Plantation Crops

8/9/2019 Plantation Crops

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Presented By-Pallavi Kadole


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y Plantation crops are high-value crops of great economicimportance and provide huge employment opportunity,specially to the women throughout the year particularly in ruralsector.y The sub-tropical climate of North eastern India is extremelyfavourable to the cultivation of many plantation crops.y The major plantation crops include coconut, areca nut, oilpalm, cashew, tea, coffee and rubber; the minor plantationcrops include cocoa, spices.

y Among the three important crops viz, tea, coffee and rubber,tea was introduced in Assam and Tripura as an industrial cropduring the middle of nineteenth century, which has spread toother non-traditional states in the region in recent years.


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y Suitable land and climatic conditions providefavourable environment for tea, coffee and rubberplantation in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,

Mizoram and Nagaland, but it is not fully exploited.y At present 3.33 lakh ha area are under these crops inthe region, which is a major source of revenue to theeconomy of the states.


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y Coffee was introduced in NE states during 1960s.The implementation of the scheme of expansion ofsubsidy of Coffee Board Of India in 1979-80 has helped

in increasing its area.y Presently, the NE states have a modest coverage ofabout 10.1 thousand ha of coffee plantation and 44.7thousand ha of rubber plantation. The cultivation of

coffee and rubber helps checking soil degradation inthe hill slopes.


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y Coffee is cultivated in about 3.4 lakh ha in India,mainly spread over 3 Southern States namelyKarnataka (56.5 per cent), Kerala (24.7per cent) and

Tamil Nadu (9.0 per cent).y Arabica and Robusta are the two varieties growncomprising of 41 per cent and 59 per cent of the arearespectively.y Coffee is a freely exportable commodity. About 80per cent of coffee produced is exported.


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y

State Post Monsoon Estimation2009-10 (in MT)

Post Blossom Estimation2009-10

Arabica Robusta Arabica Robusta

Karnataka73,400

132,3009,720 141,755

Kerala 1,375 57,875 1,375 58,175

Tamil Nadu 14,650 4,700 14,850 4,700

Non Traditional

Areas

(Andhra Pradesh

& Orissa, North

Eastern Region)

5,175 125 5,580 145


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Desti ti Qu tity (I M ) % t t l

I ALY .

RUSSIA FEDERA IO 161 3 .

GERMA Y 14649 7.4

BELGIUM 9673 4.9

SPAI 6 4.3

UKRAI E 44 .77

FI LA D 5292 2.69

JORDA 51 7 2.64CROA IA 4 19 2.45

SLOVA IA 4715 2.4


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y The coffee leaf miner, a micro moth measuringapproximately 2mm in length, is the most importantpest of coffee. Eggs are laid on the ad axial side of

leaves, followed by larvae mining into the leaves andconsuming the mesophyll eventual decrease in theyield.y COFFEE STEM BORERS: Monochamus leuconotus

(Pascoe) Known as the white coffee stem borer. Eggsare laid on the trunk and young larvae ring bark thetrunk and roots frequently causing death of the tree.


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y THE COFFEE BERRY BORER [HYPOTHENEMUSHAMPEI (FERRARI)y COLEOPTERA:CURCULIONIDAE]: The coffee berry

borer a pest found frequently. Females bore a holein the coffee berry and deposit their eggs inside; larvalfeeding on the endosperm greatly reduces quality andyields and can also cause abscission of the berry.


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y Cashew is an important nut crop that provides food,employment and hard currency to many in developingnations.y India is also the largest producer and consumer ofcashew nuts. It is estimated that total production ofcashew is around 0.57 million tonnes from an area of0.24 million hectares.


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STATE PRODUCTION (in MT)

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Kerala 72 78 75

Karnatka5

256 6

0Goa 29 31 30

Maharashtra 197 210 225

Tamilnadu 60 65 68

Andhra Pradesh 99 107 112

Orissa 84 90 95

West Bangal 10 10 11


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Year Cashew Kernel

Qu tity (i

M )

V lue (i Rs.

khs)

2003-2004 100828 180442

2004-2005 126667 270924

2005-2006 114143 251486

2006-2007 118540 245515

2007-2008 114340 228890

2008-2009 10813

1 295024


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y Powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), which kills the flowers, canhave a devastating effect on cashew tree yields.y Some farmers dust with sulfur to control mildew, butthis has acidifying effects on sandy soils (which may beacid anyway).y Other diseases of cashew include dieback, damping offand anthracnose. Anthracnose is caused by the fungusColletotrichum gloeosporioides and under wet conditions,

can cause almost total crop failure.y Helopeltis anacardii is a sap-sucking insect that can causeflower damage. A severe attack will result in up to 80% ofbranches damaged


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y Other insect pests include borers, thrips, mealybugsweevils, caterpillars and leaf miners.y To prevent these and other pests, cashew is

traditionally sprayed with pesticides at certain timesof the year regardless of insect infestation as apreventative measure.y The trees are sprayed three times in a season: when

the first new leaves appear, at flowering, and at mid-nut development.


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y Cardamom is referred as Queen of Spices It is thesignificant and most valuable spice in the world.y It is the highly expensive (priced) spice after Vanilla andSaffron.y

There are three typical kinds of cardamom grown in ourcountry viz., Malabar, Mysore and Ceylon type.y The major traded varieties of small cardamom in the Globeare the Malabar and the Guatemalan. Indian cardamom isslightly smaller, but most popular because of its aroma.y Cardamom is called as a versatile spice because of its usage

in both sweet and salty foods. It is used in Auyervedic medicinepreparations because of its healing effect and otherproperties. Its usage also in processed food, perfuse ,oileoresins etc.


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STATE 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Kerala 8680 8875 8616 9765

Karnatka 2310 1740 1879 1775Tamilnadu 930 965 920 1000

Total 11920 11580 11415 12540


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y Cardamom thrips (Sciothrips cardamomi)This insect is a serious pest of cardamom. It colonizesand breeds in unopened leaves, leaf sheath, flower

bracts and flower tubes.y The infested capsules are light in weight, inferior inquality and fetch very low price in the market.y Since the pest population is high during dry months

from December to May, pesticide application duringthis period is important. Four sprayings or dusting ofinsecticide during this period is recommended


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y Shoot/capsule borer (Conogethes punctiferalis)It is a serious problem to cardamom growers of Kerala, Tamil

Nadu and Karnataka. At the early stage of the crop, thecaterpillars of this yellow coloured moth bore into the core of

the aerial stem resulting in the death of central spindle, whichappears as characteristic dead hearts.y Late stages of larvae bore into the pseudostem and remainthere. Insecticides sprayed at this time may not give adequatecontrol of the pest. For an effective management of the

pest, the insecticides have to be targeted on early stages ofthe larvae, which are usually present within 15-20 days afteradult emergence in the field. Spraying fenthion 0.05% ormonocrotophos 0.05% is recommended .


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y Leaf eating caterpillarsThere are 10 species of caterpillars feeding oncardamom leaves. Out of these, seven species are

hairy and appear in large numbers during certainseasons causing extensive defoliation. For controllingthe leaf caterpillars, mechanical collection anddestruction and spraying of any contact insecticide

are recommended.


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Plantation Crops

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