Plant Diversity & Evolution (Outline) • Review the Life cycle of Fungi • Characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Plantae. • Evolution of plants: Challenges and adaptations to living on land • Highlights of plant evolution of the four groups of plants. • Distinguishing features of mosses, ferns, cone-bearing, and flowering plants. • Haploid and diploid cells and structures in plants: gametophyte and a sporophyte genetic content, cell division and resulting cells. • Life cycle of mosses, ferns, cone-bearing, and flowering plants: Structural adaptations • Alternation of haploid and diploid in early plants with that of later plants in relation to: – The haploid or diploid nature of the cells making up the green leafy part of the plant. – Cell division leading to the growth of the green leafy plant. – Presence of male and female gametes: their names reflecting mode of dispersal for fertilization and zygote formation. • Co-dependence: evolution of animal and land plants. • Modern day importance of plants for human existence.
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Plant Diversity & Evolution - San Diego Miramar College
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Plant Diversity & Evolution (Outline)
• Review the Life cycle of Fungi• Characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Plantae.• Evolution of plants: Challenges and adaptations to living on land• Highlights of plant evolution of the four groups of plants. • Distinguishing features of mosses, ferns, cone-bearing, and flowering plants.• Haploid and diploid cells and structures in plants: gametophyte and a sporophyte
genetic content, cell division and resulting cells.• Life cycle of mosses, ferns, cone-bearing, and flowering plants: Structural
adaptations• Alternation of haploid and diploid in early plants with that of later plants in relation
to:– The haploid or diploid nature of the cells making up the green leafy part of the
plant.– Cell division leading to the growth of the green leafy plant.– Presence of male and female gametes: their names reflecting mode of
dispersal for fertilization and zygote formation.• Co-dependence: evolution of animal and land plants.• Modern day importance of plants for human existence.
Classification systems
5 Kingdom system 3 Domain system1. Monera 1. Bacteria
Dispersal of pollen and fertilized naked seeds depends on wind
Both pollen and seeds of gymnosperms have wing-like structures and can be airborne
• Angiosperms • The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with
gametophytes in its flowers
• The flower is the centerpiece of reproduction
• A male gamete is a pollen grain (does not swim) fertilizes an ovule in the female gametophyte
• The flower is modified into a fruit once fertilization takes place, with the zygote developing into a sporophyteembryo and becomes a seed, with stored food and a protective coat
Flowering plants
Flowers usually consist of: sepals, petals, stamens (which produce pollen), and carpels(which produce eggs)
Anther
FilamentStamen
Petal
Receptacle Ovule
Sepal
Stigma
StyleOvary
Carpel
Life cycle of an angiosperm
Sperm
Pollen grains (n)Meiosis
Meiosis
Stigma
Pollen grainPollen tube
Egg (n)
Ovule
Fertilization
Embryo(2n)
Foodsupply
Seedcoat
Seeds
KeyHaploid (n)Diploid (2n)
Sporophyte (2n)Ovule Ovary
StigmaAnther
1Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes.
2 Haploid spore in each ovuledevelops into female gametophyte,which produces egg.
Angiosperms evolved in the presence of insects and other animals
1. Pollen has no wing-like structures.Depend on insects and birds for pollination.
2. Seeds don’t have wing-like structure. Depend in addition on dispersal by animals either physically or by eating fruits and dispersing their seeds over long distance with their feces.
3. Interactions with animals have profoundly influenced flowering plant evolution, a major source of food for animals
Animals also aid plants in pollination
The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal fruits are adaptations for seed dispersal
Angiosperms provide
1. food produced by agriculture 2. important medicinal products
Some plants in these forests contain chemicals that have medicinal uses