Please answer: How did the publishing of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle effect the operations of food industries in the United States? How did the publishing.

The Progressive The Progressive EraEra

1880-1920 1880-1920

APUSH Chapter 28APUSH Chapter 28

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions Why was a “reform” movement Why was a “reform” movement

necessary during the late 19necessary during the late 19thth century? century?

How did industrialization, How did industrialization, immigration, & urbanization immigration, & urbanization contribute to this movement? contribute to this movement?

Who were the progressive Who were the progressive reformers? (social class)reformers? (social class)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Fire 1911 1911 SpiritSpirit p. 213 p. 213

Progressive Era Progressive Era AmendmentsAmendments

1717thth Amendment: Amendment:

Direct election of SenatorsDirect election of Senators 1818thth Amendment: Amendment:

Prohibition of AlcoholProhibition of Alcohol 1919thth Amendment: Amendment:

Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage

Significance of initiative, referendum, & Significance of initiative, referendum, & recall?recall?

Progressive RootsProgressive Roots Well before 1900, politicians and Well before 1900, politicians and

writers had begun to pinpoint writers had begun to pinpoint targets for the progressive targets for the progressive attackattack Henry Demarest Lloyd assailed the Henry Demarest Lloyd assailed the

Standard Oil Company in 1894 Standard Oil Company in 1894 Wealth Against CommonwealthWealth Against Commonwealth

  Jacob A. Riis shocked middle-class Jacob A. Riis shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with Americans in 1890 with How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives which which described the dark and dirty slums of described the dark and dirty slums of New YorkNew York

MuckrakersMuckrakers Journalists who wrote about the Journalists who wrote about the

corrupt side of business during early corrupt side of business during early 2020thth century century

Expose unethical/unfair business Expose unethical/unfair business practices practices

Expose abuse of power by big Expose abuse of power by big businessbusiness

Fought to end child labor Fought to end child labor Expose unsanitary & unsafe Expose unsanitary & unsafe

conditionsconditions

Raking the MuckRaking the Muck Popular magazines,Popular magazines, ((McClure’s, McClure’s,

Collier’s)Collier’s) , began to appear in , began to appear in American newsstands in 1902American newsstands in 1902 They exposed the corruption and They exposed the corruption and

scandal that the public loved to hatescandal that the public loved to hate These were very popular with the These were very popular with the

average citizen, but much less so average citizen, but much less so with the wealthywith the wealthy

Jacob RiisJacob Riis

Riis’s book showed the plight of Riis’s book showed the plight of the urban poor, mostly the urban poor, mostly immigrants who were forced to immigrants who were forced to live in small cramped spaces live in small cramped spaces that lacked adequate sanitation that lacked adequate sanitation or ventilationor ventilation

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair Famous Muckraker Famous Muckraker Wrote Wrote The JungleThe Jungle Exposes Exposes

unsanitary unsanitary conditions of the conditions of the meat packing meat packing industry industry

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced others to others to investigate investigate businessesbusinesses

At the turn of the Twentieth century, the United States was entering the era At the turn of the Twentieth century, the United States was entering the era of progressivism. Following the tumultuous Gilded Age where each level of of progressivism. Following the tumultuous Gilded Age where each level of government favored big business, many lower-class Americans demanded government favored big business, many lower-class Americans demanded change at the workplace. This included higher wages, the rights for workers change at the workplace. This included higher wages, the rights for workers to unionize without penalty, safer working conditions, amongst others.to unionize without penalty, safer working conditions, amongst others.

On September 20, 1878, Upton Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland On September 20, 1878, Upton Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland into a poor, lower class family. His family resided in Baltimore, until their into a poor, lower class family. His family resided in Baltimore, until their move to New York City when he was ten. After finishing Columbia move to New York City when he was ten. After finishing Columbia University, Sinclair traveled along the Northeast. He married Meta Fuller University, Sinclair traveled along the Northeast. He married Meta Fuller and settled down in Princeton, N.J. After publishing many unsuccessful and settled down in Princeton, N.J. After publishing many unsuccessful novels, he got caught in the growing socialist movement in America under novels, he got caught in the growing socialist movement in America under Eugene V. Debs. Sinclair began to write books advocating change through Eugene V. Debs. Sinclair began to write books advocating change through investigative journalism; this practice was called muckraking. Upon hearing investigative journalism; this practice was called muckraking. Upon hearing about a job in Chicago to investigate the meat-packing industry, he moved about a job in Chicago to investigate the meat-packing industry, he moved there to examine the workers’ conditions. He published his findings in there to examine the workers’ conditions. He published his findings in The The JungleJungle, a novel depicting an immigrant who worked in one of plants., a novel depicting an immigrant who worked in one of plants.

Although many people thought the aim of Although many people thought the aim of The JungleThe Jungle was to target the unsanitary was to target the unsanitary conditions of the meat-packing industry, Sinclair was more focused on conditions of the meat-packing industry, Sinclair was more focused on revolutionizing America into a socialistic society. He advocated for the end of revolutionizing America into a socialistic society. He advocated for the end of “wage slavery” and a redistribution of wealth.“wage slavery” and a redistribution of wealth.

How would Socialism change that?" asked the girl-student, quickly. It was the first How would Socialism change that?" asked the girl-student, quickly. It was the first time she had spoken.time she had spoken.

"So long as we have wage slavery," answered Schliemann, "it matters not in the "So long as we have wage slavery," answered Schliemann, "it matters not in the least how debasing and repulsive a task may be, it is easy to find people to least how debasing and repulsive a task may be, it is easy to find people to perform it. But just as soon as labor is set free, then the price of such work will perform it. But just as soon as labor is set free, then the price of such work will begin to rise. So one by one the old, dingy, and unsanitary factories will come begin to rise. So one by one the old, dingy, and unsanitary factories will come down—it will be cheaper to build new; and so the steamships will be provided with down—it will be cheaper to build new; and so the steamships will be provided with stoking machinery, and so the dangerous trades will be made safe, or substitutes stoking machinery, and so the dangerous trades will be made safe, or substitutes will be found for their products. In exactly the same way, as the citizens of our will be found for their products. In exactly the same way, as the citizens of our Industrial Republic become refined, year by year the cost of slaughterhouse Industrial Republic become refined, year by year the cost of slaughterhouse products will increase; until eventually those who want to eat meat will have to do products will increase; until eventually those who want to eat meat will have to do their own killing—and how long do you think the custom would survive then? their own killing—and how long do you think the custom would survive then?

Excerpt from Excerpt from The JungleThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair by Upton Sinclair

Ida Tarbell Ida Tarbell

Who was her Who was her main target? main target?

Why? Why?

John Rockefeller

Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens

Famous book? Famous book?

The Shame of the The Shame of the CitiesCities

““I have been over I have been over into the future, into the future, and it works." and it works."

Progressive Progressive Governors Governors

Robert M. LaFollette Robert M. LaFollette Governor of WisconsinGovernor of Wisconsin Took power back from big business Took power back from big business

(1901)(1901) Emerged as a leading figure in the Emerged as a leading figure in the

Progressive movementProgressive movement Hiram W. JohnsonHiram W. Johnson

Governor of CaliforniaGovernor of California Broke the power of the Southern Broke the power of the Southern

Pacific Railroad in state politics Pacific Railroad in state politics (1910)(1910)

Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt

Reform Reform movement? movement?

Why did she Why did she challenge the 14challenge the 14thth & 15& 15thth Amendments?Amendments?

Was she Was she successful?successful?

Women’s suffrage Women’s suffrage amendment? amendment?

SpiritSpirit p. 224 p. 224

Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley

Associated with Associated with which reforms?which reforms?

- Child labor Child labor - Minimum Wage Minimum Wage - 8 hour workdays8 hour workdays

Progressive WomenProgressive Women Female activists worked Female activists worked

through various organizationsthrough various organizations Women's Trade Union LeagueWomen's Trade Union League National Consumers LeagueNational Consumers League

Led by Florence Kelly (1899)Led by Florence Kelly (1899)Mobilized female consumers to Mobilized female consumers to pressure government for laws pressure government for laws safeguarding women and safeguarding women and children in the workplacechildren in the workplace

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

2626thth president of U.S. president of U.S. (1901 – 1909)(1901 – 1909)

Gained fame in Spanish Gained fame in Spanish American War American War

First modern president: First modern president: transformed presidency transformed presidency into the strong executive into the strong executive office it is todayoffice it is today

Roosevelt saw the Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “presidency as a “bully bully pulpitpulpit” from which he ” from which he could influence news and could influence news and shape legislationshape legislation

Increased the power and prestige of the Increased the power and prestige of the presidencypresidency

Square DealSquare Deal Various progressive reforms Various progressive reforms

sponsored by Roosevelt to help sponsored by Roosevelt to help common citizens common citizens

1.1. Fight big business (trust-busting)Fight big business (trust-busting)

2.2. Regulate the railroads Regulate the railroads

3.3. Est. health guidelines for food Est. health guidelines for food industry industry

4.4. Conserve natural resources &Conserve natural resources &Est. National Parks Est. National Parks

TR the TrustbusterTR the Trustbuster The Progressive movement The Progressive movement

needed a President to take on the needed a President to take on the TrustsTrusts

In 1902, President Roosevelt In 1902, President Roosevelt challenged the Northern challenged the Northern Securities Company Securities Company (Trust)(Trust)• They sought to achieve They sought to achieve

a monopoly of the a monopoly of the railroads in the railroads in the NorthwestNorthwest

• The Supreme Court The Supreme Court sided with the sided with the President and the trust President and the trust was dissolvedwas dissolved

Consumer Consumer ProtectionProtection

Backed by the public, President Backed by the public, President Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Roosevelt passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906Act of 1906 The public had been sickened by the The public had been sickened by the

Sinclair novel, Sinclair novel, The JungleThe Jungle The act stated that the preparation of The act stated that the preparation of

meat shipped over state lines would be meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspectionsubject to federal inspection

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 Designed to prevent the adulteration and Designed to prevent the adulteration and

mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticalsmislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals

John MuirJohn Muir Newlands Act of 1902Newlands Act of 1902

The “Roosevelt Panic” of The “Roosevelt Panic” of 19071907

A panic descended upon Wall A panic descended upon Wall Street in 1907Street in 1907 The financial world blamed the panic The financial world blamed the panic

on President Roosevelt for unsettling on President Roosevelt for unsettling the industries with his anti-trust the industries with his anti-trust tacticstactics

Congress passed the Aldrich-Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in 1908Vreeland Act in 1908 Authorized national banks to issue Authorized national banks to issue

emergency currency backed by emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateralvarious kinds of collateral

The Rough Rider Thunders The Rough Rider Thunders Out Out

TR decides not to TR decides not to run for a 3run for a 3rdrd term term in 1908in 1908

Seeks someone to Seeks someone to continue his continue his progressive progressive policies policies

William H. William H. TaftTaft

Who does Taft run Who does Taft run against in 1908? against in 1908?

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft How did Taft fare How did Taft fare

as President? as President? Compare Taft to Compare Taft to

another former another former President. President.

Suffered from “foot Suffered from “foot in mouth disease” in mouth disease”

In what two areas In what two areas did Taft make did Taft make progress as progress as President? President?

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financialImprove financial

opportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.

Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.

The U.S. should create The U.S. should create stability abroad that stability abroad that would best promote would best promote America’s commercial America’s commercial interests.interests.

U.S. policy of using economic U.S. policy of using economic power to exert influence on power to exert influence on other countriesother countries

Taft the TrustbusterTaft the Trustbuster Taft brought 90 Taft brought 90

suits against trusts suits against trusts – double that of TR– double that of TR

Taft pursues an Taft pursues an anti-trust suit anti-trust suit against U.S. Steel against U.S. Steel CorpCorp

TR had personally TR had personally protected this trustprotected this trust

Payne-Aldrich Bill Payne-Aldrich Bill infuriates infuriates progressives progressives

Stage is set for Stage is set for major problems in major problems in the Rep partythe Rep party

TR vs. Taft TR vs. Taft Republican Republican

party splinters party splinters behind TR & behind TR & Taft Taft

Election of 1912 Election of 1912 Taft – Taft –

Republicans Republicans Wilson – Wilson –

Democrats Democrats Roosevelt – Roosevelt –

ProgressivesProgressives Debs – Debs –

SocialistsSocialists

TaftTaft Roosevelt Roosevelt

Wilson Wilson DebsDebs