Plasma Membrane & Movement of Materials in Cells
Plasma Membrane &
Movement of Materials in
Cells
Why do cells need to control
what enters and exits?
• Plasma membrane – boundary
between the cell and its
environment
• Homeostasis – maintaining the cells
environment
• Cells need to bring in nutrients, get
rid of wastes, and keep harmful
molecules out
Selective Permeability
• The plasma
membrane allows
some molecules
into the cell while
keeping others
out.
• A window screen
is also selectively
permeable.
Selective Permeability cont.
• Water freely
enters and exits
cells.
• Glucose,
sodium, and
calcium ions are
only allowed to
enter in certain
amounts at
certain times.
Membrane Models• Fluid-Mosaic Model
– Membrane -fluid phospholipid bilayer -
protein molecules partially/fully embedded.
p. 84
Plasma Membrane
Structure/Function• Hydrophilic polar heads face out
• Hydrophobic nonpolar tails face each other.
P. 85
Phospholipid Bilayer
Plasma Membrane
Structure/Function• Proteins - peripheral or integral.
– Peripheral proteins -inner membrane surface.
– Integral proteins - embedded in the membrane.
p. 86
Protein Functions• Channel Proteins – Help pass
molecules through membrane.
• Carrier Proteins – Bind to substance-
help in passage through membrane.
• Cell Recognition Proteins - Help body
recognize foreign substances.
Protein Functions (cont.)
• Receptor Proteins – Bind molecules-
protein changes shape
-causes cellular change.
• Enzymatic Proteins – cause and
speed metabolic (chemical) reactions
Plasma Membrane Permeability
• Plasma membrane- differentially
permeable.
–Passive Transport - No ATP (energy)
requirement.
• Molecules follow concentration gradient.
–Active Transport - Requires carrier
protein and ATP.
Crossing Plasma Membrane
p. 88
Diffusion
• Particles of matter are in
constant motion.
• Moving particles will
collide with each other.
• Diffusion – the net
movement of particles
from an area of high
concentration to an area
of low concentration.
Osmosis• Osmosis - Diffusion of water across
a selectively permeable membrane – caused by concentration differences.
(HIGH → Low)
Osmotic pressure- due to osmosis.• Greater the pressure, stronger the water
diffusion toward low concetration.
Osmosis
p. 90
Osmosis• Isotonic Solution - Solute and water
concentrations same (equal) inside and
outside membrane.
• Hypotonic Solution - Lower
concentration of solute on one side of
membrane.
– Cells in hypotonic solution .
• Lysis (burst)
Osmosis• Hypertonic Solution - Higher
concentration of solute on one side of
the membrane.
– Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will
• Plasmolysis
Transport by Carrier Proteins• Carrier proteins- bind certain molecules –
• Transport them through membrane.
– Facilitated Transport
• Small molecules follow concentration gradient by
combining with carrier proteins. (No Energy
Required)
p. 92
Transport by Carrier Proteins
–Active Transport
• Small molecules move against
concentration gradient by
combining with carrier proteins.
• (Requires Energy- ATP)
Membrane-Assisted Transport• Large macromolecules- transported into/out
of the cell by vesicle.
– Exocytosis - Vesicles fuse with plasma
membrane as secretion occurs.
p. 94
Membrane-Assisted Transport
– Endocytosis - Cells take in substances by
vesicle formation.
• Phagocytosis - Large, solid material.
(eat)
• Pinocytosis - Liquid or small, solid
particles. (drink)
• Receptor-Mediated - pinocytosis of
specific molecules by receptor binding.
p. 95
Cell Surface Modifications
• Junctions between Animal Cells
Adhesion Junctions
–Intercellular filaments between cells.
• Tight Junctions
–Form impermeable barriers.
• Gap Junctions
–Plasma membrane channels are
joined (allows communication).
Cell Surface Modifications
• Extracellular Matrix
–Mesh of polysaccharides and proteins
outside cells that produced them.
• Plant Cell Walls
–Permeable cell wall of cellulose
• Plasmodesmata cytoplasm strands
between cells- allow material passage
between cells.