Plant Biology – Invasion of Land

11-02-28 9:26 AMGeneral Adaptive Trends Archegonium/antheridium Embryophyta (protected embryo)Stomates Vasculature (stellar anatomy)Sporophyte dominance DiploidImpending spring Dormancy break Bud break phenologyAcer rubrum red mapleSalix Nigra (willow)Embryophyta invasion of land by other species caused the protection of the species by embryos.Tracheophytes Adaptive difference is the ability to distribute water over longer distancesMosses have traits that are similar to tracheophytes, have water conducting vessels inside the organism for water conductionSeedless vascular plants lycopods Heterospory - stellar anatomy (horsetails) Higher level of complexity for pathways that are used to transport water. The ability to survive by the ability to transport water through longer distances

The Ferns leptosporangial protective tubing outside the initial cell creating a spore bearing body Eusporangal - multiple cells play a role in the forming of the final spore bearing structure creating periclinal and anticlinal divisions which naturally result in sporogenousSporogenous cells under go meiosis to form the eventual spores. Leptosporangial (order filicales) EusporangralOphioglassalesMorathalesWater ferns (exhibit heterospory) Marsileaea SalvinalesDevelopment of ferns water relations in ferns and other vascular/tracheal plants. The outer cover which holds the spores in one place, which is a 3 dimensional structure.The skin/coating of the cell protects the spore bearing body which is inside the coating.The annulus which sits inside the body dries out because of relatively low humidity which causes the evaporaton of water away from the annulus which dries out causing the body coating to get tighter. the resultant is the loss of water and drying of the coat of the outer layer and because of the evaporation of the water away from the annulus causes gaps when the tensile is forced apart causing the annulus to open out and the spores disperse into the air. The spores are extremely small and are airborne, basically the opening up of the annulus causes the spores to travel through air to another moisture location for germination. The capability of spores to remain dormant for longer periods of times is known to be of scientific importance as it explains the formation of germination in remote locations in the world.Ferns tracheal/vascular plants Root cell - High osmolarity draw water into the cell and once its into the root cell it will be pushed up to the stemRoot pressure plays a role in the growth of the stem and because of the thickness and the osmolarity of water inside the root cellEvapotranspiration (pull) release of water vapour from inside the cell to the outside, causing water movement. Humidity is a major factor in the pull motion of water. Inside the leaf there is a path of water that goes into the xylum, tensile strength causes a string of water movement all the way down to the root soil. Evapuration occurs at the top of the stem pulling water up to the stem from the root.Mechanical strength of the stem is the measurable factor which describes the rate at which the water supply reaches the stem of the plant from the root through xylem Scientific is inconclusive to providing a measurable data to determine the levels of H20 present at the stem or the rootMeasurements of the tensile strength at the coat is vital in determining the ability of the strength of water flowInside tree very fine water strands causes small popping noise once an ultrasound device was attached to the tree showing the water bubbles popping as the tensile strength of the coat popped to release water.The snappy sounds is the water strands breaking and causes the transport of water reaching from the conductive pathways that lead from the root cell to the stem the breakage of the water tense pathways causes the death of a tree because of lack of ability for the water to reach the stem from the root cell.The tensile pull of the water relies heavily upon the evaporation of the structure and the tensile strength and is strong enough to pull that strand all the way up to the leaves

Seeded Vascular Plants Heterospores represents the difference between a microgametophyte sperm for motile fern or pollen for non motile fertilization and megagametophyte Megagamtophyte Diploid 2n sporophyte embedded inside the sporophyte is the structure of a gametophyte which includes haploid cells and egg cells which will be fertilized by the microgametophyte FertilizationDiploid embryo occurs inside the haploid megagametophyte concept of sporophytic which forms a gametophyte through meiosis which is fertilized to form another diploid embryo which is embedded into the gametophyte which is embedded into the sporophyte which turns into the seed.Leaf Anatomy MicrphyllsMegaphylls Sporophyte DominationHeterospory Micro & megaspores Gymnosperms (Seeded Vascular Plants)Heterospory Seed Seed parasitic on surrounding megagametophyte parasitic on surrounding sporophyte Tracheophytes vascular system that pulls water up larger distances

Evolutionary concepts Embryophyta stellar anatomyProsteleSiphonesteleEustele

Secondary meristems Vascular cambium dividing cells which differentiate into xylem which brings more water to the leaves at the top of the plantsSecondary meristem plays a key role in term of dominance terrestrial speciesDioecious 2 Root & SoilMale & female plant organs Ginkgo Biloba Structure associated with the species is a strand lethargy soft feelGinkgos emerge in spring and the biloba means the 2 lobes present in the leafs and are very resistant to air pollution and harsh environments imposed on species due to pollution by mankindThey exist in eastern Asian countries and no presence in wild ecosystems They are diecious meaning have both male and female versions The female has a seed being formed and the male has the macrosporangia Ginkgo biloba short shoot bearing male strobili. The leaves have not reached mature size Female version of the plant is avoided because of the nature of the seed plant that is produced which is small, approximately the size of a ping pong ball which is a leather coating and inside the seed is the most disgusting slimy substance which smells awfulGnetales Anticipate the appearance of flowers on plants called angiosperms Angiosperms have flowersConiferals (conifers) Monoecious group male and female are on the same plant Fruit & woody cone Pinaceae Pine family Taxodiaceae Genus associated known as Sequoia Cupressaceae Genus associated known as ThujaTaxaceace Genus associated known as Taxus species - taxolNeedle like leaves fascicles at the root of the needle like structuresTaxol affect on mammal cell growth resulted inhibitory anti cancer drug actually used to essentially biosynthetically used to treat cancer patients

Plant Biology Invasion Of Land 11-02-28 9:26 AM

Angiosperms flowering plants 100 million years ago Species Diversity Bryophytes : 22, 500 species Pteridophyta : 9000Gymnosperms : 750Angiosperms : 220, 000 Explosive Diversity Explosive biomass AngiospermsExplosive Biomass of the angiosperms is described as aggressive vegetative growth Kudzu Speak in southern accent, became a threat because of over growth exemplifies invasive species through aggressive growth factors and violent expansion of biomasses What is a flowering plant?The flower is the important part of flowering a plant.

Continuity of species the flowers, the trees, the birds, and the bees are all vehicles of transport which aids the explosive diversity of vegetative flower plant explosion. Fertilization methods through gametes fusion. The embryo sac between gametes and egg cell which creates a diploid sporophyte progeny, there is also a triploid structure which is formed by one pollen and 2 nuclei.

Life of the plant reproduction Micro Gametogenesis male component Pollen Mother cell is a diploid which goes through Meiosis 1 and 2 to form 4 haploid spores in a tetrad structure. The tetrad structure will disintegrate allowing for the free release of the spores into the atmosphere or through a vehicle to transport to another species The exine skin of the exterior is a really tough body of the protective wall which contain the spore structures inside which will eventually allow the cell growth of the spores inside the cell but the permeability of the exine coating is strictly permeable and the transport of the pollen from one species to another is carried out by a vehicle. The spores remains dormant until ideal germination environment which is protected by the tough exine exterior. Cytoplasmic changes actually involve the haploid nuclei undergoing mitosis to produce 3 nuclei : two sperm generative nuclei meaning they are going to fuse with the nuclei on the female side and the 3rd nuclei is called the vegetative nuclei. Membrane bound structures inside the two generation nuclei formed through the haploid germination process means during the entire maturation processs from the microspore the parent cell structure is membrane bound inside the two generative nucleiPollen Mitosis Sperm cells and vegetative nucleusAngiosperms Flowering Plants The life of a plant reproductive biologyMicrogametogenesis (pollen)Megagametogenesis (ovule) Formation of nucellus (2n Parental) Creation of megasporocyte Meiosis 1 ---Meiosis 2 Tetraspores (haploid) 3 spores degenerate --- monosporic most common leads to Bisporic or Tetrasporic I the fern formation of bonafide gametophyte which is a vegetative structureMitosis one cell splits into 2 cells which gather at opposite polar locations which leads to 2 more cells being formed at the opposite polar locations which leads to 8 cells in the final form of the gametophyte Microphyte include egg cell within the center of the micrphyte and the 2 cells adjacent to the centralized egg cell are called synergid cells 2 cells on the side are called antipodal cells the 2 central nuclei fuse together to form a diploid one of the nuclei fuse with the egg cell to form a zygote in a diploid state from the pollen in the micrgametophyte and the ovule from the megagametophyte forms a triploid called endosperms

The life of a plantCo-evolution pin and thrum morphology structure show the different conformation of stigma and anthers. The different morph structure promotes inbreeding growth patterns resulting in weaker offspring. This is referred to as the physical mechanism that defines the growth A plant does not rely solely on morphology to survive, there are other mechanisms associated with this process which insure avoiding inbreeding within the population Gametophytic System vs Sporophytic System Compatibility vs incompatibility Incompatibility Gametophytic/Sporophytic Gametophytic Games major control of the systemSporophytic Genetically parental control of the systemDarwin and Mendel used gametophytic and sporophytic experimentation to determine the different control variabilities The genetics control to maximize the ability to outcross the species to provide a stronger offspring

The Life Of A Plant Micro/Megagametogensis Pollination/Self Outcrossing/Icompatibality gametophytic/sporophytic Gametophytic Hermaphrodite (most common 90%) Male and Female on same flower Bisexual plantsMonoecious (5%) separate male and female. Flowers on same plant Dioecious (2%) separate male and female plantsHumans got sex chromosomes XX, XY

Dioecious : male, staminate and female pistillate on different individuals.Bisexual : Male and female on same plant hermaphrodite : female and male flowers on same plant Monoecious: separate male and female flowers An X linked Gene with a degenerate Y linked homologue in a dioecious plant Most flowering plants are hermaphroditic having flowers with both male and female parts. Less then 4 percent of placent species are dioecious with individual of speerate sexes, mane of these species have chromosome miediated sex determination. The taxonomic distribution of separate sexes and chromosomal sex determination systems in the flowering plants indicates that plant sex chroomsomes have evolved recently through replicated independent events, contrasting with the ancient origins of mammalian and insect chromosome. Here we show a gene encoding a male specific protein is linked to the X chromosome in the dioeciously plant silene latifolia and that it has a degenerate Y linked locus has degenerated as a result of nucleotide detection and the accumulation of repetitive sequences.

Succesful Fertilization has occurred Diploid cell Zygote Normally one of the first things that occurs in the development of embryo, cellular division relies upon formation of asymmetries, humans have head and feet and are asymmetrical structure. In the case of plants the initial creature of axis is the first cellular division which results in the appearance of an asymmetric two cell state The 2 divisions are called apical cell which is the top of the cell and the basal cell which Is the bottom part of the cell closely linked to the root Apical cell = stem cellBasal cell = root cell The continued division will create a greater division of asymmetrical distribution and create a basal cell and apical cells and subsequent divisions will occur in the apical cell followed by the development of more advanced cell parts within the final form of the plant. The divisions continue to form the epidermis of the cell through the division of only the apical cell. The basal cell is only divided into 2 regions but the apical cell goes through further divisions to include the epidermis structure called the protoderm Assymetic polarity development crucial for the development of embryo of higher plants Protoderm is eventually the epidermis of the organism which is formed through cellular division of the apical cell The embryo resides in the seeds which further enhances and forms into the plantThrough further cellular division and germination process the embryo turns into a heartstage which is one step prior to the completion of the germination stage where the final product is created known as the plantThe heart stage has an apical structure captured through the cellular division of the apical cell and includes the cotyledon juvenile leaves and included between the cotyledons includes the apical meristem towards the end of the heart stage includes the root apex Formation of the heart stage cotyledon and apical structure occurs after roughly 10 days of germination fertilization stageZygote (parental sporophyte) survival key for further germinationActive cellular division germinate and survive is through the parental zygote (sporophyte) To survive the zygote needs to protect itself from the harsh environments surrounding it. One critical way plants defend themselves is the presence of water to actively metabolize, photosynthesize, active respiration, reproduce. Through water the zygote will shut down the metabolic processes and will desiccate itself One of the final steps that occurs and is the part of the pre plant separation is known lipid deposition and protein depositionThe 2 steps leading to desiccation are known as protein deposition and lipid deposition storage of vital ingredients before desiccationDesiccation packaged of protein and lipids to survive once it leaves the parent sporophyte for eventual germination and prior to germination and instead it desiccates and enters the state of deep dormancy to protect itself.

Final stages of embryogenesis Carbohydrates, lipid, protein deposition leads to desiccation which leads to dormancy. The key to reach the dormancy state is the loss of water which is the essential natural resource for lifeWater and salt balance are the most important factors that support vital germination and fertilization processesRemoval of water leads to desiccation and dormancy by slowing everything down, the ability for an organism to survive such as mosses have adapted so well to the loss of water leads to dormancy levels which slows down metabolic activities and respiration rates. The dormant and desiccated state is an alive state jus requires water and air for it to return back to normal state. A seed maintains itself in a dormant state and it is key for it to survive in a dormant state under harsh conditions Plant seeds in the ground and germination procedure begins and the cold winter and cold harsh environment takes over and the seeds remain dormant and desiccated state until the ideal conditions are reached for maximum and optimum growth factors No seeds would germinate in November, ideal conditions for germination is spring around March 18, 2011Dormancy and desiccated state becomes crucial for the survival of plant seeds under harsh conditions Desiccation = dormancy

Possible Exam Question Zygote embryogenesis what is the process of zygote embryogenesis?Apical merestem What are the important stages for seed survival?Asymmetric divisionProtoderm formationDesiccation Heart shape embryo Protein/lipid/carbohydrate deposition actual amounts are varied depending upon the seed Important stages for seed survival Life of the plant Inferior ovaryBiomechanics: the flight of the maple seed The seed remains in the air as long as possible to spread out to invade every likely atmosphere where germination could take over the world Maple have to spread throughout the northern region to expand Some examples of types of processes that can occur in terms of the seed and fruit development Fruits fleshy, dry fruit In some instances the variances can be quiet remarkable, strawberries are unusual because the seed are embedded outside of the fruit The strawberries survive through the animal consumption of the seeds located on its exterior beans are often kept in a large bean dispensing structure. In wild types the pot opens up and the seeds are dispersed There are different types of mechanisms that are associated with the seeds Seed coatA coat extremely permeable to oxygen, waterEnvironmental protectionAn Embry Apical cell matures into the plant Food storage seeds divided into oil, starch, protein Food storage included into the endosperm, cotyledons Storage of food is anticipated in successful germination of the seed An ideal example is cucumber outer seed coat which is quiet strong. Inner component is called cotyledon and the basement cell is called radicle Seed bank Dormant seeds residency for extended periods of time waiting for the right conditions to germinate For seeds to remain dormant for longer periods of time is explained by the atmospheric conditions of the climate in which the seeds are situated The discovery of dorment locus seeds was recorded by scientists about 100 years ago Lotus embryo Extreme example of dormancy Waxy coated cells on the exterior of the seeds that protects the dormancy state of the cell. A Schloratic layer which densely packed together combined with the overall thickness is remarkable in a sense that it provides protection and also helps maintain dormancy state The parenchyma which seperates the outer coat from the inner coat The foot storage is within the cotyledons which are located within the embedded embryo inside Oxygen levels inside the embryo will react with crucial components inside the embryo such as DNA The Nil respiration minimize oxidative damage which can react harshly with DNA inside the embryo Alphanes Therophyte which germinates in mid to late fall Seed dormancy and dormancy break Environmental cues temperature Light Hormones Water Degree daysDegree days are the sum of degrees below 1880% germination 78 days 52 days embryo

heat capacity of soil cold-duration-senson seed coat is inhibitory soil soil temperature January 22September 22

Question At what month would the soil emperature at a depth of 2.5cm be warmest in Toronto A none of the below B January

Break of dormancy Temperature optimal for germination accumulated cold degree-days Light light induction/photo period Fluctuating temperature may be required Accumulated cold northern or southern temperate conditions and the abiity to measure the accumulated cold. Apple seeds intact seeds at 50% germination 64 days At 80% germination 78 days Seed coat removed 43 daySeeds require specific germination levels for optimal conditionsNorth to South vary according to altitude.Ecotype individual species will vary based on its environment and a lot of variation exists After years the mechanisms for the variations based on environmental conditions are still not fully identified and researched Depending upon the time of year in particular case mid july or December, research shows maximum germination occurs in December in order for it to be mature by spring The requirements that exist for germination to occur is dependent on the environment Light dependence of germination of a seed In the form that should be familiar to you in the context of the term action potential Spectrolight requirements are a primary factor which under lies the action potential capacity Spectroqualities are studied to determine the most optimal conditions for % germinationRed light is optimal condition for percent germination Inhibition occurs at 800nm spectrometer wave length Dark ---- Light -----24 hrs period to determine the spectrometer, typical indogenous and extogenous conditions to observe what happens in the process of germinationFar Red light occurs in the dark which signals the optimal conditions for growth RL +or equal to 100%FR equal or less then 5%RL-FR yielded there was no germination that occurred which signaled more questions then answersPhoto reversibility Ability to reverse a procedure by light treatment RL-FR-RL-FR the last treatment has the photo reversibility affect Linear tetrapyrolleIn sunlight natural conversion from red light to far red light form If you turn off the light the dark reversion will occur from far red light to the red light form Sunlight is going to produce far red light growth and dark reversion will result as a final product.Far red light pigment process produces seed germinationQuestion for examWhich of the following pigments undergoes photo reversion with either red light or far red light

Which process is used by plants to identify the equinor?

Light sensing phytochrome linear tetrapyrole conjugated Flaroproteins Photosynthetic pigments

A lnear tetrapyrole conjugated to protein (apoprotein + pigments = chromo protein Two forms red light absorbing PrPr red absorbing lightPFR far red absorbing

RL red light causes conversion to PFR shine farther red light to PFR will be converted into PR form Light sensing Transduction Signal Pathways In general sunlight can have a dominant Red light component causes conversion from PR to PFR form. The sunlight pushes PR to PFR form and if further Red light is shined on the PFR then the pigment is converted to PR Sun rises at PFR and sets at PFR and during the night time the PFR goes through slow reversion process into the PR form and it allows the plant to measure the night length. The plant measures the night time through the conversion of PFR to PR through night. The plant counts the length of night and as the night shortens which spring approaching and the shorter night length will cause the activation of the dormant or activating sequence depending on optimal environmental conditions. Multiple different genes tuned to different aspects of light sensing mechanisms. Modifying light to revert the pigment process from PFR to PR. Red light going through dark period goes to FR. Another experiment and the dark period is extended to a longer period of time reaches FR. In between stimulus and output exists a blackbox. There may be hints of what may lay inside the blackbox but it is not guaranteed. A lot of times there are signal transduction pathways which go through an object after stimulation is applied. Dark reversion gives way for signal transduction pathways which occur inside the protein cell.

Hormones involved in break of dormancy As a compound nucleic acid will inhibit synapses and make the plant grow younger. Gibberellin GA1 breaker will cause germination where as ABA acid will induce ceasing growth by reducing activity. Hazel seeds Corylus GA at Cold temperature at 5 degrees Celsius germinate and seeds at 20 degrees do not germinate and no cold treatment exists. Ash Fraxinus Americanium seed germination, seeds of the Ash are being examined under the circumstances with GA and interaction with ABA. Seed germination NO ABA, NO GA gives 78% germination and with GA present and ABA absent 81% germination. GA absent and ABA present gives 7% germination. GA present and ABA present gives 63% Germination. GA controls the breaker and the growth factors of the seed and the ABA inhibits the growth process. The seed growth can be measured to learn the germination process of the seed. The interplay between the two GA and ABA factors should be clear in terms of the affect on germination. Some of the hormones have been discovered in the 1900s and were identified later in the years and some of them were identified later in the decade. Usually what happens with the studies is that hormones are poured into the seeds to see the rate of reaction, the experiments are subject to uncertainty. GA breaker of dormancy and inducer of germination and ABA induces dormancy and breaker of germination. Inbibes water (metabolic activity) radicle emgergence. The use of the term radical differentiates between the initial root and the growing root of the plant. The equivalent of the seed root. The emergence of the radicle is absolutely crucial with the germination of the seed. During spring as rain makes its way down the extension of the radicle (root) is extended to begin the germination process through the absorption of water. Radicle Emergency is known as the anchoring of the plant. The soil

Plants Biology 2010 Plants In Motion 11-02-28 9:26 AM