Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project. Supplementary Material A: Field survey form of biotope / habitat mapping SURVEY FORM BIOTOPES / HABITAT MAPPING Region / Territory Biotope-No. Date 20 . . Author Land use type Biotope type (according to List) Short description Structural features weight S01 open soil vegetation, sand/grus(slack)/loess 1 S02 open soil vegetation, rock 1 S03 open soil vegetation, peat (turf), silt 1 S04 open soil vegetation, top soil 1 S05 low-growing closed lawn 1 S06 closed high grasses stand 1 S07 dense reeds/sedge reed 1 S08 kink layer present 2 S09 last year’s culms/stems present 1 Morphology S10 lush high forbs/perennial herbs lea/meadow 1 SLPL slope in general flat S11 gappy woodland stand 1 SLKX slope in general convex S12 closed woodland stand 1 SLKV slope in general concave S13 hedgerow 2 USLPL upper slope situation flat S14 bushes, shrubbery 1 USLKX upper slope situation convex S15 one tree layer formed 1 USLKV upper slope situation concave S16 several tree layers formed 1 MSLPL mid-slope situation flat S17 prominent single trees, old overgrowing 1 MSLKX mid-slope situation convex S18 matured, old growth 2 MSLKV mid-slope situation concave S19 Deadwood standing >30% 2 BSLPL bottom slope situation plan S20 Deadwood laying >30% 2 BSLKX bottom slope situation convex S21 wood rejuvenation 1 BSLKV bottom slope situation concave S22 shoots from the stump or wood parts 1 FOSL foot slope area S23 hall-shaped forest, recent thinning 1 HILLT hilltop situation S24 shrub layer at the edge 1 RIDGE back and ridge S25 fragmentary shrub layer 1 KAMM crest, kame, peak, summit S26 loose shrub layer (30-60 %) 1 DUNE dune, dune alike mound (incl. embankment, shore dam) S27 dense shrub layer 1 BOULD boulder formation (blocks, castle, erratic, far-flung, scatter) S28 wood margin, forest skirt 2 EDGE terrain edge and -steepening S29 good developed fringe vegetation 2 WALL wall formation (incl. rock-, conglomerate- and loess wall) S30 shrub encroachment area 1 CONE rubble cone, scree, talus (terrestrial formations) S31 boulders, block scatter 2 FANFLU alluvial cone and -fan (fluviatile formation) S32 clearance cairn mound (large) 2 RAVINE ravine, gorge S33 clearance cairn (small) 2 KERBT dell, ravine, ditch (v-shaped) S34 dry stone wall 2 MULDT trough valley (u-shaped) S35 rock face, crag 1 HOLLO closed cavities (hollow, doline, lake bed, kettle hole) S36 loess wall 2 OXBOW cut-off, oxbow lake S37 open water body perennial 1 SCHUE recent fluviatile aggradation (incl. delta, gravel-, sandbank) S38 open water body periodical 1 FURKA rivulet- or river course with furcation S39 bank course natural 2 MEAND rivulet- or river course with meander formation S40 bank course artificial -1 LINEAR rivulet- or river with linear, straight course S41 water body bed natural 2 VALBO valley bottom, floor (flatness 1) S42 water body bed artificial -1 TERRA periglacial terraces (flatness 2) S43 slow-flowing 1 PLAN planation / flatness in general (flatness 3) S44 fast-flowing 1 DAM dam, dike, levee, rampart S45 water body structured 2 DISPOS disposal site, dumping, landfill S46 steep bank 1 MATER artificial cavity (incl. gravel and sand pit, mining...) S47 gentle bank, shallow water zone 2 DITCH drainage ditches, earth ditch (not shored), moat, trench S48 bank crack, break 2 CHANN stream with artificial course and profile (mill race, channel) S49 silt area 2 TEICH artificial standing water (fish-, extinguish-, swimming pond) S50 sand-, fine / coarse gravel bar 3 LESE clearance cairn, heap, pile and -mound S51 organic deposits (hay, brushwood) -1 HOLW hollow-way, narrow pass, sunken road, defile S52 dwarf shrubs 1 CELLA lane of hollow-way with wine cellars on one or both sides S53 initials of shrub encroachment 1 BERM berm, stairs balk, stoop marge, lynchet, path slope S54 tree row, ally 1 RBALK raised balk, “Bifang” (narrow raised bed between furrows) S55 tree meadow, -pasture 1 CTERR cultural terrace (e.g. field-, viniculture terrace, ...) S56 open annuals lea / ley / meadow 1
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Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Supplementary Material A: Field survey form of biotope / habitat mapping
SURVEY FORM BIOTOPES / HABITAT MAPPING
Region / Territory Biotope-No. Date 20 . .
Author
Land use type
Biotope type (according to List)
Short description Structural features weight
S01 open soil vegetation, sand/grus(slack)/loess 1
S02 open soil vegetation, rock 1
S03 open soil vegetation, peat (turf), silt 1
S04 open soil vegetation, top soil 1
S05 low-growing closed lawn 1
S06 closed high grasses stand 1
S07 dense reeds/sedge reed 1
S08 kink layer present 2
S09 last year’s culms/stems present 1
Morphology S10 lush high forbs/perennial herbs lea/meadow 1
SLPL slope in general flat S11 gappy woodland stand 1
SLKX slope in general convex S12 closed woodland stand 1
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Supplementary Material B: Abundances of different types of current and potential endangerment and impairing
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Supplementary Material D: List of all different plant communities inventoried in the investigation area
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Supplementary Material E:
List of plant communities and species percentage cover value (Willner 2011) for each vegetation inventory plot.
Plot-no. Association Alliance Order Class SPC-value
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Plot-no. Association Alliance Order Class SPC-value
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Plot-no. Association Alliance Order Class SPC-value
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Plot-no. Association Alliance Order Class SPC-value
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Supplementary Material F: Summary of recommendations for seed materials
Seeds – taking sites is the beginning of sincerity
In the light of our findings we recommend the following key points of best-practice in the
ecological restoration of grasslands:
Regional, indigenous (wild plant-) seeds (propagated on fields for a maximum number of
years according to certificates) should be preferred over cultivated ones from (foreign)
bulk producers (Walker et al. 2004; Kiehl et al. 2010, Tischew et al. 2011, Scotton et al.
2012).
The more species-rich a seed mixture, the better. The community assemblage fitting best
to the abiotic constraints will become established, and adaptation to changing conditions
is facilitated. High-diversity seed mixtures of local provenance help to enhance the local
biodiversity. In areas with dry periods, especially in spring and summer, a mulch layer in
the first year would be very helpful for vegetation development (Kirmer et al. 2012, S.
Tischew 2012, Anhalt Universtiy of Applied Studies, Köthen, personal communication).
When no potential seed sources of target species are available, a green, fresh hay layer
from near-by donor sites with desired target species is recommended (Baasch et al.
2012).
Free or spontaneous successions are cost-saving and require less management if they are
connected with or close to donor habitats – preferably with target species or
communities and the possibility of seed dispersal (wind, animals, etc.) (Prach & Pyšek
2001). The proximity of existing habitats is beneficial in general (Morris et al. 2006).
A wide diversity of different habitat types with free succession, providing various stages
of development, would make a significant contribution to habitat and species diversity.
Some parts of the ecosystem may develop the closest to the ultimate goal of a self-
sustaining community with a natural species turnover and resilience to disturbances of
the natural variability without human intervention (Walker et al. 2007). Assisted
succession with seed mixtures or initial planting should be limited to isolated sites. A
combination of both approaches can promote species-rich grasslands (Baasch et al.
2012).
Mowing schedules should be adapted to the phenology of target species (-groups), for
example endangered meadow-breeding birds, grasshoppers or butterflies.
Pöll CE, Willner W & Wrbka W (2014) Challenging the practice of Biodiversity Offsets: Ecological Restoration Success Evaluation of a Large-scale Railway Project.
Extensive grazing as part of ecological restoration has been shown to have positive
effects for several habitat types (SER Europe 2012).
Species-rich grassland restoration is most successful on bare or raw soils, and
management should be incorporated into agricultural systems (Kiehl et al. 2010).
Literature
Baasch, A., A. Kirmer and S. Tischew. 2012. Nine years of vegetation development in a postmining site: effects of spontaneous and assisted site recovery. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:251-260.
Kiehl, K., A. Kirmer, T. W. Donath, L. Rasran and N. Hölzel. 2010. Species introduction in restoration projects – Evaluation of different techniques for the establishment of semi-natural grasslands in Central and Northwestern Europe. Basic and Applied Ecology 11:285-299.
Kirmer, A. A. Baasch and S. Tischew. 2012 Sowing of low and high diversity seed mixtures in ecological restoration of surface mined-land. Applied Vegetation Science 15:198-207.
Morris, R. K. A., I. Alonso, R. G. Jefferson and K. J. Kirby. 2006. The creation of compensatory habitat: can it secure sustainable development? Journal for Nature Conservation 14:106–116.
Prach, K. and P. Pyšek. 2001. Using spontaneous succession for restoration of human-disturbed habitats: experience from Central Europe. Ecological Engineering 17:55-62.
Scotton, M., A. Kirmer and B. Krautzer. Practical handbook for seed harvest and ecological restoration of species-rich grasslands. 2012. ISBN 978–88–6129–800–2.
Society for Ecological Restoration Europe and Working group on Restoration Ecology. 2012. 8th European Conference on Ecological Restoration, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice.
Tischew, S., A. Baasch, M.K. Conrad and A. Kirmer. 2010. Evaluating restoration success of frequently implemented compensation measures: results and demands for control procedures. Restoration Ecology 18:467-480.
Tischew, S., B. Youtie, A. Kirmer and N. Shaw. 2011. Farming for restoration: building bridges for native seeds. Ecological Restoration 29:219-222.Walker, K. J., P. A. Stevens, D. P. Stevens, J. O. Mountford, S. J. Manchester and R. F. Pywell. 2004. The restoration and re-creation of species-rich lowland grassland on land formerly managed for intensive agriculture in the UK. Biological Conservation 119: 1-18.
Walker, L. R., J. Walker and R. del Moral. 2007. Forging a New Alliance Between Succession and Restoration. Pages 1-18 in L. R. Walker, J. Walker and R. J. Hobbs, editors. Linking Restoration and Ecological Succession. Springer.