930.030.0115920.17441860470.0140.05418438160.25092462520.030.0115920.11627906980.00680.04875388180.16659417910.030.0115920.08720930230.004050.04651270450.1251877944

0.040.0206080.46511627910.040.0206080.23255813950.040.0206080.15503875970.040.0206080.1162790698

0.0430.023815120.50.0430.023815120.250.0430.023815120.16666666670.0430.023815120.125

TimeTimeTime

TimeQ0.030.40802337650.030.04826170890.15802337650.0250.23192685570.0250.04405671110.06525685570.0250.19025685570.0250.04405671110.0652568557

0.030.04826170890.65802337650.0320.43484880210.0320.04984447860.18484880210.0270.27659205710.0270.04578507720.10992205710.0270.23492205710.0270.04578507720.1099220571

0.0350.05212860350.72065471880.0340.45919352330.0340.05137851260.20919352330.0290.30999730130.0290.047450530.14332730130.027860.25010363610.027860.04650853120.1251036361

0.040.05572782130.77277479390.037720.49994486150.037720.05411627690.24994486150.03060.3330588670.03060.04874193670.166388867

0.0450.05910828050.81870311170.028860.3097733241

0.050.06230559830.86033291290.040720.60644320230.03260.41879053460.029860.3357905346

0.0550.06534666280.89872084890.043720.65538009210.03460.45734429780.030860.3564432023

0.060.06825236330.93453777990.047720.7070256050.03660.48838009210.031910.3751877944

0.0650.0710393120.96824521870.051720.75092462520.03740.4995941791

0.070.07372097811.00017855110.032910.4349613241

0.054720.85644320230.03940.58579053460.033910.4609785346

0.057720.90538009210.04140.62434429780.034910.4816312023

Segmentstt/tc0.061720.9570256050.04340.65538009210.035960.5003757944

20.071.45833333330.065721.00092462520.04420.6665941791

40.065721.36916666670.036960.5597733241

60.05781.20416666670.04620.75238453460.037960.5857905346

80.052151.08645833330.04820.79093829780.038960.6064432023

100.04810.05020.82197409210.040010.6251877944

0.0510.8331881791

0.0410.6849613241

0.0530.91897853460.0420.7109785346

0.0550.95753229780.0430.7316312023

0.0570.98856809210.044050.7503757944

0.05780.9997821791

0.045050.8101493241

0.046050.8361665346

0.047050.8568192023

0.04810.8755637944

0.04910.9353373241

0.05010.9613545346

0.05110.9820072023

0.052151.0007517944

Force

Pressure =0.5

Constant pressureyftQt:side flowyfQ

0000.0050.04344903130.0419159901

NForce0.010.012880.0232558140.010.0438934870.0597734192

0.020.051520.04651162790.0150.04433348710.0737695626

110.000.030.115920.06976744190.020.04476916290.0857906528

25.000.040.206080.09302325580.0270.04537208150.1006048502

33.330.0430.23815120.1

42.50Time

52.000.250.16525410220.250.04405671110.0652541022

61.670.2550.17839477540.2550.04449509710.0783947754

71.430.260.18989471950.260.04492920590.0898947195

81.250.2650.20030395120.2650.04535916020.1003039512

91.11

101.000.270.2419159901

0.2750.2597734192

Pressuret/tc0.280.2737695626

0.10.44454713490.443620.2850.2857906528

0.50.0889094270.0887240.2920.3006048502

10.04436229210.044362

20.02227356750.0221810.2970.3425159901

30.01487985210.01478733330.3020.3603734192

40.01107208870.01109050.3070.3743695626

0.3120.3863906528

0.3190.4012048502

0.3240.4431159901

0.3290.4609734192

0.3340.4749695626

0.3390.4869906528

0.3460.5018048502

0.3510.5437159901

0.3560.5615734192

0.3610.5755695626

0.3660.5875906528

0.3730.6024048502

0.3780.6439159901

0.3830.6617734192

0.3880.6757695626

0.3930.6877906528

0.40.7026048502

0.4050.7445159901

0.410.7623734192

0.4150.7763695626

0.420.7883906528

0.4270.8032048502

0.4320.8451159901

0.4370.8629734192

0.4420.8769695626

0.4470.8889906528

0.4540.9038048502

0.4590.9457209901

0.4640.9635784192

0.4690.9775745626

0.4740.9895956528

0.4811.0044098502

Effect of segment load on mold fill time tr: Mold-fill time for C-RTM P(segment load)=xPo Ten segments For P/Po = 1, mold fill time (t/tr)=0.06 relative to C-RTM Lower pressures than this still result in faster mold fill times relative to C-RTM

figure1

0.0250.0250.0250.0250.025

0.02450.0230.02250.02250.0225

0.0240.0210.020.020.02

0.02350.0190.01750.01750.0175

0.0230.0170.0150.0150.015

0.02250.0150.01250.01250.0125

0.0220.0130.010.010.01

0.02150.0110.00750.00750.0075

0.0210.0090.0050.0050.005

0.02050.0070.00250.00250.0025

0.020.005000

0.020.005

t=0.0025

t=0.04

t=0.2

t=0.4

t=0.8

T=0.0025

T=0.04

T=0.10

T=0.50



figure2

0.0430.043

0.0380.038

0.0330.033

0.0280.028

0.0230.023

0.0180.018

0.0130.013

0.0080.008

0.0030.003

00

First segment


t=0.0005

t=0.001



mold-fill

00

0.01166666670.023256

0.03666666670.046512

0.0750.069767

0.12666666670.093023

0.19166666670.165257

0.24238074010.178397

0.27961362430.189897

0.35663987630.273769

0.42051070020.285791

0.47638035210.296559

0.52668935530.380212

0.57283630450.392234

0.61571397660.476769

0.65593435680.488791

0.69393894590.573769

0.73005879460.585791

0.76454976960.596559

0.79761452050.679769

0.82941681490.691791

0.86009125530.773769

0.88975007750.785791

0.91848803630.796559

0.94638599820.879769

0.97351363610.891791

0.99993148670.976269

0.988291

0.999059

Articulated process

Conventional RTM

Conventional RTM

Articulated process


Mold-fill ratio

fill-time-dummy

000

0.01166666670.0232560.011627907

0.03666666670.0465120.023255814

0.0750.0697670.0348837209

0.12666666670.0930230.0465116279

0.19166666670.1652570.0581395349

0.24238074010.1783970.0697674419

0.27961362430.1898970.0813953488

0.35663987630.2737690.0930232558

0.42051070020.285791

0.47638035210.2965590.111627907

0.52668935530.3802120.123255814

0.57283630450.3922340.1348837209

0.61571397660.4767690.1465116279

0.65593435680.4887910.1581395349

0.69393894590.5737690.1697674419

0.73005879460.5857910.1813953488

0.76454976960.5965590.1930232558

0.79761452050.679769

0.82941681490.6917910.211627907

0.86009125530.7737690.223255814

0.88975007750.7857910.2348837209

0.91848803630.7965590.2465116279

0.94638599820.8797690.2581395349

0.97351363610.8917910.2697674419

0.99993148670.9762690.2813953488

0.9882910.2930232558

0.999059

0.311627907

0.323255814

0.3348837209

0.3465116279

0.3581395349

0.3697674419

0.3813953488

0.3930232558

0.411627907

0.423255814

0.4348837209

0.4465116279

0.4581395349

0.4697674419

0.4813953488

0.4930232558

0.511627907

0.523255814

0.5348837209

0.5465116279

0.5581395349

0.5697674419

0.5813953488

0.5930232558

0.611627907

0.623255814

0.6348837209

0.6465116279

0.6581395349

0.6697674419

0.6813953488

0.6930232558

0.711627907

0.723255814

0.7348837209

0.7465116279

0.7581395349

0.7697674419

0.7813953488

0.7930232558

0.811627907

0.823255814

0.8348837209

0.8465116279

0.8581395349

0.8697674419

0.8813953488

0.8930232558

0.911627907

0.923255814

0.9348837209

0.9465116279

0.9581395349

0.9697674419

0.9813953488

0.9930232558

1

Conventional RTM




Mold fill ratio

Chart4

0.4445471349

0.088909427

0.0443622921

0.0222735675

0.0148798521

0.0110720887



Chart5

1.4583333333

1.3691666667

1.2041666667

1.0864583333

1

Number of segments


Chart6

10

5

3.3333333333

2.5

2

1.6666666667

1.4285714286

1.25

1.1111111111

1


Number of segments

Force (F/Fo)

Con RTM

tc=0.93219


000yxfh-yyxfh-y00

0.0050.00250.0116666667000.0750.025000.2250.0250.0023105360.0116666667

0.010.010.036666666710.00050.07243416490.024510.0020.21473665960.0230.00924214420.0366666667

0.0150.02250.07520.0010.06972135950.02420.0040.20388543820.0210.02079482440.075

0.020.040.126666666730.00150.06683300130.023530.0060.19233200530.0190.03696857670.1266666667

0.0250.06250.191666666740.0020.06372983350.02340.0080.17991933380.0170.05776340110.1916666667

0.02942108090.086560.242380740150.00250.06035533910.022550.010.16642135620.0150.080.2423807401

0.03289376840.10820.279613624360.0030.05662277660.02260.0120.15149110640.0130.10.2796136243

0.04028647420.16230.356639876370.00350.05238612790.021570.0140.13454451150.0110.150.3566398763

0.04651881340.21640.420510700280.0040.04736067980.02180.0160.11444271910.0090.20.4205107002

0.05200961450.27050.476380352190.00450.04081138830.020590.0180.08824555320.0070.250.4763803521

0.05697367810.32460.5266893553100.0050.0250.02100.020.0250.0050.30.5266893553

0.06153860580.37870.572836304500.0200.0050.350.5728363045

0.06578753680.43280.61571397660.40.6157139766

0.06977822010.48690.6559343568Time=M12T=0.2Time=M14T=0.30.450.6559343568

0.07355270220.5410.6939389459yxfh-yyxfh-y0.50.6939389459

0.07714272490.59510.7300587946000.4901881340.025000.59385850610.0250.550.7300587946

0.08057294830.64920.764549769610.00250.47751557240.022510.00250.58123784530.02250.60.7645497696

0.08386298350.70330.797614520520.0050.4644777430.0220.0050.56832410330.020.650.7976145205

0.08702873090.75740.829416814930.00750.45104111290.017530.00750.55509586090.01750.70.8294168149

0.09008329480.81150.860091255340.010.43716668130.01540.010.5415289560.0150.750.8600912553

0.09303762680.86560.889750077550.01250.42280864310.012550.01250.5275959640.01250.80.8897500775

0.09590099060.91970.918488036360.0150.40791260070.0160.0150.51326554620.010.850.9184880363

0.09868130520.97380.946385998270.01750.39241312320.007570.01750.498501620.00750.90.9463859982

0.10138540331.02790.973513636180.020.37623033240.00580.020.48326228820.0050.950.9735136361

0.1040192291.0820.999931486790.02250.35926499920.002590.02250.46749843550.002510.9999314867

100.0250.34139126570100.0250.45115185790


yxfh-yyh-y

000.68287536810.025000.76052702190.025

10.00250.67025439290.022510.00250.74791901270.0225

20.0050.65738158040.0220.0050.73508717620.02

30.00750.6442412250.017530.00750.72201915090.0175

40.010.63081591790.01540.010.70870139360.015

50.01250.61708627580.012550.01250.69511901520.0125

60.0150.6030306130.0160.0150.68125558540.01

70.01750.58862453920.007570.01750.66709290010.0075

80.020.5738404620.00580.020.65261070040.005

90.02250.5586469660.002590.02250.63778633320.0025

100.0250.54300802690100.0250.62259433480


yxfh-yyxfh-y

000.89528730890.025000.9553762680.025

10.00250.88269626590.022510.00250.94279119990.0225

20.0050.86991761080.0220.0050.93003114490.02

30.00750.85694269850.017530.00750.91708859410.0175

40.010.84376219880.01540.010.9039554860.015

50.01250.83036601790.012550.01250.89062314720.0125

60.0150.81674320790.0160.0150.87708222580.01

70.01750.80288186240.007570.01750.86332261460.0075

80.020.78876899420.00580.020.84933336270.005

90.02250.77439039290.002590.02250.83510257340.0025

100.0250.75973045780100.0250.82061728610

Art Trans

yftimeQTimeQ

00000

0.0050.0003220.0116279070.0002975970.011627907

0.010.0012880.0232558140.00119038820.023255814

0.0150.0028980.03488372090.00267837340.0348837209

0.020.0051520.04651162790.00476155270.0465116279

0.0250.008050.05813953490.00743992610.0581395349

0.030.0115920.06976744190.01071349350.0697674419

0.0350.0157780.08139534880.01458225510.0813953488

0.040.0206080.09302325580.01904621070.0930232558

0.0050.024137120.1116279070.02230787430.111627907

0.010.025103120.1232558140.02320066540.123255814

0.0150.026713120.13488372090.02468865060.1348837209

0.020.028967120.14651162790.02677182990.1465116279

0.0250.031865120.15813953490.02945020330.1581395349

0.030.035407120.16976744190.03272377080.1697674419

0.0350.039593120.18139534880.03659253230.1813953488

0.040.044423120.19302325580.0410564880.1930232558

0.0050.047952240.2116279070.04431815160.211627907

0.010.048918240.2232558140.04521094270.223255814

0.0150.050528240.23488372090.04669892790.2348837209

0.020.052782240.24651162790.04878210720.2465116279

0.0250.055680240.25813953490.05146048060.2581395349

0.030.059222240.26976744190.05473404810.2697674419

0.0350.063408240.28139534880.05860280960.2813953488

0.040.068238240.29302325580.06306676520.2930232558

0.0050.071767360.3116279070.06632842880.311627907

0.010.072733360.3232558140.067221220.323255814

0.0150.074343360.33488372090.06870920520.3348837209

0.020.076597360.34651162790.07079238450.3465116279

0.0250.079495360.35813953490.07347075790.3581395349

0.030.083037360.36976744190.07674432530.3697674419

0.0350.087223360.38139534880.08061308690.3813953488

0.040.092053360.39302325580.08507704250.3930232558

0.0050.095582480.4116279070.08833870610.411627907

0.010.096548480.4232558140.08923149720.423255814

0.0150.098158480.43488372090.09071948240.4348837209

0.020.100412480.44651162790.09280266170.4465116279

0.0250.103310480.45813953490.09548103510.4581395349

0.030.106852480.46976744190.09875460260.4697674419

0.0350.111038480.48139534880.10262336410.4813953488

0.040.115868480.49302325580.10708731980.4930232558

0.0050.11939760.5116279070.11034898340.511627907

0.010.12036360.5232558140.11124177450.523255814

0.0150.12197360.53488372090.11272975970.5348837209

0.020.12422760.54651162790.1148129390.5465116279

0.0250.12712560.55813953490.11749131240.5581395349

0.030.13066760.56976744190.12076487990.5697674419

0.0350.13485360.58139534880.12463364140.5813953488

0.040.13968360.59302325580.1290975970.5930232558

0.0050.143212720.6116279070.13235926060.611627907

0.010.144178720.6232558140.13325205180.623255814

0.0150.145788720.63488372090.1347400370.6348837209

0.020.148042720.64651162790.13682321630.6465116279

0.0250.150940720.65813953490.13950158960.6581395349

0.030.154482720.66976744190.14277515710.6697674419

0.0350.158668720.68139534880.14664391870.6813953488

0.040.163498720.69302325580.15110787430.6930232558

0.0050.167027840.7116279070.15436953790.711627907

0.010.167993840.7232558140.1552623290.723255814

0.0150.169603840.73488372090.15675031420.7348837209

0.020.171857840.74651162790.15883349350.7465116279

0.0250.174755840.75813953490.16151186690.7581395349

0.030.178297840.76976744190.16478543440.7697674419

0.0350.182483840.78139534880.16865419590.7813953488

0.040.187313840.79302325580.17311815160.7930232558

0.0050.190842960.8116279070.17637981520.811627907

0.010.191808960.8232558140.17727260630.823255814

0.0150.193418960.83488372090.17876059150.8348837209

0.020.195672960.84651162790.18084377080.8465116279

0.0250.198570960.85813953490.18352214420.8581395349

0.030.202112960.86976744190.18679571160.8697674419

0.0350.206298960.88139534880.19066447320.8813953488

0.040.211128960.89302325580.19512842880.8930232558

0.0050.214658080.9116279070.19839009240.911627907

0.010.215624080.9232558140.19928288350.923255814

0.0150.217234080.93488372090.20077086880.9348837209

0.020.219488080.94651162790.20285404810.9465116279

0.0250.222386080.95813953490.20553242140.9581395349

0.030.225928080.96976744190.20880598890.9697674419

0.0350.230114080.98139534880.21267475050.9813953488

0.040.234944080.99302325580.21713870610.9930232558

0.0430.238151210.22010277261

Art Longi

Pressure=1


0000.0010.04389339850.059773324100

0.010.0012880.0232558140.00150.04433339950.07376945390.001190.023256

0.020.0051520.04651162790.0020.04476907620.08579053460.0047620.046512

0.030.0115920.06976744190.00250.04520055380.09655938870.0107130.069767

0.040.0206080.09302325580.0030.04562795130.10644320230.0190460.093023

0.0430.023815120.10.0231050.165257

TimeTime0.0235670.178397

0.0250.16525685570.0250.04405671110.06525685570.024315120.04344904920.05927818240.024030.189897

0.02550.17839710170.02550.04449509710.07839710170.024815120.04389350470.05977343830.0258780.273769

0.0260.18989677670.0260.04492920590.08989677670.025315120.04433350460.06023261340.026340.285791

0.02650.20030581910.02650.04535916020.10030581910.025815120.04476918030.06066316910.0268020.296559

0.0286510.380212

0.02750.25977332410.0291130.392234

0.0280.27376945390.0309610.476769

0.02850.28579053460.0314230.488791

0.0290.29655938870.0332720.573769

0.02950.3064432023T=0.0005T=0.0010.0337340.585791

yxfyyxfy0.0341960.596559

0.03050.366216324100.1622896460.04300.18809086220.0430.0360440.679769

0.0310.38021245390.0050.15859607070.0380.0050.18292196520.0380.0365060.691791

0.03150.39223353460.010.15465344460.0330.010.17740868570.0330.0383550.773769

0.0320.40300238870.0150.15040335820.0280.0150.17147137140.0280.0388170.785791

0.020.14576022310.0230.020.16499391690.0230.0392790.796559

0.0330.46277332410.0250.1405893770.0180.0250.15779499580.0180.0411280.879769

0.03350.47676945390.030.13465540410.0130.030.14956121310.0130.041590.891791

0.0340.48879053460.0350.12746810030.0080.0350.13965307250.0080.0434380.976269

0.03450.49955938870.040.1175498160.0030.040.12623772980.0030.04390.988291

0.0430.106332120100.0430.112571787800.0443620.999059

0.03550.5597733241

0.0360.5737694539

0.03650.5857905346

0.0370.5965593887

0.03750.6064432023

0.03850.6657733241

0.0390.6797694539

0.03950.6917905346

0.040.7025593887

0.0410.7597733241

0.04150.7737694539

0.0420.7857905346

0.04250.7965593887

0.0430.8064432023

0.0440.8657733241

0.04450.8797694539

0.0450.8917905346

0.04550.9025593887

0.04650.9622733241

0.0470.9762694539

0.04750.9882905346

0.0480.9990593887

Pressure



0000.00050.04389428290.05977427520000.00150.04367173570.05155525750000.00050.04433252380.07376836630000.00050.04476994330.0857917165

0.010.0006440.0232558140.00080.04442175060.07630147710.010.0025760.0232558140.00250.04411394760.06708970620.010.00042933330.0232558140.00070.04485483830.08802836970.010.0003220.0232558140.00060.04511544890.0944865301

0.020.0025760.04651162790.00110.04494302810.09022422640.020.0103040.04651162790.00350.04455177040.07996921080.020.00171733330.04651162790.00090.04537114030.10060344980.020.0012880.04651162790.000670.04535573680.1002072989

0.030.0057960.06976744190.001350.04537285150.10060599580.030.0231840.06976744190.00450.04498533230.09130363250.030.0038640.06976744190.030.0028980.0697674419

0.040.0103040.09302325580.040.0412160.09302325580.00540.04537199590.10060472290.040.00686933330.09302325580.040.0051520.0930232558

0.0430.011907560.10.0430.047630240.10.0430.00793837330.10.0430.005953780.1

TimeTimeTimeTime

0.0120.12528270970.0120.04316658470.02528270970.050.16525685570.050.04405671110.06525685570.0080.12541974440.0080.04316658470.02541974440.0060.12528270970.0060.04316658470.0252827097

0.01250.16522931540.01250.04405671110.06522931540.0510.17839710170.0510.04449509710.07839710170.00830.16237429840.00830.04396850930.06237429840.00620.15927904080.00620.04388013030.0592790408

0.0130.1898762030.0130.04492920590.0898762030.0520.18989677670.0520.04492920590.08989677670.00860.18547205750.00860.04475606760.08547205750.00650.1898762030.00650.04492920590.089876203

0.01330.20226710070.01330.0454446630.10226710070.0530.20030581910.0530.04535916020.10030581910.00880.19831381260.00880.0452734960.09831381260.006620.19988743630.006620.04534204030.0998874363

0.01380.26197427520.05450.25155525750.00940.27206836630.007120.2856917165

0.01410.27850147710.05550.26708970620.00960.28632836970.007220.2943865301

0.01440.29242422640.05650.27996921080.00980.29890344980.007290.3001072989

0.014650.30280599580.05750.2913036325

0.05840.30060472290.01030.37266836630.007790.3858917165

0.015150.36258027520.01050.38692836970.007890.3945865301

0.015450.37910747710.05990.35215525750.01070.39950344980.007960.4003072989

0.015750.39303022640.06090.3676897062

0.0160.40341199580.06190.38056921080.01120.47326836630.008460.4857917165

0.06290.39190363250.01140.48752836970.008560.4944865301

0.01650.46318627520.06380.40120472290.01160.50010344980.008630.5002072989

0.01680.4797134771

0.01710.49363622640.06530.45275525750.01210.57376836630.009130.5857917165

0.017350.50401799580.06630.46828970620.01230.58802836970.009230.5944865301

0.06730.48116921080.01250.60060344980.00930.6002072989

0.017850.56377427520.06830.4925036325

0.018150.58030147710.06920.50180472290.0130.67436836630.00980.6859917165

0.018450.59422422640.01320.68862836970.00990.6946865301

0.01870.60460599580.07070.55335525750.01340.70120344980.009970.7004072989

0.07170.5688897062

0.01920.66437427520.07270.58176921080.01390.77496836630.010470.7857917165

0.01950.68090147710.07370.59310363250.01410.78922836970.010570.7944865301

0.01980.69482422640.07460.60240472290.01430.80180344980.010640.8002072989

0.020050.7052059958

0.07610.65355525750.01480.87557136630.011140.8859917165

0.020550.76498027520.07710.66908970620.0150.88983136970.011240.8946865301

0.020850.78150747710.07810.68196921080.01520.90240644980.011310.9004072989

0.021150.79543022640.07910.6933036325

0.02140.80581199580.080.70260472290.01570.97616836630.011810.9861917165

0.01590.99042836970.011910.9948865301

0.02190.86558627520.08150.75415525750.01611.00300344980.011981.0006072989

0.02220.88211347710.08250.7696897062

0.02250.89603622640.08350.7825692108

0.022750.90641799580.08450.7939036325

0.08540.8032047229

0.023250.9657742752

0.023550.98230147710.08690.8547552575

0.023850.99622422640.08790.8702897062

0.02411.00660599580.08890.8831692108

0.08990.8945036325

0.09080.9038047229

0.09230.9553602575

0.09330.9708947062

0.09430.9837742108

0.09530.9951086325

0.09621.0044097229

Segment



0000000.0030.04562795130.10644320230000.0020.04476907620.08579053460000.0010.04389339850.0597733241

0.010.0012880.11627906980.010.0012880.05813953490.0060.04811267190.15538009210.010.0012880.03875968990.0040.04647095530.12434429780.010.0012880.02906976740.0020.04476907620.0857905346

0.020.0051520.23255813950.020.0051520.11627906980.010.05123854210.2070256050.020.0051520.07751937980.0060.04811267190.15538009210.020.0051520.05813953490.0030.04562795130.1064432023

0.030.0115920.34883720930.030.0115920.17441860470.0140.05418438160.25092462520.030.0115920.11627906980.00680.04875388180.16659417910.030.0115920.08720930230.004050.04651270450.1251877944

0.040.0206080.46511627910.040.0206080.23255813950.040.0206080.15503875970.040.0206080.1162790698

0.0430.023815120.50.0430.023815120.250.0430.023815120.16666666670.0430.023815120.125

TimeTimeTime

TimeQ0.030.40802337650.030.04826170890.15802337650.0250.23192685570.0250.04405671110.06525685570.0250.19025685570.0250.04405671110.0652568557

0.030.04826170890.65802337650.0320.43484880210.0320.04984447860.18484880210.0270.27659205710.0270.04578507720.10992205710.0270.23492205710.0270.04578507720.1099220571

0.0350.05212860350.72065471880.0340.45919352330.0340.05137851260.20919352330.0290.30999730130.0290.047450530.14332730130.027860.25010363610.027860.04650853120.1251036361

0.040.05572782130.77277479390.037720.49994486150.037720.05411627690.24994486150.03060.3330588670.03060.04874193670.166388867

0.0450.05910828050.81870311170.028860.3097733241

0.050.06230559830.86033291290.040720.60644320230.03260.41879053460.029860.3357905346

0.0550.06534666280.89872084890.043720.65538009210.03460.45734429780.030860.3564432023

0.060.06825236330.93453777990.047720.7070256050.03660.48838009210.031910.3751877944

0.0650.0710393120.96824521870.051720.75092462520.03740.4995941791

0.070.07372097811.00017855110.032910.4349613241

0.054720.85644320230.03940.58579053460.033910.4609785346

0.057720.90538009210.04140.62434429780.034910.4816312023

Segmentstt/tc0.061720.9570256050.04340.65538009210.035960.5003757944

20.071.45833333330.065721.00092462520.04420.6665941791

40.065721.36916666670.036960.5597733241

60.05781.20416666670.04620.75238453460.037960.5857905346

80.052151.08645833330.04820.79093829780.038960.6064432023

100.04810.05020.82197409210.040010.6251877944

0.0510.8331881791

0.0410.6849613241

0.0530.91897853460.0420.7109785346

0.0550.95753229780.0430.7316312023

0.0570.98856809210.044050.7503757944

0.05780.9997821791

0.045050.8101493241

0.046050.8361665346

0.047050.8568192023

0.04810.8755637944

0.04910.9353373241

0.05010.9613545346

0.05110.9820072023

0.052151.0007517944

Force

Pressure =0.5


0000.0050.04344903130.0419159901

NForce0.010.012880.0232558140.010.0438934870.0597734192

0.020.051520.04651162790.0150.04433348710.0737695626

110.000.030.115920.06976744190.020.04476916290.0857906528

25.000.040.206080.09302325580.0270.04537208150.1006048502

33.330.0430.23815120.1

42.50Time

52.000.250.16525410220.250.04405671110.0652541022

61.670.2550.17839477540.2550.04449509710.0783947754

71.430.260.18989471950.260.04492920590.0898947195

81.250.2650.20030395120.2650.04535916020.1003039512

91.11

101.000.270.2419159901

0.2750.2597734192

Pressuret/tc0.280.2737695626

0.10.44454713490.443620.2850.2857906528

0.50.0889094270.0887240.2920.3006048502

10.04436229210.044362

20.02227356750.0221810.2970.3425159901

30.01487985210.01478733330.3020.3603734192

40.01107208870.01109050.3070.3743695626

0.3120.3863906528

0.3190.4012048502

0.3240.4431159901

0.3290.4609734192

0.3340.4749695626

0.3390.4869906528

0.3460.5018048502

0.3510.5437159901

0.3560.5615734192

0.3610.5755695626

0.3660.5875906528

0.3730.6024048502

0.3780.6439159901

0.3830.6617734192

0.3880.6757695626

0.3930.6877906528

0.40.7026048502

0.4050.7445159901

0.410.7623734192

0.4150.7763695626

0.420.7883906528

0.4270.8032048502

0.4320.8451159901

0.4370.8629734192

0.4420.8769695626

0.4470.8889906528

0.4540.9038048502

0.4590.9457209901

0.4640.9635784192

0.4690.9775745626

0.4740.9895956528

0.4811.0044098502

Effect of number of segments ts : Mold-fill time for ten Segments P(segment load)=Ps Mold length is constant For ten segments, mold fill time (t/ts)=1. Four segments result in a 40% increase in mold fill time. This is still only 8% of C-RTM mold fill time.

figure1

0.0250.0250.0250.0250.025

0.02450.0230.02250.02250.0225

0.0240.0210.020.020.02

0.02350.0190.01750.01750.0175

0.0230.0170.0150.0150.015

0.02250.0150.01250.01250.0125

0.0220.0130.010.010.01

0.02150.0110.00750.00750.0075

0.0210.0090.0050.0050.005

0.02050.0070.00250.00250.0025

0.020.005000

0.020.005

t=0.0025

t=0.04

t=0.2

t=0.4

t=0.8

T=0.0025

T=0.04

T=0.10

T=0.50



figure2

0.0430.043

0.0380.038

0.0330.033

0.0280.028

0.0230.023

0.0180.018

0.0130.013

0.0080.008

0.0030.003

00

First segment


t=0.0005

t=0.001



mold-fill

00

0.01166666670.023256

0.03666666670.046512

0.0750.069767

0.12666666670.093023

0.19166666670.165257

0.24238074010.178397

0.27961362430.189897

0.35663987630.273769

0.42051070020.285791

0.47638035210.296559

0.52668935530.380212

0.57283630450.392234

0.61571397660.476769

0.65593435680.488791

0.69393894590.573769

0.73005879460.585791

0.76454976960.596559

0.79761452050.679769

0.82941681490.691791

0.86009125530.773769

0.88975007750.785791

0.91848803630.796559

0.94638599820.879769

0.97351363610.891791

0.99993148670.976269

0.988291

0.999059

Articulated process

Conventional RTM

Conventional RTM

Articulated process


Mold-fill ratio

fill-time-dummy

000

0.01166666670.0232560.011627907

0.03666666670.0465120.023255814

0.0750.0697670.0348837209

0.12666666670.0930230.0465116279

0.19166666670.1652570.0581395349

0.24238074010.1783970.0697674419

0.27961362430.1898970.0813953488

0.35663987630.2737690.0930232558

0.42051070020.285791

0.47638035210.2965590.111627907

0.52668935530.3802120.123255814

0.57283630450.3922340.1348837209

0.61571397660.4767690.1465116279

0.65593435680.4887910.1581395349

0.69393894590.5737690.1697674419

0.73005879460.5857910.1813953488

0.76454976960.5965590.1930232558

0.79761452050.679769

0.82941681490.6917910.211627907

0.86009125530.7737690.223255814

0.88975007750.7857910.2348837209

0.91848803630.7965590.2465116279

0.94638599820.8797690.2581395349

0.97351363610.8917910.2697674419

0.99993148670.9762690.2813953488

0.9882910.2930232558

0.999059

0.311627907

0.323255814

0.3348837209

0.3465116279

0.3581395349

0.3697674419

0.3813953488

0.3930232558

0.411627907

0.423255814

0.4348837209

0.4465116279

0.4581395349

0.4697674419

0.4813953488

0.4930232558

0.511627907

0.523255814

0.5348837209

0.5465116279

0.5581395349

0.5697674419

0.5813953488

0.5930232558

0.611627907

0.623255814

0.6348837209

0.6465116279

0.6581395349

0.6697674419

0.6813953488

0.6930232558

0.711627907

0.723255814

0.7348837209

0.7465116279

0.7581395349

0.7697674419

0.7813953488

0.7930232558

0.811627907

0.823255814

0.8348837209

0.8465116279

0.8581395349

0.8697674419

0.8813953488

0.8930232558

0.911627907

0.923255814

0.9348837209

0.9465116279

0.9581395349

0.9697674419

0.9813953488

0.9930232558

1

Conventional RTM




Mold fill ratio

Chart4

0.4445471349

0.088909427

0.0443622921

0.0222735675

0.0148798521

0.0110720887



Chart5

1.4583333333

1.3691666667

1.2041666667

1.0864583333

1

Number of segments


Chart6

10

5

3.3333333333

2.5

2

1.6666666667

1.4285714286

1.25

1.1111111111

1


Number of segments

Force (F/Fo)

Con RTM

tc=0.93219


000yxfh-yyxfh-y00

0.0050.00250.0116666667000.0750.025000.2250.0250.0023105360.0116666667

0.010.010.036666666710.00050.07243416490.024510.0020.21473665960.0230.00924214420.0366666667

0.0150.02250.07520.0010.06972135950.02420.0040.20388543820.0210.02079482440.075

0.020.040.126666666730.00150.06683300130.023530.0060.19233200530.0190.03696857670.1266666667

0.0250.06250.191666666740.0020.06372983350.02340.0080.17991933380.0170.05776340110.1916666667

0.02942108090.086560.242380740150.00250.06035533910.022550.010.16642135620.0150.080.2423807401

0.03289376840.10820.279613624360.0030.05662277660.02260.0120.15149110640.0130.10.2796136243

0.04028647420.16230.356639876370.00350.05238612790.021570.0140.13454451150.0110.150.3566398763

0.04651881340.21640.420510700280.0040.04736067980.02180.0160.11444271910.0090.20.4205107002

0.05200961450.27050.476380352190.00450.04081138830.020590.0180.08824555320.0070.250.4763803521

0.05697367810.32460.5266893553100.0050.0250.02100.020.0250.0050.30.5266893553

0.06153860580.37870.572836304500.0200.0050.350.5728363045

0.06578753680.43280.61571397660.40.6157139766

0.06977822010.48690.6559343568Time=M12T=0.2Time=M14T=0.30.450.6559343568

0.07355270220.5410.6939389459yxfh-yyxfh-y0.50.6939389459

0.07714272490.59510.7300587946000.4901881340.025000.59385850610.0250.550.7300587946

0.08057294830.64920.764549769610.00250.47751557240.022510.00250.58123784530.02250.60.7645497696

0.08386298350.70330.797614520520.0050.4644777430.0220.0050.56832410330.020.650.7976145205

0.08702873090.75740.829416814930.00750.45104111290.017530.00750.55509586090.01750.70.8294168149

0.09008329480.81150.860091255340.010.43716668130.01540.010.5415289560.0150.750.8600912553

0.09303762680.86560.889750077550.01250.42280864310.012550.01250.5275959640.01250.80.8897500775

0.09590099060.91970.918488036360.0150.40791260070.0160.0150.51326554620.010.850.9184880363

0.09868130520.97380.946385998270.01750.39241312320.007570.01750.498501620.00750.90.9463859982

0.10138540331.02790.973513636180.020.37623033240.00580.020.48326228820.0050.950.9735136361

0.1040192291.0820.999931486790.02250.35926499920.002590.02250.46749843550.002510.9999314867

100.0250.34139126570100.0250.45115185790


yxfh-yyh-y

000.68287536810.025000.76052702190.025

10.00250.67025439290.022510.00250.74791901270.0225

20.0050.65738158040.0220.0050.73508717620.02

30.00750.6442412250.017530.00750.72201915090.0175

40.010.63081591790.01540.010.70870139360.015

50.01250.61708627580.012550.01250.69511901520.0125

60.0150.6030306130.0160.0150.68125558540.01

70.01750.58862453920.007570.01750.66709290010.0075

80.020.5738404620.00580.020.65261070040.005

90.02250.5586469660.002590.02250.63778633320.0025

100.0250.54300802690100.0250.62259433480


yxfh-yyxfh-y

000.89528730890.025000.9553762680.025

10.00250.88269626590.022510.00250.94279119990.0225

20.0050.86991761080.0220.0050.93003114490.02

30.00750.85694269850.017530.00750.91708859410.0175

40.010.84376219880.01540.010.9039554860.015

50.01250.83036601790.012550.01250.89062314720.0125

60.0150.81674320790.0160.0150.87708222580.01

70.01750.80288186240.007570.01750.86332261460.0075

80.020.78876899420.00580.020.84933336270.005

90.02250.77439039290.002590.02250.83510257340.0025

100.0250.75973045780100.0250.82061728610

Art Trans

yftimeQTimeQ

00000

0.0050.0003220.0116279070.0002975970.011627907

0.010.0012880.0232558140.00119038820.023255814

0.0150.0028980.03488372090.00267837340.0348837209

0.020.0051520.04651162790.00476155270.0465116279

0.0250.008050.05813953490.00743992610.0581395349

0.030.0115920.06976744190.01071349350.0697674419

0.0350.0157780.08139534880.01458225510.0813953488

0.040.0206080.09302325580.01904621070.0930232558

0.0050.024137120.1116279070.02230787430.111627907

0.010.025103120.1232558140.02320066540.123255814

0.0150.026713120.13488372090.02468865060.1348837209

0.020.028967120.14651162790.02677182990.1465116279

0.0250.031865120.15813953490.02945020330.1581395349

0.030.035407120.16976744190.03272377080.1697674419

0.0350.039593120.18139534880.03659253230.1813953488

0.040.044423120.19302325580.0410564880.1930232558

0.0050.047952240.2116279070.04431815160.211627907

0.010.048918240.2232558140.04521094270.223255814

0.0150.050528240.23488372090.04669892790.2348837209

0.020.052782240.24651162790.04878210720.2465116279

0.0250.055680240.25813953490.05146048060.2581395349

0.030.059222240.26976744190.05473404810.2697674419

0.0350.063408240.28139534880.05860280960.2813953488

0.040.068238240.29302325580.06306676520.2930232558

0.0050.071767360.3116279070.06632842880.311627907

0.010.072733360.3232558140.067221220.323255814

0.0150.074343360.33488372090.06870920520.3348837209

0.020.076597360.34651162790.07079238450.3465116279

0.0250.079495360.35813953490.07347075790.3581395349

0.030.083037360.36976744190.07674432530.3697674419

0.0350.087223360.38139534880.08061308690.3813953488

0.040.092053360.39302325580.08507704250.3930232558

0.0050.095582480.4116279070.08833870610.411627907

0.010.096548480.4232558140.08923149720.423255814

0.0150.098158480.43488372090.09071948240.4348837209

0.020.100412480.44651162790.09280266170.4465116279

0.0250.103310480.45813953490.09548103510.4581395349

0.030.106852480.46976744190.09875460260.4697674419

0.0350.111038480.48139534880.10262336410.4813953488

0.040.115868480.49302325580.10708731980.4930232558

0.0050.11939760.5116279070.11034898340.511627907

0.010.12036360.5232558140.11124177450.523255814

0.0150.12197360.53488372090.11272975970.5348837209

0.020.12422760.54651162790.1148129390.5465116279

0.0250.12712560.55813953490.11749131240.5581395349

0.030.13066760.56976744190.12076487990.5697674419

0.0350.13485360.58139534880.12463364140.5813953488

0.040.13968360.59302325580.1290975970.5930232558

0.0050.143212720.6116279070.13235926060.611627907

0.010.144178720.6232558140.13325205180.623255814

0.0150.145788720.63488372090.1347400370.6348837209

0.020.148042720.64651162790.13682321630.6465116279

0.0250.150940720.65813953490.13950158960.6581395349

0.030.154482720.66976744190.14277515710.6697674419

0.0350.158668720.68139534880.14664391870.6813953488

0.040.163498720.69302325580.15110787430.6930232558

0.0050.167027840.7116279070.15436953790.711627907

0.010.167993840.7232558140.1552623290.723255814

0.0150.169603840.73488372090.15675031420.7348837209

0.020.171857840.74651162790.15883349350.7465116279

0.0250.174755840.75813953490.16151186690.7581395349

0.030.178297840.76976744190.16478543440.7697674419

0.0350.182483840.78139534880.16865419590.7813953488

0.040.187313840.79302325580.17311815160.7930232558

0.0050.190842960.8116279070.17637981520.811627907

0.010.191808960.8232558140.17727260630.823255814

0.0150.193418960.83488372090.17876059150.8348837209

0.020.195672960.84651162790.18084377080.8465116279

0.0250.198570960.85813953490.18352214420.8581395349

0.030.202112960.86976744190.18679571160.8697674419

0.0350.206298960.88139534880.19066447320.8813953488

0.040.211128960.89302325580.19512842880.8930232558

0.0050.214658080.9116279070.19839009240.911627907

0.010.215624080.9232558140.19928288350.923255814

0.0150.217234080.93488372090.20077086880.9348837209

0.020.219488080.94651162790.20285404810.9465116279

0.0250.222386080.95813953490.20553242140.9581395349

0.030.225928080.96976744190.20880598890.9697674419

0.0350.230114080.98139534880.21267475050.9813953488

0.040.234944080.99302325580.21713870610.9930232558

0.0430.238151210.22010277261

Art Longi

Pressure=1


0000.0010.04389339850.059773324100

0.010.0012880.0232558140.00150.04433339950.07376945390.001190.023256

0.020.0051520.04651162790.0020.04476907620.08579053460.0047620.046512

0.030.0115920.06976744190.00250.04520055380.09655938870.0107130.069767

0.040.0206080.09302325580.0030.04562795130.10644320230.0190460.093023

0.0430.023815120.10.0231050.165257

TimeTime0.0235670.178397

0.0250.16525685570.0250.04405671110.06525685570.024315120.04344904920.05927818240.024030.189897

0.02550.17839710170.02550.04449509710.07839710170.024815120.04389350470.05977343830.0258780.273769

0.0260.18989677670.0260.04492920590.08989677670.025315120.04433350460.06023261340.026340.285791

0.02650.20030581910.02650.04535916020.10030581910.025815120.04476918030.06066316910.0268020.296559

0.0286510.380212

0.02750.25977332410.0291130.392234

0.0280.27376945390.0309610.476769

0.02850.28579053460.0314230.488791

0.0290.29655938870.0332720.573769

0.02950.3064432023T=0.0005T=0.0010.0337340.585791

yxfyyxfy0.0341960.596559

0.03050.366216324100.1622896460.04300.18809086220.0430.0360440.679769

0.0310.38021245390.0050.15859607070.0380.0050.18292196520.0380.0365060.691791

0.03150.39223353460.010.15465344460.0330.010.17740868570.0330.0383550.773769

0.0320.40300238870.0150.15040335820.0280.0150.17147137140.0280.0388170.785791

0.020.14576022310.0230.020.16499391690.0230.0392790.796559

0.0330.46277332410.0250.1405893770.0180.0250.15779499580.0180.0411280.879769

0.03350.47676945390.030.13465540410.0130.030.14956121310.0130.041590.891791

0.0340.48879053460.0350.12746810030.0080.0350.13965307250.0080.0434380.976269

0.03450.49955938870.040.1175498160.0030.040.12623772980.0030.04390.988291

0.0430.106332120100.0430.112571787800.0443620.999059

0.03550.5597733241

0.0360.5737694539

0.03650.5857905346

0.0370.5965593887

0.03750.6064432023

0.03850.6657733241

0.0390.6797694539

0.03950.6917905346

0.040.7025593887

0.0410.7597733241

0.04150.7737694539

0.0420.7857905346

0.04250.7965593887

0.0430.8064432023

0.0440.8657733241

0.04450.8797694539

0.0450.8917905346

0.04550.9025593887

0.04650.9622733241

0.0470.9762694539

0.04750.9882905346

0.0480.9990593887

Pressure



0000.00050.04389428290.05977427520000.00150.04367173570.05155525750000.00050.04433252380.07376836630000.00050.04476994330.0857917165

0.010.0006440.0232558140.00080.04442175060.07630147710.010.0025760.0232558140.00250.04411394760.06708970620.010.00042933330.0232558140.00070.04485483830.08802836970.010.0003220.0232558140.00060.04511544890.0944865301

0.020.0025760.04651162790.00110.04494302810.09022422640.020.0103040.04651162790.00350.04455177040.07996921080.020.00171733330.04651162790.00090.04537114030.10060344980.020.0012880.04651162790.000670.04535573680.1002072989

0.030.0057960.06976744190.001350.04537285150.10060599580.030.0231840.06976744190.00450.04498533230.09130363250.030.0038640.06976744190.030.0028980.0697674419

0.040.0103040.09302325580.040.0412160.09302325580.00540.04537199590.10060472290.040.00686933330.09302325580.040.0051520.0930232558

0.0430.011907560.10.0430.047630240.10.0430.00793837330.10.0430.005953780.1

TimeTimeTimeTime

0.0120.12528270970.0120.04316658470.02528270970.050.16525685570.050.04405671110.06525685570.0080.12541974440.0080.04316658470.02541974440.0060.12528270970.0060.04316658470.0252827097

0.01250.16522931540.01250.04405671110.06522931540.0510.17839710170.0510.04449509710.07839710170.00830.16237429840.00830.04396850930.06237429840.00620.15927904080.00620.04388013030.0592790408

0.0130.1898762030.0130.04492920590.0898762030.0520.18989677670.0520.04492920590.08989677670.00860.18547205750.00860.04475606760.08547205750.00650.1898762030.00650.04492920590.089876203

0.01330.20226710070.01330.0454446630.10226710070.0530.20030581910.0530.04535916020.10030581910.00880.19831381260.00880.0452734960.09831381260.006620.19988743630.006620.04534204030.0998874363

0.01380.26197427520.05450.25155525750.00940.27206836630.007120.2856917165

0.01410.27850147710.05550.26708970620.00960.28632836970.007220.2943865301

0.01440.29242422640.05650.27996921080.00980.29890344980.007290.3001072989

0.014650.30280599580.05750.2913036325

0.05840.30060472290.01030.37266836630.007790.3858917165

0.015150.36258027520.01050.38692836970.007890.3945865301

0.015450.37910747710.05990.35215525750.01070.39950344980.007960.4003072989

0.015750.39303022640.06090.3676897062

0.0160.40341199580.06190.38056921080.01120.47326836630.008460.4857917165

0.06290.39190363250.01140.48752836970.008560.4944865301

0.01650.46318627520.06380.40120472290.01160.50010344980.008630.5002072989

0.01680.4797134771

0.01710.49363622640.06530.45275525750.01210.57376836630.009130.5857917165

0.017350.50401799580.06630.46828970620.01230.58802836970.009230.5944865301

0.06730.48116921080.01250.60060344980.00930.6002072989

0.017850.56377427520.06830.4925036325

0.018150.58030147710.06920.50180472290.0130.67436836630.00980.6859917165

0.018450.59422422640.01320.68862836970.00990.6946865301

0.01870.60460599580.07070.55335525750.01340.70120344980.009970.7004072989

0.07170.5688897062

0.01920.66437427520.07270.58176921080.01390.77496836630.010470.7857917165

0.01950.68090147710.07370.59310363250.01410.78922836970.010570.7944865301

0.01980.69482422640.07460.60240472290.01430.80180344980.010640.8002072989

0.020050.7052059958

0.07610.65355525750.01480.87557136630.011140.8859917165

0.020550.76498027520.07710.66908970620.0150.88983136970.011240.8946865301

0.020850.78150747710.07810.68196921080.01520.90240644980.011310.9004072989

0.021150.79543022640.07910.6933036325

0.02140.80581199580.080.70260472290.01570.97616836630.011810.9861917165

0.01590.99042836970.011910.9948865301

0.02190.86558627520.08150.75415525750.01611.00300344980.011981.0006072989

0.02220.88211347710.08250.7696897062

0.02250.89603622640.08350.7825692108

0.022750.90641799580.08450.7939036325

0.08540.8032047229

0.023250.9657742752

0.023550.98230147710.08690.8547552575

0.023850.99622422640.08790.8702897062

0.02411.00660599580.08890.8831692108

0.08990.8945036325

0.09080.9038047229

0.09230.9553602575

0.09330.9708947062

0.09430.9837742108

0.09530.9951086325

0.09621.0044097229

Segment



0000000.0030.04562795130.10644320230000.0020.04476907620.08579053460000.0010.04389339850.0597733241

0.010.0012880.11627906980.010.0012880.05813953490.0060.04811267190.15538009210.010.0012880.03875968990.0040.04647095530.12434429780.010.0012880.02906976740.0020.04476907620.0857905346

0.020.0051520.23255813950.020.0051520.11627906980.010.05123854210.2070256050.020.0051520.07751937980.0060.04811267190.15538009210.020.0051520.05813953490.0030.04562795130.1064432023

0.030.0115920.34883720930.030.0115920.17441860470.0140.05418438160.25092462520.030.0115920.11627906980.00680.04875388180.16659417910.030.0115920.08720930230.004050.04651270450.1251877944

0.040.0206080.46511627910.040.0206080.23255813950.040.0206080.15503875970.040.0206080.1162790698

0.0430.023815120.50.0430.023815120.250.0430.023815120.16666666670.0430.023815120.125

TimeTimeTime

TimeQ0.030.40802337650.030.04826170890.15802337650.0250.23192685570.0250.04405671110.06525685570.0250.19025685570.0250.04405671110.0652568557

0.030.04826170890.65802337650.0320.43484880210.0320.04984447860.18484880210.0270.27659205710.0270.04578507720.10992205710.0270.23492205710.0270.04578507720.1099220571

0.0350.05212860350.72065471880.0340.45919352330.0340.05137851260.20919352330.0290.30999730130.0290.047450530.14332730130.027860.25010363610.027860.04650853120.1251036361

0.040.05572782130.77277479390.037720.49994486150.037720.05411627690.24994486150.03060.3330588670.03060.04874193670.166388867

0.0450.05910828050.81870311170.028860.3097733241

0.050.06230559830.86033291290.040720.60644320230.03260.41879053460.029860.3357905346

0.0550.06534666280.89872084890.043720.65538009210.03460.45734429780.030860.3564432023

0.060.06825236330.93453777990.047720.7070256050.03660.48838009210.031910.3751877944

0.0650.0710393120.96824521870.051720.75092462520.03740.4995941791

0.070.07372097811.00017855110.032910.4349613241

0.054720.85644320230.03940.58579053460.033910.4609785346

0.057720.90538009210.04140.62434429780.034910.4816312023

Segmentstt/tc0.061720.9570256050.04340.65538009210.035960.5003757944

20.071.45833333330.065721.00092462520.04420.6665941791

40.065721.36916666670.036960.5597733241

60.05781.20416666670.04620.75238453460.037960.5857905346

80.052151.08645833330.04820.79093829780.038960.6064432023

100.04810.05020.82197409210.040010.6251877944

0.0510.8331881791

0.0410.6849613241

0.0530.91897853460.0420.7109785346

0.0550.95753229780.0430.7316312023

0.0570.98856809210.044050.7503757944

0.05780.9997821791

0.045050.8101493241

0.046050.8361665346

0.047050.8568192023

0.04810.8755637944

0.04910.9353373241

0.05010.9613545346

0.05110.9820072023

0.052151.0007517944

Force

Pressure =0.5


0000.0050.04344903130.0419159901

NForce0.010.012880.0232558140.010.0438934870.0597734192

0.020.051520.04651162790.0150.04433348710.0737695626

110.000.030.115920.06976744190.020.04476916290.0857906528

25.000.040.206080.09302325580.0270.04537208150.1006048502

33.330.0430.23815120.1

42.50Time

52.000.250.16525410220.250.04405671110.0652541022

61.670.2550.17839477540.2550.04449509710.0783947754

71.430.260.18989471950.260.04492920590.0898947195

81.250.2650.20030395120.2650.04535916020.1003039512

91.11

101.000.270.2419159901

0.2750.2597734192

Pressuret/tc0.280.2737695626

0.10.44454713490.443620.2850.2857906528

0.50.0889094270.0887240.2920.3006048502

10.04436229210.044362

20.02227356750.0221810.2970.3425159901

30.01487985210.01478733330.3020.3603734192

40.01107208870.01109050.3070.3743695626

0.3120.3863906528

0.3190.4012048502

0.3240.4431159901

0.3290.4609734192

0.3340.4749695626

0.3390.4869906528

0.3460.5018048502

0.3510.5437159901

0.3560.5615734192

0.3610.5755695626

0.3660.5875906528

0.3730.6024048502

0.3780.6439159901

0.3830.6617734192

0.3880.6757695626

0.3930.6877906528

0.40.7026048502

0.4050.7445159901

0.410.7623734192

0.4150.7763695626

0.420.7883906528

0.4270.8032048502

0.4320.8451159901

0.4370.8629734192

0.4420.8769695626

0.4470.8889906528

0.4540.9038048502

0.4590.9457209901

0.4640.9635784192

0.4690.9775745626

0.4740.9895956528

0.4811.0044098502

Summary of results Mold-fill rate does not decelerate during the process Mold fill time is increased by increasing segment load Fewer segments result in slightly slower mold filling3-4 segments can increases mold fill time effectively Mold filling is much faster than in conventional RTM

Advantages of Articulated ToolingFast filling --> Mass-productionFiber distortion and wash-out can be avoidedLocally trapped air pockets can be removedRobust process relatively insensitive to resins, preformcharacteristics and temperatureMechanical design of tool is complicated but probably not significantly more than for a typical injection molding tool

Control of articulated segments is straight-forward using computer-controlled servoactuators (with load andposition feedback)Proposed concept could be coupled to low presssure injection machinesA-RTM ToolingMass production of large and complex parts Tool motion control can be used to tailor local permeability for various types of reinforcementsMulti-resin systems: High temperature resins can be used,including high-viscosity systemsComplex stitched preforms can be usedPotential applications of A-RTM

Articulated RTM ToolingSchematic of axi-symmetric processCenter piston(segment)First ring(segment)Second ring(segment)

Servohydraulic equipped A-ToolingSchematic drawing of cross-section configuration of axi-symmetric processServo hydraulicpumpInlet holeUpper mold segment

Drawbacks of Articulated ToolingExpensive toolingProbably restricted to small parts < 1 m2 ?Potential for fiber damage by articulated segments needs to be assessed and eliminated by tool force control.

Future workConduct simple experiments using axisymmetric segmented moldStudy preform characteristics using preg fiber bundles for thermoplastic matrices.Couple to front-end of injection molding machine.

Issues to be addressedModeling of conventional processes should predict defects and flow paths.Adjustments in conventional processes should be applied to eliminate predicted defects, increase process speed, widen range of allowable parameters (viscosity, molecular weight, temperature, reaction times).Transfer to industry via interactive programs (instrumented prototype machinery, correlation with models, validate improved processes)

Modeling issuesDynamic modelingPressure gradient-dependent permeabilityThermoplastic processing extension to continuous, oriented fibers.Controlled porosity, fiber orientation and distribution achieved by mold and process design.Preform and fiber placement machine design.

PM_Dharan

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