Plant Anatomy and Physiology What are the parts of the plant, and how do they work?

Plant Anatomy and Plant Anatomy and PhysiologyPhysiology

What are the parts of the plant, and What are the parts of the plant, and how do they work?how do they work?

What is ClassificationWhat is Classification

GROUPINGGROUPING things according to their things according to their CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

Plant Classification (5 Kingdoms)Plant Classification (5 Kingdoms)

ANIMALANIMAL PLANTPLANT FUNGIFUNGI BACTERIA (MONERA)BACTERIA (MONERA) PROTISTSPROTISTS

Major Plant PartsMajor Plant Parts

RootsRoots StemsStems LeavesLeaves FlowersFlowers

RootsRoots

Functions:Functions: Absorb water and nutrientsAbsorb water and nutrients

Anchor the plant, and support the above ground Anchor the plant, and support the above ground part of the plant.part of the plant.

Store food.Store food.

RootsRoots

Root Systems: Root Systems:

Fibrous: A system that has no dominant primary Fibrous: A system that has no dominant primary root.root.

Tap: A system composed of one primary root and Tap: A system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that branch off.many secondary roots that branch off.

FibrousFibrous

Tap RootsTap Roots

RootsRoots

Primary Root: The first root to emerge at Primary Root: The first root to emerge at germination. May become the main tap root.germination. May become the main tap root.

Secondary Roots: Roots that branch out from Secondary Roots: Roots that branch out from the primary root.the primary root.

Apical Meristem: Area at the tip of the root Apical Meristem: Area at the tip of the root where new cells developwhere new cells develop

RootsRoots

Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly white, and smell fresh.white, and smell fresh.

Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or dark orange and smell rotten and sour.dark orange and smell rotten and sour.

StemsStems

Functions: Functions:

Support the leaves, and positions them so they can Support the leaves, and positions them so they can receive as much sunlight as possiblereceive as much sunlight as possible

Responsible for the size and shape of the plant.Responsible for the size and shape of the plant.

StemsStems

Functions:Functions:

Move water, minerals, and manufactured food Move water, minerals, and manufactured food throughout the whole plant.throughout the whole plant.

Green stems produce food through photosynthesis.Green stems produce food through photosynthesis.

StemsStems

Internal StructuresInternal Structures

Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is located nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is located near the center of the stem.near the center of the stem.

Xylem UpXylem Up!!!!

Stems Stems

Internal Structure:Internal Structure:

Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. The produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. The phloem is usually located near the outside of the phloem is usually located near the outside of the stem.stem.

Phloem DownPhloem Down!!!!

StemsStems

Internal StructureInternal Structure

Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production of new xylum and phloem. It is found between the of new xylum and phloem. It is found between the xylum and phloem.xylum and phloem.

StemsStems

Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems

Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has several Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has several fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil. fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil.

Example: OnionsExample: Onions

Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb.Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb. Example: GladiolusExample: Gladiolus

StemsStems

Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems

Rhizome: Thick underground stem which lies Rhizome: Thick underground stem which lies horizontally. horizontally.

Example: Mother in Law’s TongueExample: Mother in Law’s Tongue

Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the ground (often called runners). ground (often called runners).

Example: Strawberry runners Example: Strawberry runners

StemsStems

Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems

Tuber: Rhizome with a tip that is swollen with Tuber: Rhizome with a tip that is swollen with stored food.stored food.

Example: Potatoes.Example: Potatoes.

LeavesLeaves

Functions:Functions: Produce food for the plants. They are designed to Produce food for the plants. They are designed to

efficiently collect light and use that light to make efficiently collect light and use that light to make energy.energy.

LeavesLeaves

Leaf PartsLeaf Parts Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job is Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job is

to collect sunlightto collect sunlight

Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from the stem.the stem.

Midrib: Main vein running down the center of the Midrib: Main vein running down the center of the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.

LeavesLeaves

Leaf TypesLeaf Types

Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.

Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.

LeavesLeaves

Vein PatternsVein Patterns Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots.Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots.

Netted: Veins form a network. Found in Dicots.Netted: Veins form a network. Found in Dicots.

LeavesLeaves

Leaf Layers:Leaf Layers:

Cuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of the Cuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of the leaf. Its job is to prevent water escaping.leaf. Its job is to prevent water escaping.

Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on both Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on both the top and bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protect the top and bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protect the leaf.the leaf.

LeavesLeaves

Leaf LayersLeaf Layers

Palisade Mesophyll: A layer of cells standing on Palisade Mesophyll: A layer of cells standing on end directly below the upper epidermis. This area end directly below the upper epidermis. This area is responsible for photosynthesis.is responsible for photosynthesis.

Spongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells located Spongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells located beneath the palasade mesophyll. This area is beneath the palasade mesophyll. This area is responsible for holding the products of responsible for holding the products of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

LeavesLeaves

Leaf LayersLeaf Layers Stomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responisble Stomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responisble

for gas exchange.for gas exchange.

Guard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which open Guard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which open and close them.and close them.

Leaf LayersLeaf Layers

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which a plant turns light energy from the sun into a plant turns light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar.chemical energy in the form of sugar.

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis The plant uses water and carbon dioxide to The plant uses water and carbon dioxide to

produce glucose (a sugar). The by product of produce glucose (a sugar). The by product of photosynthesis is oxygen.photosynthesis is oxygen.

These chemical reactions take place inside the cells These chemical reactions take place inside the cells near the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are filled with near the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are filled with Chlorphyll which makes the plants green.Chlorphyll which makes the plants green.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do! Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do! Plants just happen to be lucky enough to have Plants just happen to be lucky enough to have chloroplasts in their cells.chloroplasts in their cells.

RespirationRespiration

Cellular Respiration: The opposite of Cellular Respiration: The opposite of photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars down so plants can use them.down so plants can use them.

Similar to digestion in animals.Similar to digestion in animals.

Takes place in a place in the cell called the Takes place in a place in the cell called the mitochondria.mitochondria.

RespirationRespiration

How are photosynthesis and respiration How are photosynthesis and respiration important to us as human beings?important to us as human beings?

FlowersFlowers

Flower Parts -- MaleFlower Parts -- Male Stamen: Male part of the flower.Stamen: Male part of the flower.

Filament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds up Filament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds up the antherthe anther

Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen.Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen.

FlowersFlowers

Flower Parts -- MaleFlower Parts -- Male Pollen grains are released from the anther that Pollen grains are released from the anther that

contains sperm.contains sperm.

Staminate: Flowers that have only male parts.Staminate: Flowers that have only male parts.

FlowersFlowers

Flower Parts – FemaleFlower Parts – Female Pistil: Female part of the flowerPistil: Female part of the flower

Stigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive to Stigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive to pollen.pollen.

Style: Rod shaped middle part that has a swollen Style: Rod shaped middle part that has a swollen base (ovary) containing eggsbase (ovary) containing eggs

FlowersFlowers

Flower Parts – Neither male or femaleFlower Parts – Neither male or female Petals: colorful leaf-like structures which attract Petals: colorful leaf-like structures which attract

animals and insects.animals and insects.

Corolla: When all of the petals are fused together.Corolla: When all of the petals are fused together.

Sepals: Green leaves that protect the flower before Sepals: Green leaves that protect the flower before it opens.it opens.

FlowersFlowers

Flower Parts – Niether male or femaleFlower Parts – Niether male or female

Calyx: When all of the sepals are fused together.Calyx: When all of the sepals are fused together.

FlowersFlowers

Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parents Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parents (meiosis)(meiosis) #1 The stamen releases pollen.#1 The stamen releases pollen.

#2 Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to #2 Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination occurs)occurs)

#3 The pollen moves from the stigma down through in a #3 The pollen moves from the stigma down through in a pollen tube the style depositing sperm in the ovary. pollen tube the style depositing sperm in the ovary.

FlowersFlowers

Sexual Reproduction in Plants:Sexual Reproduction in Plants: #4 When the sperm has been deposited in #4 When the sperm has been deposited in

the ovary fertilization has occurred.the ovary fertilization has occurred.

#5 When the eggs have been fertilized, the ovary #5 When the eggs have been fertilized, the ovary and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become a and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become a fruit and the fertilized eggs become seeds.fruit and the fertilized eggs become seeds.

FlowersFlowers

Flower Types:Flower Types: Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts.Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts.

Imperfect Flower: A flower that is missing either Imperfect Flower: A flower that is missing either male or female parts.male or female parts.

Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals, Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals, petals, pistils, and stamens.petals, pistils, and stamens.

FlowersFlowers

Flower Types:Flower Types:

Incomplete Flowers: When a flower is missing Incomplete Flowers: When a flower is missing sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen.sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen.

Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete. Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete. Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfectIncomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect

LightLight

Plants need the colors blue and red to activate Plants need the colors blue and red to activate chlorophyll. chlorophyll.

Light bulbs are deficient in the color blue.Light bulbs are deficient in the color blue.

Fluorescent tubes are deficient in the color red.Fluorescent tubes are deficient in the color red.

LightLight

Special grow lights are made that carry the Special grow lights are made that carry the correct blue and red wavelengths.correct blue and red wavelengths.

Light intensity is measured in foot candles.Light intensity is measured in foot candles.

Foot Candle: The amount of light given off by Foot Candle: The amount of light given off by a candle a foot away.a candle a foot away.

LightLight

Plants have adapted to survive in either high, Plants have adapted to survive in either high, partial, or low light intensities.partial, or low light intensities.

LightLight

Photoperiod: The length of daylight.Photoperiod: The length of daylight.

Short Day Plants: Plants that begin to flower when Short Day Plants: Plants that begin to flower when the nights are over 12 hours long.the nights are over 12 hours long.

Long Day Plants: Begin to flower when the nights Long Day Plants: Begin to flower when the nights are under 12 hours long.are under 12 hours long.

Neutral Plants: Flowering response is unaffected by Neutral Plants: Flowering response is unaffected by day length. day length.

TemperatureTemperature

Hardiness: A plants ability to withstand cold Hardiness: A plants ability to withstand cold temperatures.temperatures.

Hardiness is measured using the USDA Hardiness is measured using the USDA hardiness Zone Map.hardiness Zone Map.

We are in zone 5, Logan is in Zone 4We are in zone 5, Logan is in Zone 4

TemperatureTemperature

TemperatureTemperature

Wilting: A condition caused by excess heat Wilting: A condition caused by excess heat and dryness. When a plant wilts it closes its’ and dryness. When a plant wilts it closes its’ stomatas, and the cells loose their turgor stomatas, and the cells loose their turgor pressure.pressure.

Air Air

Oxygen: Is needed by the plant for Oxygen: Is needed by the plant for respiration. It is obtained by the roots.respiration. It is obtained by the roots.

Carbon Dioxide: Is needed by the plant for Carbon Dioxide: Is needed by the plant for photosynthesis. It is obtained through the photosynthesis. It is obtained through the stomata’sstomata’s

WaterWater

Plants get most of the water through their Plants get most of the water through their roots. Some small quantities are also obtained roots. Some small quantities are also obtained through the stems.through the stems.

Difficult task about watering: Plants need Difficult task about watering: Plants need both adequete levels of water and oxygen.both adequete levels of water and oxygen.

WaterWater

Plants should be watered all the way through Plants should be watered all the way through the root zone to encourage even root growth.the root zone to encourage even root growth.

Plants should be grown in pots with drainage Plants should be grown in pots with drainage holes so the water can drain and allow oxygen holes so the water can drain and allow oxygen into the root zone.into the root zone.

Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators

Plant hormones: growth regulators naturally Plant hormones: growth regulators naturally produced by the plant.produced by the plant.

Auxins: Growth hormones produced by the apical Auxins: Growth hormones produced by the apical meristem. They encourage height growth, and meristem. They encourage height growth, and discourage lateral growth.discourage lateral growth.

Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators

Plant Hormones:Plant Hormones: Cytokinins: Produced in roots and seeds, and are Cytokinins: Produced in roots and seeds, and are

responsible for cell division and differentiation.responsible for cell division and differentiation.

Ethylene: Produced by ripening fruit, it stimulates Ethylene: Produced by ripening fruit, it stimulates flowering, and ripening. flowering, and ripening.

Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators

Plant Hormones:Plant Hormones: Gibberellins: Produced in stems, roots, and young Gibberellins: Produced in stems, roots, and young

leaves. They are responsible for internodal leaves. They are responsible for internodal elongation.elongation.

Abscisic Acid: Found in seeds. A hormone which Abscisic Acid: Found in seeds. A hormone which inhibits growth.inhibits growth.

Giberrellins Effect on dwarf bean plants

The effect of Auxins

Ethylene

Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators

Commercial Uses:Commercial Uses: A-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel: Used on A-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel: Used on

poinsettias, Easter Lilies, and Chrysanthemums to poinsettias, Easter Lilies, and Chrysanthemums to reduce size to make a shorter bushier, and more reduce size to make a shorter bushier, and more attractive plant.attractive plant.

Rootone and Hormodin: Used to help plants root Rootone and Hormodin: Used to help plants root more quickly.more quickly.

Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators

Commercial Uses:Commercial Uses: Ethylene gas: Used to ripen bananas when they Ethylene gas: Used to ripen bananas when they

get to market. Used to induce flowering in get to market. Used to induce flowering in pineapple crops.pineapple crops.

Plant ClassificationPlant Classification

Non FloweringNon Flowering FernsFerns Cone-Producers (Conifers)Cone-Producers (Conifers)

FloweringFlowering MonocotsMonocots DicotsDicots

MonocotsMonocots Leaves have parallel VeinsLeaves have parallel Veins Fibrous RootsFibrous Roots Flower parts in 3’sFlower parts in 3’s Seed has one part (cotyledon)Seed has one part (cotyledon) Vascular bundles are scatteredVascular bundles are scattered

DicotsDicots Leaves have branched VeinsLeaves have branched Veins Tap RootsTap Roots Flower parts in 4’s & 5’sFlower parts in 4’s & 5’s Seed has two parts (cotyledons)Seed has two parts (cotyledons) Vascular bundles are in a ringVascular bundles are in a ring