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Plant Function
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
Wayne Huang, PhDAndrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD
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Learning Objectives
Pl t N t iti
By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Plant Nutrition
Plant Hormones
Plant Defense
Plant Reproduction
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Plant Function Concept Map
Air
Plant reproductionPlant GrowthSoil
Air
Plant Hormones
CytokininsCytokininsABAs
GAS Ethylene
Auxin
Regulated byFlower structureFlower structure
Seed Development
pathogensInsects
pathogens
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Growth promotionPhototropismPhototropism
GravitropismGravitropism
Apical DormancyApical Dormancy
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Plant Nutrition
Plants obtain their nutrients from soil and air.
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Plant Nutritional SourcesThe major source of plant
nutrition is fixation of atmospheric CO2 using
photosynthesis to produce simple sugar
Photosynthesis is the source of energy to make sugars.
simple sugar.
Soil and water are also sources of
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nutrition. They provide an
anchorage as well as minerals and
nutrients.
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Nutrient Classes
Nonmineral nutrients from air and water, carbon, hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen and oxygen.
Mineral nutrients from soil include macronutrients
which are required in large quantities.
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quantities.
Micronutrients are required in small
quantities.
Macronutrients Primary macronutrients
include: nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.
Secondary macronutrients include: calcium, magnesium
and sulfur.
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
MagnesiumMagnesium Sulfur
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Phosphorus
Primary Secondary
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7 Micronutrients
There are 7 micronutrients. These are needed in small amounts.
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe) Boron (B)
Zinc (Zn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
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Chloride (Cl)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Obtaining Nutrients
Plants get nutrients from soil (roots) or air
(leaves and stems).
Macronutrients are usually not sufficient in cultivated soil and need to be added as fertilizer.
Natural plant communities recycle nutrients for use by other organisms.
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Other ways to get nutrients include:• Nitrogen fixation by bacteria.• Carnivorous feeding.• Symbiotic association with fungi.• Parasitic plants.
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TranspirationTranspiration is the evaporation of
excess water from aerial parts of a plant. This is done by leaves,
stems, flowers and fruits.
Root absorbs minerals and water from soil
Water and solute are transported up through plants via xylem
The driving force is the
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The driving force is the evaporation from leaves via guard cells
This process is called transpiration
Transportation of Carbohydrates
Leaves make carbohydrates to ysupport plant life –sugar source
Carbohydrates are transported down via phloem in vascular tissue to where they
b d
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can be used –sugar sink
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Plant Hormones
Plant Growth and Development
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Plant Hormones
Five major types of hormones that control plant growth and development.
A hormone is a chemical messenger between cells. They signal target cells to change a physiological activity.
1. Auxin2. Gibberellins
(GA)3. Cytokinins4. Ethylene5. Abscisic
Acid (ABA)
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AuxinAuxins are produced by apical tissues and developing leaves and they stimulates downward
growth.
Auxins function at the cell level by stimulating cell
elongation and cell division.
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The most important auxin is indole-3-acetic acid
(IAA).
Auxin FunctionsAuxinAuxins are plant hormones that are
involved in the coordination of many growth and behavior processes in
the plant’s life cyclethe plant s life cycle.
Auxins are used to promote the growth of roots as
well as flowering, setting fruits and preventing premature fruit drop.
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p p
Auxins act by stimulating or inhibiting the expression
of specific genes.
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Apical Dominance
Apical dominance is the inhibition of lateral buds by auxin
Dormant lateral bud
lateral buds by auxin from the apical bud.
Auxin is broken down as it moves down stem, so its concentration decreases.
Apical bud removed
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Removal of apical bud releases apical dominance
Phototropism
Phototropism: when illuminated from one direction, the shoot proceeds to grow in that direction.
When illuminated, Auxin accumulates on the shady side of a plant
This stimulate elongation of
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gcells from the shady side and bend the plant to the light
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GravitropismPlant growth and its movements
respond to gravity. This is known as gravitropism.
When a plant is put into a horizontal position plant shoots will bend upward
because auxin accumulatesbecause auxin accumulates on the lower part of the stem called negative gravitropism.
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Plant roots will respond by bending down which is known as positive gravitropism. This is because of the accumulation of starch granules in the root
caps.
Cytokinins – Adenine Derivatives Cytokinins stimulate plant cell
differentiation. Notice the difference in these two plants of
treated versus untreated.
Cytokinin Function• Stimulate cell division• Major source: roots
and apical meritstem• Opposite to auxin:
1)Move upward; 2)
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) o e up a d; )promote growth of lateral buds
• Prevents leaf senescence
• Essential for plant cell culture.
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Gibberellins
Gibberellins promote stem elongation, as well as in “bolting” which is sudden stem
elongation. It breaks the dormancy of seeds and stimulates flowering mature plantsand stimulates flowering mature plants.
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There are more than 30 structurally
related compounds.
Abscisic AcidIt is a major plant stress
hormone. Abscisic acid is a plant hormone involved in
adscission (shedding) of plant parts and in bud dormancy.
Abscisic acid is involved in the closing of stomata. It inhibits fruit ripening and encourages
seed dormancy by inhibiting celly seed dormancy by inhibiting cell growth.
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In winter preparation abscisic acid is produced in the terminal buds and slows
growth and protects buds during the cold.
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Ethylene
Function
The only gas form of plant hormone, produced by fruit.
Promote fruit ripening
Stimulates senescence and abscission in leaves and fruits
Minor functions:
Sprouting of potato buds;
H2C=CH2 Ethylene
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p g p ;
Seed germination;
Flower formation in some species
What Plant Hormone Trigger Growth?
Do you know what plant hormone is involved in
promoting growth?
If you said auxin, cytokinin and
gibberellins you arep g g gibberellins you are right.
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Plant Defense
How plants cope with stress and insects
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Plant Defense
There are two basic strategies of plant
defense: physical and chemical barrier.
Physical barriers against herbivores include:
• Cuticle: a layer of wax onchemical barrier. Cuticle: a layer of wax on the surface of leaves• Trichomes: extension of plant cells• Spines which are modified leaves.• Bark
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Chemical barriers: secondary metabolites or chemical toxins that could cause problems for the predator.
These chemicals include isoprenes, phenolic compounds and alkaloids.
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Systemin Response Plant response to wound: systemin
S th i f S th i fSynthesis of Systemin
Plants under attack
Proteinase inhibitorsSynthesis of
Proteinase inhibitors
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Systemin is a signal molecule for plants to sense the wound and triggers a series of biochemical reaction to release proteinase inhibitors which are toxic to insects.
Plant Defense to Pathogens
Virus Infection
Cell Death
■ Gene-for-Gene TheoryTo every pathogen avirulence (avr) gene, there is a
corresponding R gene (resistance gene) in plant to trigger
Hypersensitive Response (HR)
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HR
HR is commonly followed by a slower response that leads to systemin acquired resistance (SAR). SAR occurs when a hormone, which may be salicylic acid, travels from the infection site to nearby tissues and triggers the expression of a specific set of genes.
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How Does a Plant Respond to Injury?
How do plants respond to being
wounded?
It mounts a systemin response involving
signaling from wounded? systemin.
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Plant Reproduction
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Sexual and Asexual ReproductionPlants can reproduce
asexually and sexually.Yes, sexual reproduction involves male gametes (sperms) and female gametes (eggs) which combine to
create a zygote.
In asexual reproduction offspring are produced
by mitosis and are genetically identical to
the parent.
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Female structures house the embryo
during development.
Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
Seeds
Seed germination
Seed production
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Seed germination
Pea plant
Adult plant with flowers
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Flowers are Reproductive Organs
PedalStigma Carpel
(female organs)
Filament
AntherSteman(male organs)
Ovary (female organs)
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Sepal
Formation of Gametes
Microspores --> Pollens
Megaspores --> EggsMeiosis
Mother Cell (2N)
3
Meiosis
Pollen Mother Cell
Pollen Pollen Pollen Pollen
Pollen Grain
Pollen Grain
Pollen Grain
Pollen Grain
2N
1Nmegaspores degenerate, 1 survives
3 times mitosis then cell dividing
1N egg cell
2N t l ll
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GrainGrainGrainGrain
1N
Embryo sac in ovaryPollen grain in anther
2N central cell1N egg cell
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Pollination
Pollination: Pollen from male organs are transferred to surface of stigma
Sperms meet megaspores (eggs)1 Self-pollination
2 Self-pollination, same plant but different flower
3 Cross-pollination
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pDifferent plants
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Formation of ZygotesPollen tube grows, two sperm cells are delivered into ovary
One sperm fertilize one of the 6 eggs, one fertilizes the central cell
Fertilized egg develops into 2N zygotes and fertilized central cell develop into endosperm (3N)
Zygotes attach to parental plant to acquire nutrients which is to be stored in cotyledons
1N 1N1N 1NCentral cell (2N)
Ovary
3N3N
3N 3NEndosperm(3N)
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1N 1N
1N
1N
1N Egg cell (1N)
Pollen tube
2 sperm nuclei
3N (3N)Embryo (2N)
Double pollination
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Seed StructureZygotes grow and differentiate, acquiring and
store food in cotyledons and seed forms.
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How are Seeds Developed?
How does a seed develop?
Double pollination.Pollination of eggs forms
the embryo.
Acorn
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Pollination of the central cell forms the endosperm
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Question: Review____ is the evaporation of excess water from aerial parts of a plant.
___________Transpiration
D dA i ti l t ___________
___________
Downward
Apical dominance
Auxins stimulate _____ growth.
_______ is the inhibition of lateral buds by auxin from the apical bud.
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___________Cytokinins_____ stimulate plant cell differentiation.
____ promote stem elongation and bolting. ___________Gibberellins
Plant nutrients
Macronutrients
Plant nutrients
Macronutrients
Learning Summary
Plant defense
Natural barrier
Plant defense
Natural barrierMacronutrients
micronutrients
Macronutrients
micronutrients
Pl t th dPl t th d
Against wound
Against pathogen
Against wound
Against pathogen
Plant reproductionPlant reproduction
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Plant growth and development
Plant hormones
Plant growth and development
Plant hormones
Flowers
Zygotes
Seeds
Flowers
Zygotes
Seeds
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Congratulations
You have successfully completed the core tutorial
Plant Function
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