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Slide 1
Slide 2
PLATE TECTONICS Chapters 7, 8, & 9 Test 2 material End
Slide 3
LEGEND AZTEC INDIANS OF MEXICO SACRIFICED HUMANS TO KEEP AWAY
EARTHQUAKES AND TO KEEP SUN ALIVE BY CUTTING OUT THE HEARTS OF
THEIR VICTIMS AND THROWING THEM INTO VOLCANO
Slide 4
LEGEND IN WESTERN AFRICA THOUGHT THE JUNGLE WAS THE HAIR OF A
GIANT. ALL LIVING THINGS THAT CREPT OR CRAWLED IN THE JUNGLE WERE
LIKE LICE IN THE GIANTS HAIR. EARTHQUAKES WERE EXPLAINED AS THE
GIANT SHAKING HIS HEAD TO GET RID OF THE LICE
Slide 5
LEGEND IN POLYNESIA TWO GODDESSES WERE FIGHTING THEIR WAY
ACROSS THE PACIFIC. WHEREVER AN EARTHQUAKE OR VOLCANO OCCURRED,
THIS WAS A BATTLE SITE. WHEN A GODDESS WAS SPURNED BY A LOVER SHE
THREW A TANTRUM AND LAVA FLOWED
Slide 6
LEGEND VULCAN WAS THE ROMAN GOD WHO HAD A FORGE AT THE CENTER
OF THE EARTH TO MAKE WEAPONS FOR THE GODS. WHENEVER HIS FORGE WAS
WORKING LAVA SPEWED FORTH AT THE SURFACE.
Slide 7
LEGEND IN ICELAND VIKING LEGEND TALKS OF ODIN & FRIGGA AND
THEIR BELOVED SON BALDER. THE GOD OF MISCHIEF, LOKI, CONSPIRED TO
HAVE BALDER KILLED.
Slide 8
FAMOUS VOLCANOES IN HISTORY MOUNT VESUVIUS MOUNT PELEE - WITH
GLOWING CLOUD (NUEE ARDENTE) PARICUTIN KRAKATOA
Slide 9
VESUVIUS
Slide 10
MT PELEE
Slide 11
PARICUTIN
Slide 12
Volcanoes Birth of Paricutin
Slide 13
FAMOUS EARTHQUAKES GREAT ALASKA QUAKE OF 1964 GREAT CHINA QUAKE
NEW MADRID QUAKES OF 1811-1812 MISSISSIPPI RIVER STOOD UP ON END
CHURCH BELLS RANG IN BOSTON http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y-
62Ti5_6s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Y- 62Ti5_6s Pakistan quake
of 2006
Slide 14
DR. IBEN BROWNING 1990 PREDICTED A 50% CHANCE OF EARTHQUAKE OF
6.5 - 7.5 IN NEW MADRID BETWEEN DEC. 1-5, 1990 CLAIMED A GREAT
TIDAL STRAIN WOULD ALSO STRAIN THE SUBSURFACE RECEIVED NOTORIETY
FOR PREDICTING SF QUAKE OF 1989
Slide 15
ARGUMENTS AGAINST DR. BROWNINGS THEORY NO FIRM SCIENTIFIC
SUPPORT FOR HIS THEORY WAS A BIOLOGIST SPECIALIZING IN CLIMATOLOGY
AND WAS NOT A GEOLOGIST OR SEISMOLOGIST ERRONOUS CLAIM TO FAME FOR
PREDICTING SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE OF 1989
Slide 16
TRANSCRIPTS REVEALED BROWNING PREDICTED AN EARTHQUAKE OF 6.0+
WOULD OCCUR SOMETIME ON OR AROUND OCT 16TH (ACTUAL QUAKE WAS 17TH)
SOMEWHERE IN WORLD. THESE QUAKES HAPPEN EVERY 3 DAYS SO NOT MUCH OF
A FORECAST
Slide 17
THE ONLY GEOLOGIST IN THE NATION SUPPORTING HIM HAD SHAKEY
REPUTATION. HAD FLOWN OVER THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA USING A
PSYCHIC TRYING TO LOCATE AREAS WHERE AN EARTHQUAKE WOULD
STRIKE
Slide 18
Slide 19
ALFRED WEGENER THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT & PLATE
TECTONICS PANGAEA LAURASIA GONDWANA GLOSSOPTERIS
Slide 20
Slide 21
WHAT WAS EFFECT OF CONTINENTAL MOVEMENT? NEW CLIMATES ALONG
COASTS NEW MOUNTAIN RANGES NEW DESERTS DRIFTING OF THE POLES PLANT
AND ANIMAL LIFE SIMILARITIES IN AREAS ONCE UNITED
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
SEA FLOOR SPREADING WEGENERS HYPOTHESIS WAS NOT READILY
ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT FAILED TO PROVIDE MECHANISM FOR MOVEMENT ARTHUR
HOLMES, GEOLOGIST THOUGHT THE SEA FLOORS WERE DRAGGING ALONG THE
CONTINENTS WHICH RESTED ON TOP OF THEM
Slide 25
Seafloor spreading
Slide 26
THOUGHT CONVECTION PROCESS BEGAN BELOW EARTHS SURFACE WHICH
PUSHED MATERIAL UPWARD TO FORM RIDGE SYSTEMS ON OCEAN FLOOR.
MATERIAL WIDENS THE OCEANS BY 1 OR 2 INCHES PER YEAR
Slide 27
WHAT DID HOLMES FIND ON OCEANIC RIDGES? EQUAL DISTANCE EQUAL
AGE EQUAL THICKNESS EQUAL MAGNETIC DIRECTION WHAT DOES THIS
SUGGEST?
Slide 28
PLATE BOUNDARIES DIVERGENT CONVERGENT TRANSFORM
Slide 29
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES FOUND NEAR SPREADING CENTERS &
AT THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE SYSTEMS RIFT VALLEYS GREAT RIFT VALLEY OF
AFRICA
TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARIES SAN ANDREAS FAULT MOVING TO
NORTH/NORTHWEST AT A RATE OF 35 MILLIMETERS PER YEAR
Slide 38
transform
Slide 39
EARTHQUAKE VIBRATION OF THE EARTH PRODUCED BY THE RAPID RELEASE
OF ENERGY ALONG FAULTS THIS ENERGY RADIATES OUTWARD FROM THE SOURCE
OF THE QUAKE KNOWN AS THE FOCUS
Slide 40
focus
Slide 41
Elastic rebound
Slide 42
EPICENTER THE AREA ON THE EARTHS SURFACE IMMEDIATELY ABOVE THE
FOCUS IT IS NOT THE SOURCE OF THE QUAKE
Slide 43
FAULTS PRODUCED BY THE NEVER ENDING MOVEMENT OF THE EARTHS
CRUST FIND FAULTS AND EARTHQUAKES NEAR PLATE BOUNDARIES
Slide 44
Slide 45
OTHER QUAKES FORESHOCKS - QUAKES THAT PRECEDE THE MAIN
EARTHQUAKE AFTERSHOCKS - QUAKES THAT FOLLOW THE MAIN
EARTHQUAKE
Slide 46
EARTHQUAKE RECORDINGS SEISMOLOGY SEISMOGRAPH SEISMOGRAM RICHTER
SCALE - LOGARITHMIC SCALE USED TO MEASURE THE ENERGY AND THE WAVE
AMPLITUDE OF THE EARTHQUAKE
Slide 47
seismograph
Slide 48
seismogram
Slide 49
. ONE MILLION EARTHQUAKES OCCUR EVERY YEAR 6.0 OCCURS EVERY
THREE DAYS ABOVE 8.0 ONCE EVERY 5/10 YEARS BELOW 2.5 ARE NOT FELT
BUT CAN BE MEASURED
Slide 50
RICHTER SCALE INCREMENTS AN INCREASE OF 1.0 = A 10 TIMES
INCREASE IN WAVE AMPLITUDE AND A 31.5 TIMES INCREASE IN ENERGY AN
INCREASE OF 2.0 = A 100 TIMES INCREASE IN AMPLITUDE AND A 992.25
INCREASE IN ENERGY (31.5 X 31.5)
Slide 51
EARTHQUAKE WAVES SURFACE WAVES - TRAVEL ALONG EARTHS OUTER
LAYER BODY WAVES - TRAVEL THROUGH EARTHS INTERIOR PRIMARY WAVES [P
WAVES] - COMPRESS & EXPAND ROCKS IN THE DIRECTION WAVE TRAVELS
SECONDARY WAVES [S WAVES] - SHAKE THE PARTICLES AT RIGHT ANGLES TO
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
Slide 52
pwave
Slide 53
swave
Slide 54
FINDING EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS P WAVES ARRIVE AHEAD OF S WAVES.
THE GREATER THE DISTANCE AWAY FROM EPICENTER THE LONGER THE TIME
SPAN FROM P WAVE TO S WAVE. USE TRAVEL TIME GRAPHS FROM 3 OR MORE
DIFFERENT STATIONS [TRIANGULATION] & THE INTERSECTING POINT IS
THE EPICENTER
Slide 55
Finding epi
Slide 56
Epi circles
Slide 57
MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE ASSESSES DAMAGE FROM A QUAKE AT A
SPECIFIC LOCATION I - NOT FELT II - FELT ONLY ON UPPER FLOORS VI -
HEAVY FURNITURE MOVED X - MOST FRAME STRUCTURES DESTROYED XII -
DAMAGE TOTAL
Slide 58
PRECURSORS PHENOMENA THAT PRECEDE & THUS PROVIDE A WARNING
OF A FORTHCOMING EARTHQUAKE UPLIFT, SUBSIDENCE, AND STRAIN IN THE
ROCKS NEAR ACTIVE FAULTS PECULIAR BEHAVIOR
Slide 59
EARTHS INTERIOR STRUCTURE CORE - SOLID INNER MADE UP OF IRON
AND LIQUID OUTER CORE MANTLE - LOWER IS A MIXTURE OF IRON,
MAGNESIUM, AND SILICATES. UPPER MANTLE IS RIGID. UPPERMOST MANTLE
IS WHERE THE LITHOSPHERE BEGINS CRUST - SOLID EARTH SURFACE
Slide 60
Earth structure
Slide 61
MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY [MOHO] THE BOUNDARY SEPARATING THE
CRUST FROM THE MANTLE, DISCERNIBLE BY AN INCREASE IN SEISMIC
VELOCITY
Slide 62
LITHOSPHERE THE OUTERMOST RIGID UNIT [CRUST & UPPERMOST
MANTLE] OF THE EARTH AVERAGING ABOUT 100 KILOMETERS [62 MILES] IN
THICKNESS. THICKER OVER THE CONTINENTS & THINNER OVER THE OCEAN
BASINS
Slide 63
ASTHENOSPHERE BENEATH THE LITHOSPHERE TO A DEPTH OF ABOUT 660
KILOMETERS [410 MILES]. TOP PART HAS MELTED ALLOWING LITHOSPHERE TO
EFFECTIVELY DETACH FROM THE ASTHENOSPHERE BELOW IMPORTANT FOR PLATE
TECTONICS THEORY
Slide 64
asthenosphere
Slide 65
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION FOLDING - THE COMPRESSION OF ROCK SYNCLINES
ARE DOWNFOLDS OF ROCK ANTICLINES ARE UPFOLDS OF ROCK
Slide 66
folding
Slide 67
FAULTING FRACTURES IN ROCK INVOLVING DISPLACEMENT OF ROCK ON
ONE SIDE WITH RESPECT TO THE OTHER A JOINT IS A FRACTURE WITHOUT
DISPLACEMENT
Slide 68
NORMAL FAULT STRESSES PULL CRUSTAL ROCK APART CREATING MORE
HORIZONTAL SPACE
Slide 69
Normal fault
Slide 70
REVERSE FAULT ONE BLOCK RIDING OVER THE OTHER COMPRESSING IT
INTO SMALLER HORIZONTAL SPACE
Slide 71
Reverse fault
Slide 72
STRIKE SLIP FAULT HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT SUCH AS IN A TRANSFORM
FAULT
Slide 73
Strike slip
Slide 74
CRUSTAL DEFORMATION FEATURES GRABEN - SUNKEN BLOCKS BETWEEN
USUALLY PARALLEL NORMAL FAULTS AS IN A RIFT VALLEY HORST - A BLOCK
RAISED BETWEEN REVERSE FAULTS
FACTORS DETERMINING TYPE OF ERUPTION MAGMAS COMPOSITION
TEMPERATURE AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED GASES THESE FACTORS AFFECT THE
MAGMAS VISCOSITY OR THICKNESS. MORE VISCOUS LAVA EQUALS MORE
VIOLENT ERUPTION
Slide 81
WHERE DO WE FIND VOLCANOES? SUBDUCTION BOUNDARIES SEA FLOOR
SPREADING CENTERS HOT SPOTS LOIHI
Slide 82
loihi
Slide 83
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS EFFUSIVE ERRUPTIONS ARE GENTLE
USUALLY CONSISTING OF LAVA. THEY PRODUCE SHIELD VOLCANOES WHICH ARE
VERY BROAD GENTLY SLOPING CRATERS SUCH AS WE HAVE IN HAWAII
Slide 84
Shield volcano
Slide 85
. EXPLOSIVE ERUPTIONS CAN PRODUCE TWO TYPES OF VOLCANIC CONES.
IF THE MATERIAL IS SOLELY PYROCLASTICS, A CINDER CONE IS PRODUCED.
THIS IS A SMALL STEEPLY SLOPED CRATER
Slide 86
Cinder cone
Slide 87
IF THE ERUPTION ALTERNATES BETWEEN PRODUCING LAVA AND
PYROCLASTICS, A COMPOSITE CONE OR STRATO VOLCANO IS PRODUCED. IN
THESE THERE ARE ALTERNATING LAYERS OF LAVA AND PYROCLASTIC
Slide 88
Composite cone
Slide 89
LAVA TYPES PAHOEHOE - HOTTEST (2000 DEGREES F) AND HAS SMOOTH
AND ROPEY TEXTURE AA - COOLER (1800 DEGREES F) AND IS JAGGED AND
BLOCKY CLINKERS - 1600 DEGREES F, GETS ITS NAME FROM ITS SOUND
Slide 90
pahoehoe
Slide 91
aa
Slide 92
VOLCANIC FEATURES CALDERA (KETTLE) - BASIN SHAPED DEPRESSION -
VALLE GRANDE IN NEW MEXICO OR CRATER LAKE, OREGON PACIFIC RING OF
FIRE NUEE ARDENTE MT PELEE
Slide 93
Valle grande
Slide 94
.
Slide 95
PLUG DOMES VOLCANIC NECKS - SHIPROCK, NM DIKE RIDGE SILL
LACCOLITH - A MASSIVE IGNEOUS BODY INTRUDED BETWEEN PRE-EXISTING
STRATA BATHOLITH EROSION EXPOSED MASS LAHAR - MUDFLOWS
Slide 96
IGNEOUS LANDFORMS
Slide 97
Plug dome
Slide 98
Ship rock
Slide 99
SILL
Slide 100
batholith
Slide 101
TEST 2 REVIEW How will you do?
Slide 102
Fossils can be all but which of the following? A. Indirect
Evidence B. Actual Remains C. Sedimentation D. Imprint Correct
Response C. Sedimentation
Slide 103
2. Which statement is true about the Earths crust? A.
Continental rocks are heavier than ocean rocks B. Granite is a type
of ocean rock C. Basalt is heavier than Granite D. Continental
rocks are called sima Correct response C. basalt is heavier than
granite
Slide 104
3. Smaller-sized crystals are found in what type of rock? A.
Intrusive B. Extrusive C. Silicates D. None of these Correct
response B. extrusive
Slide 105
4. Before it was a gneiss rock what was it? A. marble B.
sandstone C. mica D. granite Correct response? D. granite
Slide 106
5. The San Andreas fault is what type of boundary? A. divergent
B. convergent C. transform D. Spreading center Correct response? C.
transform
Slide 107
6. Pahoehoe is? A. a jagged and blocky type of lava B. cooler
than aa C. smooth and ropey textured lava D. the name of the new
Hawaiian Island Correct response C. smooth and ropey textured
lava
Slide 108
7. Valle Grande & Crater Lake are examples of: A. calderas
B. plug domes C. dike ridges D. laccoliths Correct response? A.
calderas
Slide 109
8. Iben Browning was famous for? A. his work in plate tectonics
B. his work as a seismologist C. his faulty New Madrid prediction
D. A & B are true Correct response? C. his faulty NM
prediction
Slide 110
POSITIVE ASPECTS OF VOLCANIC ACTIVITY PRODUCES EXCELLENT
AGRICULTURAL SOILS HELPS TO FORM METALLIC ORES PRODUCES GEOTHERMAL
ENERGY ADDS GASES TO OUR ATMOSPHERE ADDS CONDENSATION SURFACES