Plant kingdom diversity. Plant Groups 1.Bryophytes-Mosses (seedless, non- vascular) 2.Seedless vascular plants-Ferns 3.Gymnosperms-Evergreens 4.Angiosperms-Flowering.

Plant kingdom Plant kingdom diversitydiversity

Plant GroupsPlant Groups1.1. Bryophytes-Mosses (seedless, non-Bryophytes-Mosses (seedless, non-

vascular)vascular)

2.2. Seedless vascular plants-FernsSeedless vascular plants-Ferns

3.3. Gymnosperms-EvergreensGymnosperms-Evergreens

4.4. Angiosperms-Flowering plantsAngiosperms-Flowering plants

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Bryophytes

Green algae

Seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Evolution of specialized cells / tissue

Evolution of cuticle

BryophytesBryophytes

think mossthink moss

BryophytesBryophytes

SmallSmall

Found only in damp, moist areas on landFound only in damp, moist areas on land

1) Leaves must touch water for photosynthesis1) Leaves must touch water for photosynthesis

2) Sperm swims through water to reach egg 2) Sperm swims through water to reach egg in gametophytein gametophyte

BryophytesBryophytes

gametophyte

sporophyte

Alternation of Alternation of generationsgenerations

Multicellular diploid organism

(2n)

Unicellular haploid cells

(n)

meiosis

Unicellular diploid zygote

(2n)

mitosis

(spores)

Multicellularhaploid organism

(n)

mitosis

Unicellularhaploid gametes

(n)

fertilization

sporophyte

gametophytemitosis

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Bryophytes

Green algae

Seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Evolution of specialized cells / tissue

Evolution of cuticle

Evolution of vascular tissue

Vascular tissueVascular tissue

Set of tubes that transport materials Set of tubes that transport materials around plantaround plant

Allows plants to grow tallerAllows plants to grow taller

Water travels up through xylemWater travels up through xylem

Sugar travels throughout in phloemSugar travels throughout in phloem

Seedless vascular plantsSeedless vascular plants

Think fernsThink ferns

Vascular tissueVascular tissue

Set of tubes that transport materials Set of tubes that transport materials around plantaround plant

Allows plants to grow tallerAllows plants to grow taller

Water travels up through xylemWater travels up through xylem

Sugar travels throughout in phloemSugar travels throughout in phloem

Ferns live further on landFerns live further on land

Still must be in moist areasStill must be in moist areas

Sporophyte survives fine with vascular Sporophyte survives fine with vascular tissuetissue

But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophytegametophyte

Fern gametophyteFern gametophyte

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Bryophytes

Green algae

Seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Evolution of specialized cells / tissue

Evolution of cuticle

Evolution of vascular tissue

Evolution of pollen grains / seeds

Pollen grainsPollen grains

Hard covering around sperm, light weight Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by windallows travel by wind

Removes water requirement for Removes water requirement for fertilizationfertilization

Sperm still swimsSperm still swims

At the very end when At the very end when pollen lands on pollen lands on another plant of another plant of same speciessame species

Pollen tube connects Pollen tube connects to ovary, sperm swim to ovary, sperm swim to eggto egg

Full colonization of landFull colonization of land

Vascular tissueVascular tissue

++

Reproduction through airReproduction through air

SeedsSeeds

Tough coat protects newly fertilized Tough coat protects newly fertilized embryoembryo

Also contains supply of food (endosperm) Also contains supply of food (endosperm) to survive during dormancy periodto survive during dormancy period

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Think cones (any conifer like pine trees)Think cones (any conifer like pine trees)

female ovary

male pollen cone

Gymnosperm pollen Gymnosperm pollen strategystrategy

Release a lot, hope some pollinateRelease a lot, hope some pollinate

(Meanwhile, irritating everyone else)(Meanwhile, irritating everyone else)

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Bryophytes

Green algae

Seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Evolution of specialized cells / tissue

Evolution of cuticle

Evolution of vascular tissue

Evolution of pollen grains / seeds

Evolution of flowers / fruits

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Think flowers (most diverse plant group)Think flowers (most diverse plant group)

FlowersFlowers

Attract animals to help carry pollen to the next Attract animals to help carry pollen to the next flowerflower

Color or scent attractors guide animals to Color or scent attractors guide animals to obtain sugar from plantobtain sugar from plant

Oh, and while you’re at it, grab some pollenOh, and while you’re at it, grab some pollen

Some angiosperms still wind pollinate (grass)Some angiosperms still wind pollinate (grass)

Advertising in UV colorAdvertising in UV color

After fertilization, ovary After fertilization, ovary becomes fruitbecomes fruit

FruitFruit

Typically collects sugar to attract animalsTypically collects sugar to attract animals

Seeds survive animal digestive system, Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent (and pooped out far away from parent (and with free fertilizer!)with free fertilizer!)

Some are not eaten by animals, just help Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion)wind carry seed (dandelion)

Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction

Plants can also reproduce asexuallyPlants can also reproduce asexually

Many plant parts can regrow to make a Many plant parts can regrow to make a whole new organism when separated whole new organism when separated (vegetative reproduction)(vegetative reproduction)

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Bryophytes

Green algae

Seedless vascular plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Evolution of specialized cells / tissue

Evolution of cuticle

Evolution of vascular tissue

Evolution of pollen grains / seeds

Evolution of flowers / fruits