i PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE LAND LAND LAND LAND FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA Samora A. Macrice Samora A. Macrice Samora A. Macrice Samora A. Macrice (PhD) (PhD) (PhD) (PhD) FORCONSULT FORCONSULT FORCONSULT FORCONSULT 201 201 201 2017
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PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY PLANT BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE LAND LAND LAND LAND
FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIAFOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA
Samora A. MacriceSamora A. MacriceSamora A. MacriceSamora A. Macrice (PhD)(PhD)(PhD)(PhD) FORCONSULTFORCONSULTFORCONSULTFORCONSULT
This report presents empirical findings from ecological surveys carried out to document plant biodiversity of six village forests potential for establishment of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) between 2015 and 2016 in Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Ludewa District was not covered by Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and only about 20% of natural forests are formally protected in the District. Forests of Ludewa provide wood and non-wood products, act as water catchment areas and provide a wide range of cultural and recreational benefits. However, they are currently managed under village governments which lack effective management plans and relevant information on their natural capital. Knowledge on plant biodiversity in natural forests is important for CBFM establishment and sustainable biodiversity conservation and protection. The findings in this report are based on 83 randomly selected plots of 10 x 10 m each in six village forests (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang’ombe) of dry miombo woodlands. Data was summarized and analysis of biodiversity indices i.e. abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon stocks was computed in MS Excel. Overall results show that a total of 221 plant species and 51 families were registered from all the forests. The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. Nkomang’ombe forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26 families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families. In terms of species diversity Masimavalafu forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species diversity (H´=2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344 cm2/ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm2/ha. Impatiens gomphophylla (Balsaminaceae) and Duosperma trachyphyllum (Acanthaceae) are endangered species (according to IUCN) recorded in the area. Duosperma livingstoniense (Acanthaceae) a vulnerable species and Pterocarpus angolensis (Leguminosae) a near threatened species were also recorded in the forests. In addition, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (Rubiaceae) and Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae) were also recorded in Ludewa. This demonstrates clearly a significant role played by miombo woodlands under local communities’ management in supporting important biodiversity. It is therefore recommended that current and future improved management strategies in village forest reserves consider CBFM as a viable option for sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation in Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond.
Keywords:Keywords:Keywords:Keywords: Participatory forest management; joint forest management; sustainable forest management; community based conservation; village forest reserve; biodiversity; miombo; diversity; richness; density; carbon; basal area; importance value index; national concern species; trigger species
APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE
FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA ............................................................. 24
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
CBC Community Based Conservation
CBFM Community Based Forest Management
VNRC Village Natural Resource Committee
CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
lVI Importance Value Index
NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products
PF Private Forest
PFM Participatory Forest Management
TFS Tanzania Forest Service
URT United Republic of Tanzania
WCS Wildlife Conservation Society
JFM Joint Forest Management
TFP Tanzania Forest Policy
FA Forest Act
VLFRs Village Land Forest Reserves
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
VFR Village Forest Reserves
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
LUP Land use plan
MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification
SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture
FORCONSULT Forest Consulting Unit at the College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism at SUA
REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks
Plant species richness was determined by the total number of species occurring in a plot.
Density was calculated as stems per hectare. The allometric model for Chamshama et al.,
2004 (i.e. Biomass=0.0625*DBH^2.553) was employed to compute biomass. Biomass
was then multiplied by 0.5 to obtain carbon stocks for tree species. The Shannon-Wiener
index of diversity (H') for trees was computed following Kindt and Coe (2005). The
Shannon-Wiener index of diversity was selected because it combines species richness and
evenness and is less affected by sample size compared to other indices (e.g. Simpsons)
(Krebs, 1989). The species Importance Value Index (lVI) was calculated from the sum of
relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance as explained by Kent and
Coker (1992). Abundance was computed as the total number of individuals for woody
plants while for non woody plants it was the sum of cover/percentages. For non woody
species the relative cover (%) of individual species was then calculated based on the total
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cover, ranked and the most frequent species identified. Basal area (g) was computed
based on the following formula (g)= (PI()DBH^2/4)/plot are(ha).
3333.... RESULTSRESULTSRESULTSRESULTS
3.1. Overall3.1. Overall3.1. Overall3.1. Overall plant communityplant communityplant communityplant community structurestructurestructurestructure for the six forestsfor the six forestsfor the six forestsfor the six forests
Overall, we recorded 221 plant species from 51 families in six Village Forest Reserves of
Ludewa. Litwang’ata forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26
families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families (Table 1;
Figure 2).
Table 1Table 1Table 1Table 1: : : : Plant community structurePlant community structurePlant community structurePlant community structure in in in in six six six six Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe
Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had
the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344
cm2/ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm2/ha (Figure 3).
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Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2.Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania
In terms of species diversity Intake forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species
diversity (2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Overall average number of species in a
forest was 37 while the average Shannon-Wiener index in a forest was 2.07.
Figure Figure Figure Figure 3333.... Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania
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The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. A total of
four trigger species according to IUCN i.e. According to IUCN Impatiens gomphophylla
and Duosperma trachyphyllum are endangered species recorded in the area. Duosperma
livingstoniense a vulnerable species was also registered. Pterocarpus angolensis a near
threatened species was also recorded. In addition, two national concern species with
high potential to be trigger species Syzygium cordatum and Osyris lanceolata were also
registered in the studied forests.
3.2. 3.2. 3.2. 3.2. Mvava Forest RMvava Forest RMvava Forest RMvava Forest Reserveeserveeserveeserve, Mvava Village, Mvava Village, Mvava Village, Mvava Village
A total of 68 plant species and 25 families were recorded in Mvava forest reserve. Of
these 16 were tree species of 8 families. The two most dominant species were Uapaca
kirkiana (36.2%) and Brachystegia sp. (19%) (Table 2). Shannon-Wiener species diversity
was 2.13 while Simpson index was 0.18 for trees of Mvava forest.
Table Table Table Table 2222: : : : Abundance of Abundance of Abundance of Abundance of treetreetreetree sssspecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reservepecies in Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. SciSciSciScientific name entific name entific name entific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily
Uapaca kirkiana had stem density, basal area and important value index of 382, 3344
and 362, respectively. Similarly, Brachystegia sp. had values of 311, 2744 and 322 for
stem density, basal area and important value index, respectively. Syzygium cordatum was
the last species with low density, basal area and important value index of 14, 67 and 6,
respectively (Table 3). Uapaca kirkiana had the highest (490.97 t/ha) while Syzigium
cordatum (3.03 t/ha) had the lowest carbon storage (Table 3). A vulnerable plant species
Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Mvava forest (Appendix 2).
TableTableTableTable 3333: Stem de: Stem de: Stem de: Stem density, bnsity, bnsity, bnsity, basal areaasal areaasal areaasal area,,,, important value indeximportant value indeximportant value indeximportant value index and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks of Mvava of Mvava of Mvava of Mvava
ForestForestForestForest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem Stem Stem Stem
density (ha)density (ha)density (ha)density (ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area ((((cmcmcmcm2222/ha/ha/ha/ha)))) IVIIVIIVIIVI
At Litumbi forest a total of 56 plant species belonging to 26 families were registered. Of
these, 14 were tree species of 12 families. The most dominant tree species was
Brachystegia spiciformis with the abundance of almost 73% (Table 4). The Shannon-
Wiener species diversity for trees was 2.35 while Simpson index was 0.53.
Table Table Table Table 4444: : : : Abundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree speciesAbundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reservein Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/NoS/NoS/NoS/No Botanical nameBotanical nameBotanical nameBotanical name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance (%)(%)(%)(%)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 72.69
2 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 6.48
3 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 5.56
4 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 3.70
5 Albizia sp. Leguminosae 2.78
6 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 2.31
7 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 1.85
8 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae 1.39
9 Myrsine melanophloesa Primulaceae 0.93
10 Combretum molle Combretaceae 0.46
11 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 0.46
12 Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae 0.46
13 Pittosporum viridiflorum Pittosporaceae 0.46
14 Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.46
Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density of 2221 while Faurea saligna had
the highest basal area of 120 (Table 5). In terms of carbon Brachystegia spiciformis had
the highest carbon stock of 4061 t/ha while Lannea schimperi had the lowest with 0.08
t/ha (Table 5). The individual tree species average carbon stock per ha was 302.69 t in
Litumbi Forest Reserve. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) a national concern tree
species was registered at Litumbi forest although only saplings. A vulnerable plant species
Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Litwangara forest (Appendix 2).
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Table Table Table Table 5555: : : : Stem density and bStem density and bStem density and bStem density and basal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserveasal area of Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
(cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha) Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)Carbon (t/ha)
Brachystegia spiciformis 2221 56 4061
Parinari excelsa 198 40 80
Uapaka kirkiana 170 58 42
Brachystegia boehmii 113 49 19
Albizia sp. 85 51 17
Faurea saligna 71 120 13
Ochna schweinfurthiana 57 18 2
Multidentia crassa 42 28 1
Myrsine melanophloesa 28 34 1
Pittosporum viridiflorum 14 50 0.5
Combretum molle 14 33 0.5
Maesopsis eminii 14 28 0.3
Zanha africana 14 22 0.2
Lannea schimperi 14 17 0.1
3.43.43.43.4 Litwang’ata FLitwang’ata FLitwang’ata FLitwang’ata Forestorestorestorest ReserveReserveReserveReserve, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village, Nkomang’ombe Village
There were a total of 91 plant species belonging to 26 families in Litwang’ata Forest
Reserve. Out of all plants 21 were tree species belonging to 13 families (Table 8).
Brachystegia boehmii had the highest abundance (46.3%) while Piliostigma thonningii,
Rothmannia sp, Senna singueana and Vitex iringensis had the lowest abundance (0.4%)
in tree life form (Table 6).
Table 6Table 6Table 6Table 6. . . . AAAAbundance of bundance of bundance of bundance of ttttree species ree species ree species ree species inininin LitLitLitLitwang’atawang’atawang’atawang’ata Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania , Ludewa Tanzania
Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily AbundanceAbundanceAbundanceAbundance (%)(%)(%)(%)
Likewise, Brachystegia boehmii had the highest stem density of 1485 stems/ha (Table 7).
The average stem density and basal area for a species were 153 stems/ha and 93.39
m2/ha, respectively for Litwang’ata Forest Reserve. In terms of tree species diversity the
forest had Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices of 2.11 and 0.24, respectively. Parinari
excelsa had the highest carbon stock and basal area followed by Acacia amythethophylla
(Table 7). An endangered species Impatiens gomphophylla was recorded in Litwang’ata
forest (Appendix 2).
Table 7Table 7Table 7Table 7. . . . Stem densityStem densityStem densityStem density,,,, basal area basal area basal area basal area and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks and carbon stocks of of of of LitLitLitLitwang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve, wang’ata Forest Reserve,
Ludewa TanzaniaLudewa TanzaniaLudewa TanzaniaLudewa Tanzania
Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area ((((cmcmcmcm2222////ha)ha)ha)ha)
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 KKKKimelembeimelembeimelembeimelembe Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village, Kimelembe Village
A total of 66 plant species and 26 families were recorded at Kimelembe Forest Reserve.
Of these, 26 were tree species belonging to 16 families. The most two dominant tree
species were Neoboutonia macrocalyx (38.67%) and Uapaca kirkiana (14.92%) (Table
8).
Table 8Table 8Table 8Table 8: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree speciespeciespeciespecies in in in in KKKKimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserveimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
Neoboutonia macrocalyx had the highest stem density (233 stems/ha) while Ziziphus
mucronata had the highest basal area (551 cm2/ha; Table 9). Sorindeia madagascariensis
had the lowest basal area of 23 cm2/ha (Table 9). The tree species diversity was 2.30 and
0.19 for Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices showing that the forest had moderate
diversity (Table 9).
Table 9Table 9Table 9Table 9:::: Stem density and Stem density and Stem density and Stem density and bbbbasal areaasal areaasal areaasal area in in in in Kimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest ReserveKimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
There were a total of 52 plant species and 22 families in Intake Forest Reserve. Of all
recorded plant species 24 were tree species belonging to 14 families. The two most
dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (34.65%) and Brachystegia boehmii
(11.27%). Dalbergia boehmii, Psidium guajava, Scolopia sp. and Zanha africana were the
species with the least abundance (Table 10).
Table 10Table 10Table 10Table 10: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree species pecies pecies pecies in in in in the the the the Intake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
The Intake Forest Reserve has the tree species Shannon-Winner diversity of 2.38 and
Simpson index of 0.16 (Table 11). Brachystegia spiciformis and Brachystegia boehmii were
the two species with the highest stem density of 1740.09 and 565.88 (Table 11). Scolopia
stolzii had the highest basal area of 367.50 cm2/ha (Table 11). An endangered plant
species Duosperma trachyphyllum was registered in the Intake forest (Appendix 2).
Table Table Table Table 11111111: Stem densi: Stem densi: Stem densi: Stem density and bty and bty and bty and basal area of asal area of asal area of asal area of Intake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest ReserveIntake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density Stem density Stem density Stem density
((((////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area Basal area Basal area Basal area (cm(cm(cm(cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
1 Brachystegia spiciformis 1740.09 123.28
2 Brachystegia boehmii 566 88
3 Neoboutonia macrocalyx 424 142
4 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 410 73
5 Uapaca kirkiana 269 116
6 Dalbergia nitidula 255 136
7 Ficus sycomorus 226 132
8 Syzygium sp. 198 78
9 Brachystegia bussei 170 120
10 Combretum molle 113 71
11 Ximenia caffra 113 21
12 Garcinia volkensii 99 67
13 Euphorbia bongensis 71 84
14 Scolopia stolzii 57 368
15 Pterolobium stellatum 57 143
16 Pterocarpus angolensis 42 292
17 Parinari excelsa 42 76
18 Vitex doniana 42 25
19 Diospyros kirkii 28 68
20 Combretum zeyheri 28 43
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21 Dalbergia boehmii 14 160
22 Zanha africana 14 158
23 Psidium guajava 14 60
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14 29
3.3.3.3.7777 IIIIwela Forest Reservewela Forest Reservewela Forest Reservewela Forest Reserve, Iwela Village, Iwela Village, Iwela Village, Iwela Village
A total of 38 plant species belonging to 21 families were recorded in Iwela Forest
Reserve. Of all the plants 25 were tree species in 18 families (Table 12). The most
dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (54.83%) and Diplorhynchus
condylocarpon (15.94%).
Table 12Table 12Table 12Table 12: : : : Abundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree sAbundance of tree specpecpecpecies ies ies ies in Iwelain Iwelain Iwelain Iwela Forest ReserveForest ReserveForest ReserveForest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
Iwela Forest Reserve had Shannon-Winner and Simpson indices of 1.77 and 0.33 for
trees, respectively. Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density (3211 stems/ha)
while Uapaca kirkiana, Ficus natalensis, Cordia africana, Vernonua karaguensis and
Landolphia kirki had the lowest stem density (in all species 14 stems/ha; Table 13).
Pterocarpus angolensis had the highest basal area of 212 cm2/ha while Landolphia kirki
had the lowest basal area of 15.56 cm2/ha (Table 13).
Table 13Table 13Table 13Table 13: Stem density and b: Stem density and b: Stem density and b: Stem density and basal area of asal area of asal area of asal area of Iwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest ReserveIwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania, Ludewa Tanzania
S/No.S/No.S/No.S/No. Scientific nameScientific nameScientific nameScientific name Stem density (Stem density (Stem density (Stem density (////ha)ha)ha)ha) Basal area (cmBasal area (cmBasal area (cmBasal area (cm2222/ha)/ha)/ha)/ha)
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APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAAPPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGEGEGEGE FORFORFORFOREEEESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIASTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA 1.1.1.1. MVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVEMVAVA FOREST RESERVE
Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species Shrub species
S/No. Scientific name Families
1 Chamaecrista mimosoides Fabaceae
2 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae
3 Dolichos kilimandscharicus Leguminosae
4 Eriosema montanum Leguminosae
5 Fadogia ancylantha Rubiaceae
6 Galactia argentifolia Leguminosae
7 Heteromorpha trifoliata Apiaceae)
8 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae
9 Inulaglomerata Compositae
10 Mucuna stans Leguminosae
11 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae
12 Psoralea foliosa Leguminosae
Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses Herbs and Grasses