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Plastic Marine Debris Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman HafenCity Universität Hamburg Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning Urban Material Cycles SoSe 2015
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 1
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 2
3 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: Plastics Europe 2014
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 4
Source: Plastics Europe 2014
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 5
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 6
Plastic entering the ocean
Environmental damage cost
Natural capital cost of plastics used in consumer goods industry
Source: Rochman 2014
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Largest Contributors
Source: Jambeck 2015
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HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 9
Gyres
Marine debris is a subject to transport by ocean currents and tends to accumulate in a limited number of subtropical convergence zones or gyres. These gyres occur in the North and South Atlantic Ocean, the North and South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean.
15 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Source: UNEP 2014 Microplastics are formed when plastic items fragment and disintegrate. The rate of fragmentation is highly depended on the environmental seLing, especially temperature and the amount of UV light available. Microplastics are also manufactured for use in plastic production, for other industrial purposes such as sand blasting, or for use in consumer (eg. personal care) products. The term ‘microplastics’ is widely used to describe plastic particles with an upper size limit of 5 mm in diameter, which is the size range most readily ingested by many organism. However, microplastics in products can be as small as 0.004 µμm
Microplastics
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Source: knowledge.allianz.com
17 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
Antioxidants
Flame Retardants Blowing Agents
Stabilizers
Colorants
Antistatic Agents
Free Radical Inhibitors
Lubricants
Plasticizers Solvents
Ultraviolet Absorbers
Source: Frenikel 2011
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Source: Plastics Europe 2014
Carcinogenic
Source: marinedebris.noaa.gov
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Ñ Freinkel, Susan (2011) Plastic: A Toxic Love Story. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston
Ñ Jambeck, Jenna R.; et al (2015) “Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean” Science. Vol. 347 -‐‑ Issue 6223
Ñ Plastics Europe (2014) “Plastics – the facts 2014/2015: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data.”
Ñ Rochman, Chelsea M.; et al (2013) “Classify plastic waste as hazardous” Nature. Vol. 494 p. 169-‐‑171
Ñ UNEP -‐‑ United Nations Environmental Programme (2014) [1] “Ch.8 Plastic Debris in the Ocean.” Year Book 2014: Emerging Issues.
Ñ UNEP (2014) [2] Ñ UNEP (2014) [3] Valuing Plastic: The Business Case for Measuring, Managing, and Disclosing Plastic Use in the Consumer Goods Industry.
Ñ Withey, JR. (1977) Mutagenic, Carcinogenic, and Teratogenic Hazards Arising from Human Exposure to Plastic Additives
Resources
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 20