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Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

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Page 1: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –
Page 2: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Please Silence Your Cell Phones

Thank You

Page 3: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Utility of NGS and Comprehensive GenomicProfiling in Hematopathology Practice

Maria E. Arcila M.D.

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY

Page 4: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships

The USCAP requires that anyone in a position to influence or control the content of all CME activities disclose  any relevant relationship(s) which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had within the past 12 months with a commercial interest(s) [or the products or services of a commercial interest] that relate to the content of this 

educational activity and create a conflict of interest.  Complete disclosure  information is maintained in the USCAP office and has been reviewed by the CME Advisory Committee. 

Dr. Maria E. Arcila declares affiliation with Raindance Technologies and InVivoScribe

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Overview• Mutation profiling in hematologic malignancies• Basic concepts of NGS as a genotyping platform• Practical applications in the clinical lab (case based)

• Sequencing in AML / MDS / MPN• Sequencing in lymphomas• Clonality testing

• NGS as a discovery tool in clinical care• Future directions 

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Molecular testing in Hematologic Malignancies 

• Integral part of diagnostic work-up for myeloid neoplasms – AML, MDS, MPN, MDS/MPN

• Continuously growing list of mutated genes with clinical utility (diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value)– NPM1, FLT3, RAS (KRAS, NRAS), KIT, CEBPA, WT1, IDH1, IDH2,

DNMT3A, EZH2, JAK2, MPL, TET2, PHF6….

• Several altered genes with new associations in lymphoid malignancies – BRAF, MYD88, MLL2, NOTCH1, SF3B1…

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AML (NEJM 366;12, 2012) 

MDS  (NEJM364;26, 2011) 

Mutation Profiling of AML/MDS 

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Most frequent somatic genetic mutations

Blood Cancer Journal (2013) 3, e127; doi:10.1038/bcj.2013.26 

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Testing based on single gene and low throughput  multiplex assays is a challenge for clinical labs

• High volume • Multiple platforms• Complex workflows • High DNA requirement• Results not available simultaneously

for clinical decision making

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Molecular Methods

Variant Types

SNVs

Small duplications, insertions, 

deletions, indels

Exon duplications, deletions or gene copy number 

changes

SVs

PCR and Sanger dideoxy seq ✓ ✓

PCR and pyrosequencing ✓ +/‐1

PCR and mass Spectrometry ✓ +/‐1

Fragment analysis, CE  ✓ ✓

Allele‐specific PCR ✓

Real Time PCR ✓ ✓

FISH +/‐1 ✓

NGS – custom panels(amplicon capture) ✓ ✓

NGS – custom panels (hybridization capture) ✓ ✓ ✓ +/‐1

NGS – whole exome ✓ ✓ ✓ +/‐1

NGS – whole genome  ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

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NGS Applications in clinical practiceSusceptibility genes

Risk assessmentRisk management

Tumor sub‐typing

Micro‐RNAs

Alterations in gene expression

Molecular profiling 

Patient stratification

Prediction of therapeuticresponse

Therapeutic monitoring

Somatic/driver mutations

MethylationEpigenetic changes

Clonality testing

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NGS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

• Options– Whole‐genome, whole‐exome or targeted sequencing 

• Targeted sequencing panels are preferred– Disease‐targeted sequencing aids in therapeutic decision making at adequate time frame

– Yield much higher coverage of genomic regions of interest– Reduces sequencing cost and time. More affordable

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Sequence to 500-1000X (HiSeq 2500)

B

B

B

BB

B

B

BB

B

Bind hybrids to streptavidin magnetic 

beads

Custom capture probesLibrary fragments

Wash, elute and amplify

Hybridization Capture

~50 – 20,000 genes

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~1 – 50 genes

AmpliconCapture

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Illumina HiSeqIllumina MiSeq Ion Torrent PGM

Platform chosen based on needs and capabilities of the lab

All commercially‐available sequencers have shared attributes:  Random fragmentation of starting DNA Ligation with custom linkers = “a library”  Amplification on a solid surface (either bead or glass)  Direct step‐by‐step detection of incorporated bases during the 

sequencing reaction

Ion Torrent ‐ Proton

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shared attributes (continued)

– Hundreds of thousands to hundreds of millions of reactions imaged per instrument run = “massively parallel sequencing” 

– A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative comparisons 

– A sequencing mechanism that samples both ends of every fragment sequenced (“paired end” reads) 

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Practical applications through a case based approach 

• AML/MDS/MPN panel – amplicon capture (enrichment using pico‐droplet PCR)

• Broad based hybridization capture panel • Clonality testing and MRD

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Patient # 1• 74 yo female with newly diagnosed AML

– Most basic workup ‐ CEBPA, NPM1, and FLT3‐ITD– More extensive profiling can better discriminate patients with AML into various prognostic groups 

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ASXL1 ETV6 IDH2 KIT NRAS SF3B1 TET2

CBL EZH2 JAK1 KRAS PHF6 SH2B3 TP53

CEBPA FLT3 JAK2 MPL PTEN SUZ12 TYK2

DNMT3A IDH1 JAK3 NPM1 RUNX1 TET1 WT1

- MSKCC Thunderstorm myeloid assay - Amplicon capture - 28 genes- 355 target regions, 856 amplicons- 12 samples per run + controls sequenced

on Illumina MiSeq

MSKCC Rapid Myeloid Panel

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• Millions of unique single‐molecule pico‐droplet PCR reactions

• Highly uniform single‐plex PCR products• Maximum coverage for the target region of interest and regions not easily targeted by hybridization methods

• High on‐target sequence reads

Partitioned DNA sample + master mix

Primer library 

Targeted sequencing using Microdroplet‐PCR Deep Sequencing Technology 

PCR primers are synthesized and individually reformatted into droplets with each droplet containing only a single primer pair. 

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IDH2 mutation 

Bone marrow

Neg control

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2/24/14 3/28/14 4/24/14WT1 p.K141fs 0.04 WT1 p.K141fs 0.23 WT1 p.K141fs 0.43IDH2 p.R140Q 0.08 IDH2 p.R140Q 0.19 IDH2 p.R140Q 0.31RUNX1p.Q262X 0.06 RUNX1 p.Q262X 0.18 RUNX1 p.Q262X 0.12

SUZ12 p.G11R 0.09 SUZ12 p.G11R 0.26

FLT3 p.D835Y 0.09

30% blasts 56% blasts 70% blasts

1/13/14WT1 p.K141fs 0.32IDH2 p.R140Q 0.32RUNX1 p.Q262X 0.24

70% blasts

Patient #1 – monitoring 

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Day 28‐ Screening Date Pretrial Day ‐3 Cycle 2 Day 1 Cycle 3 Day 1

IDH2 R140Q

FLT3 D835Y

WT1 K141fs

RUNX1 Q262X

SUZ12 G11R

blast count

1 2 3 4

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Example #2  ‐Monitoring 

Page 25: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Clinical Utility of Test Results 

• Diagnostic and prognostic work‐up • Monitoring of disease • Identification of targetable markers • Detection of biomarkers not detected in specific settings if broad panel not used

• Insights into tumor biology 

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Monitoring and assessment of heterogeneity

• Digital read‐out of the allelic fraction of sequencing reads for each mutation in the tumor cell population

• Prevalence of mutation reflects the “history of the tumor evolution”– Older mutations are present at higher variant allele fraction (VAF) and define founder clones

– Subclones contain founder plus lower VAF mutations

• Monitoring of progression and evolutionary forces in response to therapy

Page 27: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Patient #3 – 59 y/o male with CLL

27

1995• Initial diagnosis

2008

• Disease progression :  anemia, weight loss lymphocytosis and lymphadenopathy • CD5+ lymphoma – colon• Started on pentostatin , cyclophosphamide, rituximab

2009‐12

• Progressive disease with numerous infectious and medical complications, • Treated with RCVP  bendamustin

2013• Infectious complications, • Expired at age 77

Page 28: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Genetics

• FISH:– Blood 2008: ATM deletion in 6.2% of the interphase cells, no evidence of trisomy 12, 13q deletion or loss of the p53

– BM 2008: Normal for CLL FISH panel– Subsequent samples, blood and BM: Normal for CLL FISH panel

• IGVH gene analysis– V3‐48;  Mutation Frequency: 0%

28

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Genetic profiling 

• DNA and RNA NGS sequencing of an extensive panel of all genes known to be recurrently mutated in lymphoid and myeloid malignancies– DNA ‐ 374 cancer‐related genes – RNA ‐ 272 genes frequently rearranged

29

Page 30: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

Results of DNA and RNA sequencing:

ZMYM3_c1784_1785insA_p.H595fs*9(0.89)FBXW7_c1508_1508delC_p.A503fs*21(0.21), PTPN11_c.1505C>T_p.S502L(0.16)NOTCH1_c7541_7542delCT_p.P2514fs*4(0.07), NSD1_c.6085A>G_p.T2029A(0.20), SPEN_c2591_2592delAA_p.K864fs*28(0.24) SPEN_c.2645_2645delG_p.R882fs*2(0.24)NOTCH1_c.7318C>T_p.Q2440*(0.10) BIRC3_c1282_1283insG_p.E429fs*9(0.07) NOTCH2_c.7021C>T_p.Q2341*(0.06), 

ZMYM3_c.1784_1785insA_p.H595fs*9(0.87)FBXW7_c.1508_1508delC_p.A503fs*21(0.45) PTPN11_c.1505C>T_p.S502L(0.41) NOTCH1_c.7541_7542delCT_p.P2514fs*4(0.30) BCOR_c.4720_4720delC_p.P1574fs*10(0.09) BRAF_c.1781A>G_p.D594G(0.06)NRAS_c.182A>G_p.Q61R(0.05) NRAS_c.38G>A_p.G13D(0.02) TP53_c.747G>T_p.R249S(0.04)TP53_c.641A>G_p.H214R(0.02) TP53_c.637C>T_p.R213*(0.06)

2005INITIAL PRESENTATION MUTATIONS(gene name/nucleotide change/AA change/variant allele frequency, read depth)

2011MUTATIONS IN PROGRESSION SAMPLE(gene name/nucleotide change/AA change/variant allele frequency, read depth)

The mutation pattern and allelic frequency is significantly different in two time points suggesting marked subclonal diversity ‐marked biological heterogeneity despite homogeneous morphology.

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Interesting features of the case

At diagnosis • CLL with classic morphology and

immunophenotype• Unique mutation pattern

• NOTCH1• Subclonal NOTCH2 mutations

At progression • Emergence of high risk mutations NRAS 

and TP53• Likely accounting for the adverse clinical 

outcome

• NOTCH1 mutations are seen 10% of newly diagnosed CLL• Distinct clinicopathologic subgroup characterized by deregulated cell 

cycle and short survival• Associated with unmutated IGHV and trisomy 12

• NOTCH2 ‐ regulator of CD23 expression in CLL  ‐mutations  described in SMZL but not in CLL

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32

– Comprehensive, targeted next generation sequencing based genetic analysis 

• Provides unprecedented biological information in CLL• Likely to change our approach to diagnosis, monitoring,  risk assessment and predicting therapy response. 

Clinical utility 

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Patient #4• 68 yo male ‐ Increasing lymphocytosis since 2011• Adult T cell lymphoma / leukemia

TCRG

Clonality testing by NGS methods

Page 34: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

• Patient underwent bone marrow transplantation 

TCRG ‐ Diagnostic clone

TCRG – post‐transplant

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AGAATCAGTAGAGGAAAGTATTTTACTTATGCAAGCATGAGGAGGAGCTGGAAATTGATATTGCAAAATCTAATTGAAAATGATTCTGGATCTATTACTGT

TCRG ‐ Diagnostic clone

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TCRG – post transplant

Page 37: Please Silence Your Cell Phoneshandouts.uscap.org/AN2015/Companion Meeting (CM)/CM23-15... · 2015-10-13 · – A “digital” read type that enables direct quantitative ... –

• Next generation sequencing based clonality assays – Efficiently detect IGH and TCRG gene rearrangements– Concurrently  identify sequence information required to track clones in subsequent samples

– Concurrent assessment of somatic hypermutation  –simple and highly concordant with CE/Sanger assays

Clinical utility 

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Advantages • High throughput • Better sensitivity • Efficient use of limited 

tissue • Consolidation of platforms• Wider range of mutation 

detection• Ability to monitor frequency 

of a specific mutations at determined time frames

Challenges for Clinical Implementation 

• Selection of test platform • Establishing bioinformatics 

infrastructure • Evaluation of multi‐gene panels • Establishment of assay 

characteristics • Validation on different sample 

types • Results interpretation and 

reporting • Legal and ethical issues • Billing and compliance 

NGS in the clinical lab

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• Standardized nomenclature • Standardized web based signouts• Tracking of mutations in multiple 

samples 

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Practical Challenges (of medical and legal implications)

• Reporting of larger scale genomic information – Reporting of all versus selected genes – Mutations in unordered genes – Germline variants – Variants of potential significance originating from donors

• Integration in clinical management • Logistics

– Re‐engineering of workflow – Billing and compliance 

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Conclusions

• Next generation sequencing methods are – Driving discovery in the research setting

– Supplanting older technology in clinical laboratories

• Vastly simplify workflows– Consolidates several assays  reduction of work load and significant cost savings 

• All testing can be reported at once ‐ providing full and more comprehensive molecular diagnosis to be used in a clinically actionable time 

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Clinical Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory ‐MSKCC 

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Important Information Regarding CME/SAMs

The Online CME/Evaluations/SAM claim process will only be available on the USCAP website until October 2, 2015.

No claims can be processed after that date!

After October 2, 2015 you will NOT be able to obtain any CME or SAMs credits for attending this meeting.

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Please go to the USCAP website to complete your Evaluation of the course and claim CME and/or SAMs Credits. 

Thank You!