Plants

Kingdom

Plantae

Biology, Campbell, Reece & Mitchell

nonoyesyesWater required for fertilization

presentabsentabsentabsentFlowers and fruits

enclosed in fruit

exposed on cones

absentabsentSeeds

presentpresentabsentabsentPollen

advancedadvancedpresentabsentTrue leaves, stems, and roots

advancedadvancedpresentabsentConducting Tissue

advancedadvancedpresentabsentStiff support tissue

Flowering Plants

ConifersFerns Mosses    

Plant Group

Mosses FernsConifers

(gymnosperms)Flowering

(angiosperms)

Challenges to Life on Land

1. Mechanical support against gravity - rigid cell walls and supportive

tissue

2. Reproduction- pollen

- seeds - fruit

3. Avoid Drying out- waxy cuticle

4. Movement of nutrients and water

- vascular tissues

A seed is an embryo, along with its food supply,

packaged in a protective coat.

It was formed when thesperm fused with the ovule(egg cell) in the ovary ofthe plant and then thezygote begin dividingby mitosis to form an embryo

Just like animals, plants needa covering to avoid drying out

What is fruit?Fruit is the mature ovary of a flowering plant.

The purpose of fruit is to attract animals to the expendable flesh. The seed which is inside the fruit is indigestible and is passed through the animal.

Angiosperms areFlowering Plants

What is the purpose of a flower?

Video of a Moon Flower(Ipomoea alba)

Plants In Motion Website

Flowers are used forreproduction, notphotosynthesis.

A flower may contain maleparts, female parts, or BOTH!

Function of a flower• Attract pollinators with colorful petals, scent,

nectar and pollen

What is pollination?

• Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma

Sexual reproduction• In animals: It’s easy because you have

separate male and female individuals.

• In flowering plants: Not so easy, because most flowers have both male and female parts in them, called perfect flowers.

• So flowering plants have evolved special ways to prevent inbreeding.

*Inbreeding = less variation

Strategies to avoid self-pollination• Perfect flowers have both male and female organs,

so plants have strategies to avoid self-pollination:• 1. Timing – male and female structures mature at

different times• 2. Morphological – structure of

male and female organs preventsself-pollination (imperfect flower)

• 3. Biochemical – chemical on surface of pollen and stigma/stylethat prevent pollen tube germinationon the same flower (incompatible)

How do plants get pollen from one plant to another?

• Because plants are rooted in the ground, they must use different strategies:

• Gymnosperms and some flowering plants (grasses, trees) use wind pollination.

• Not a very efficient method(too wasteful)

Many flowering plants rely on animals forcross-pollination:

• Insects – bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, moths

• Birds – hummingbirds, honey creepers

• Mammals – bats, mice, monkeys

• Even some reptiles and amphibians!

Getting the pollinator’s attention

Plants advertise their pollen and nectar rewards with:

• Colors – bees see blueblue, , yellowyellow, UV; while birds see redred. Bats don’t see well, so flowers are white.

• Nectar or honey guides – a visual guide for pollinator to locate the reward (pansy flower)

• Aromas – for insects, nectar.Can also be carrion or dung smell