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Plant
()() ()() () () () () () () ()() () () () . () () () () () () ()
() () () () () () () () () () , () () ()() () () () () () () () .
() () () () () (), () () , () ()() () () () () , () () () () () ()
() () () () ()() () () (). () () () () () () () () . () () () () ()
()() () () , ()() () () () () () ()() () () (). () () () () () ()
()() () ()() () () ()() () . 1 PLANT 1.1 PLANT 1.1.1 Plant FACILITY
, IN-PUT ( ) OUT-PUT
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, . . . SYSTEM . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Engineering .
Plant () () ()
1.1.2 PLANT
()() Plant
()() Plant
() Plant () Gas () () () () ()
() Plant (Cement) Plant () Plant ()
() () ()
() Plant
() () () () ()
Infrastructure Plant
() Plant () () () ()
() Plant () Plant
() () Data()
(),Gas () () Plant
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. , . . . ()
() () () Owner ()
() (), () () () ()
Owner Consultant Co. () () () () () () () () ()() () Process
& Capacity, () Location, Construction Time Study
Consultant Co. Engineering Co.
(), () Material Balance Process Flow Diagram (PFD) ,Utility
Diagram (UFD), P&ID, Layout (Plot Plan), Piping Layout,
Equipment List, Data Sheet, Specification
Consultant Co. Engineering Co.
Detailed Layout, Equipment Design, Piping Bill of Material,
Stress Analysis Procurement
Consultant Co. Engineering Co.
Requisition Sheet, Civil, Architecture, Electric, Instrument,
Piping Detail Design Surge Analysis, Tender Document
Owner, Engineering Co. Construction Co. Maker Construction
Co
() Vendor Review, Procurement Contract, PQ (), Construction Work
Tender & Contract
Engineering Co. Construction Co. Maker Construction Co.
(), (), (), (), (), ( I & C), (), (), ( PERT/CPM), ( Q.A
& Q.C)
Owner, Engineering Co. Construction Co. Maker Construction
Co
(), () (), (), ()
Invest Opportunity Study
Feasibility Study
Basic Engineering Data & Design (BEDD)
Detail Design & Engineering
Construction Contract
Procurement Contract
Construction Work
Commissioning & Operation
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(1) . , , . (2) Buyer Credit . (Process), , , . . (3) () ()
(Know-How) , Engineering . (4) () Data Specification , , Process
Engineering . (5) () () () () , , , , . (6) () Specification . (7)
( - Commissioning & Operation) , Engineering,
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Maintenance . 1.2 () () 1.2.1 () () .(Joel Dean) . . (Herold
Bierman Jr. & Seymour Smidt) . . , , , . . . () () (1) ()
(Replacement Investment) . () () , (), () ()() . , . . (2) ()
(Expansion Investment) . . , () . (3) () (Improvement) , (Defense)
(Aggressive) . , .
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. (4) () (Strategic Investment) (Risk-reducing Investment)
(Welfare-improving Investment) . (Vertical Integration - . . , .) .
, , .
,
, .
. . , . , * (Mutually Exclusive Investment) .
*(Mutually Exclusive Projects): . NPV(Net Present Value)
NPV1=100, NPV2=80, NPV2=60 2 , 1,2 180 , 1,2 1,3 NPV-160 . .
1.2.2 , , () (Vision) . , , , . ,
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, . , . , . (1) () () (2) () () (3) ()() () (4) ()() () , . , ()
. 1.2.3 () ()() . . . , .
, .
. , , , (Demand Forecasting) . (Technical Feasibility Analysis)
.
. , .
. , .
. , , , .
1.3 () () ()()
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1.3.1 ()() ()() . . , , . . , . . (1) (Payback Period) (2)
(Average Rate Return) (3) (Internal Rate Return) (4) (Net Present
Value) (5) (Profitability Index) (6) MAPI (7) MAPI . , , . MAPI
MAPI , , MAPI ( Urgency Rating) . 1.3.2 . . (1) a. : , , b. : , , ,
, (2) a. : , , , Lease
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b. : , , , , , , , . () () () ()()
() 1970~74 75~79 80~84 85 86 87 88 () () 19.5 22.8 30.0 39.2
41.5 37.1 56.0 () 5.4 8.2 5.0 7.5 13.4 10.7 21.3 ()() 14.1 13.5
21.8 28.0 24.6 22.4 28.7 () 1.1 3.2 3.7 3.5 4.0 6.0 () 80.5 77.2
70.0 60.5 58.5 62.9 44.0 () 12.8 7.9 7.7 6.6 5.5 10.7 9.5 () 41.6
41.3 34.1 46.2 31.3 22.4 9.6 () 26.1 28.0 28.2 7.7 21.7 4.0 24.9 ()
()() ()
()() () () / () () 1975-1979 1982 1977 1984 () 76.1 (100) 60.9
(100) 31.1 (100) 29.1 (100) () 7.9 (10.4) 6.1 (10.0) 4.9 (12.9) 1.5
(5.2) () 3.2 (4.2) - 9.7 (25.4) 7.5 (25.8) ()() 28.6 (37.6) 29.5
(48.5) 19.0 (49.8) 20.1 (69.0) () 36.4 (47.8) 25.3 (41.5) 4.5
(11.9) - () 23.9 39.1 61.9 70.9 () 100 100 100 100 : , 1985 1986 3
, , 3 . . (E. H. Evans Jr.) . (1) (Growth Stage) (2) (Mature Stage)
(Retained Earning , ) (3) (Stable Stage) .
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. (Financing Decision) . . Cost Cost Cost . , , Lease (Income
Tax Effect) , Cost Cost , . . () , , , . . . () (Callable Preferred
Stock) , . . (Leverage Effect - , . .) (EPS - Earning Per Share ()
. EPS= /, 1 1 .) , , Cost . , , .
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2 Plant () () 2.1. Plant () () () 2.1.1 Plant Plant .
Engineering Fee, . Engineering Fee . . Plant 60 . Plant (%)
Plant Engineering Fee () Plant 10 60 30 () Plant 5 75 20 ()
Plant 5 70 25 () Plant 10 55 35 () Plant 10 50 40 () Plant 5 55 40
() Plant 3 52 45 () Plant 15 40 45 () Plant 10 57 33 Cement Plant
10 70 20 () ()() No. Item Portion A Engineering Fee 0.0180 B
Equipment & Material Cost 0.5098
B-1 Mechanical, Material Cost 0.3661 Boiler 0.1195 Turbine &
Generator 0.1198 Condensing & Feed Heating System 0.0260
Cooling Water System 0.0128 Water Treatment System 0.0134 Piping
& Valves 0.0351 Storage Tank & Vessel 0.0050 Painting and
Insulation 0.0022 Others: Crane, Hoist, Compressed Air System
0.0323 Fire Fighting & Protection Spare Parts, Gas Receiving
System Transportation & Insurance Operation Consumables B-2
Electric Equipment & Material 0.0975
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B-3 Instrument & Control Equipment & Material 0.0462 C
Transportation 0.0596 D Construction Work 0.2691 Civil Work 0.1065
Architecture Work 0.0668 Mechanical Work 0.0653 Electric Work
0.0178 Instrument & Control Work 0.0042 HVAC 0.0085 E In-Direct
Cost 0.1435 Total 1.0000 () ()() :% No. Item () () A Engineering
Fee 4.5 16.7 16.9 B Mechanical, Material Cost 47.0 49 49.9
Tower & Vessel 9.4 4.4 4.4 Reactor 1.4 2.8 11.3 Heat
Exchanger 20.3 10.6 7.4 Furnace 10.3 19.5 Rotating Machine 5.6 10.2
18.6 Others 1.5 8.2 C Piping & Valves 20.0 10.7 8.1 D
Instrument & Control System 10.4 7.8 3.0 E Electrical 2.0 1.5
2.6 F Insulation 1.3 1.2 0.9 G Painting 0.5 0.1 0.1 H Steel
Structure 3.5 0.9 0.7 I Catalyst & Others 0.3 1.4 0.6 J Civil
& Architecture 9.4 5.7 10.2 K License 3.3 4.9 L In-Direct Cost
1.1 1.7 2.1 Total 100 100 100
() ()() () () () () Price Schedule , ()() ()() ()() () .
() ()
() () () ()
() ()
()() ()() ()
() ()() ()()
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()() ()() () () ()
() ()
()() ()
* : . , , .
* : . , , , 1 .
2.1.2 Plant Plant () . Plant , Management , Project . , , , , ,
, . (1) Plant (, , , ) - FOB - Turnkey
Full Turnkey, Semi Turnkey (2) ( , (J/V)) - Joint & Several
Contracts - Main, Sub-Contract - Parallel Contract - (3) - ()()()
() - ( Deferred Payment) ()
Suppliers Credit Buyers Credit
. (4) - Lump Sum Escalation() Lump Sum Lump Sum Plus Unit
Price
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- Cost Plus Fee Cost Plus Fee Cost Plus Percent (%) Fee Cost
Plus Sliding Fee
Cost Plus Fee Cost Plus Fee Bonus & Penalty Cost Plus
Fee
2.2 Plant Plant (Tower), (Vessel), (Heat Exchanger), (Reactor),
, , , , , , , . 2.2.1 () Plant , , , . , . () Engineering .(Prime
Contractor) , , , , , . , ()() . 2.2.2 (1) Plant () () () . , Plant
. , Plant Plant . Plant
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Process , , , , , , , , , Plant Balance . Plant . , , , , , , ,
, (Expediting), (Inspection) . , . , , , (), , , , (Flushing), () .
(2) () () Project , , , . 2 . , , , . ()() , , , , , , , , () . , ,
()() () , . 2.3 2.3.1 , , , . 1 .
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Project Management . Project Management Project , , Project
Project ()() , () . --- . (1) Planning () . , , , , ( Site
Mobilization) . . . (2) Scheduling Planning , , . (3) Monitoring
(Progress) . . (4) Control . , . , , , , Plant () () . 2.4 Network
2.4.1 Network (1) Project Network Project . . a. . b. (Level) .
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c. . , . () , . (2) (Owner), (Sub-contractor) , (Vendor) Network
Logic (Duration) . Network . . (Bill of Material) . a. b. c. d.
e. . (3) Network . (Event Mode) a. (activity) . b. . c. . d. .
e. (O) . f. . . (Activity) a. . b. . , , ,
. c. . . () ()() Dummy Activity Dummy Activity (..) () Activity
. 2.4
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(Normal Plan) . . (Activity) . (Critical Path) . Logic
. .
(1) . , , , . . , , . . , , () . * Project -- . . a. (Activity
Time) b. c. d. e. f. . . Project . , , . . a. Cash Flow Plus .
b.
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c. (Opportunity Profit) d. e.