PLANNING OPTIMUM LOCATION FOR WIRELESS TOWER ...

PLANNING OPTIMUM LOCATION FOR WIRELESS TOWER IN GIS ENVIRONMENT

A DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

in CIVIL ENGINEERING

(With Specialization in Geomatics Engineering)

By

SVL!AY KUMAII C IIAUf$ASHA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

ROORKEE-247 667 (INDIA)

JUNE,, 2006 -

CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I here by declare that the work presented as the project entitled "Planning Optimum Location

for Wireless Tower in GIS Environment" in partial fulfillment of requirements of award of the

Masters of Technology in Civil Engineering with specialization in Geomatics Engineering,

submitted in Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India, is an authentic

record of my own work carried under the guidance of Dr. P.K.Garg, Professor, Indian Institute of

Technology Roorkee

The matter submitted in this Thesis report has not submitted by me for the award of any other

degree.

Date: o/o6~aC \I~

Place: Roorkee (Vijay Kumar Chaurasia)

Certificate

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my

knowledge and belief.

(Dr. P.K.Ga g)

Professor,

Department of Civil Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,

Roorkee — 247667, Uttaranchal, India

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter of great pleasure for me to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. P.K.Garg,

Professor, Department of civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, for his

meticulous guidance during the course of my whole Thesis work. The completion of this whole

work would have been impossible without his invaluable guidance and everlasting

encouragement. My association with them for excels the scope of this study and indeed it has

been a great experience. With deep regards, I thank him to make my work success.

My sincere thanks to all faculty members of Geomatics Engineering Section for their

constant encouragements, caring words, constructive criticism and suggestions towards the

successful completion of this work.

My sincere thanks to lab technicians and supporting staffs, who helped me timely. Also I am

grateful to my friend MISS POONAM NEGI and MR.VENKAT CHAUDHARY for their

moral support and encouragement.

Last but not the least, I am highly Indebted to my parents and family members, whose

sincere prayers, best wises moral support and encouragement have a constant source of

assurance, guidance, strength and inspiration to me.

DATED: Vijay Kumar Chaurasia

ii

ABSTRACT

Mobile cellular communication has already entered the mass market, and mobile internet

services will soon become a reality. The frequent use of mobile radio technologies for

people are has a direct impact on the deployment of base stations or radio access points,

including antennas. To serve an increasing number of users, it requires an increasing

number of base stations. Thus, operators must. carefully plan the deployment and

configurations of radio base stations in order to support at a level of quality expected by

customers. Planning is used to help radio engineers in their difficult tasks of balancing

requirements or radio coverage and quality with customer's satisfaction and other

practical aspects. These planning make extensive uses of functionalities very similar to a

Geographical Information System (GIS) or even to base their product on a GIS.

Furthermore, because radio communication between base stations and users is crucial, all

computations are based on the use of radio-propagation predictions. Until recently,

empirical propagation prediction seemed sufficient. However, more efficient planning

and the planning of nonvoice services or of a mixture of voice and nonvoice services

require more accurate propagation-prediction models. These propagation models are

usually based on the computation of the physical interaction of radio waves and the

environment. The establishment of tower cannot be performed efficiently manually

because of their complexity and because of the time pressure involved in deploying

costly infrastructure. Thus, there is a need of classification of area type and planning by

radio engineers to design, analyses, and compare various scenarios.

Thus, more detailed information is required, especially in urban environments

where most users are located. If we are going to establish the towers, there should be

need of consideration of road networks, railway lines and settlements of whole area

planning in land use area. The aim is to develop some relationship between radio-

propagation models used for mobile radio network planning and find the existed coverage

and establish the new wireless tower where coverage are very less (or no coverage). The

actual position of wireless towers can be identifying after ground survey only. The

simulation results show the use of conventional propagation models and rough

geographical databases for the planning of future cellular systems.

CONTENTS

Page No.

CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION i

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENNTS ii

ABSTRACT iii

CONTENTS iv

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1

1.2 DEMAND OF THE WIRELESS TOWER 2

1.3 BJECTIVES OF STUDY 2

CHAPTER2 MOBILE COMMUNICATION: BASICS 3

2.1 THE GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORKS 3

2.2 ARCHITECTURE OF WIRELESS NETWORKS 4

2.2.1 Mobile Station (MS) 5

2.2.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Cell Tower 6

2.2.3 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) 6

2.2.4 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 7

2.2.5 Location Registers 7

2.2.6 Equipment Identity Register (EIR) 8

2.2.7 Authentication Center (AUC) 8

iv

2.3 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) 8

2.4 UP LINK/ DOWN LINK FREQUANCIES 9

CHAPTER 3 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT 10

3.1 GENERAL 11

3.2 CELL SHAPE 11

3.3 FREQUANCY REUSE 12

3.4 CONCEPT OF HANDOFF 13

3.5 CONCEPT OF TRUNKING 15

CHAPTER 4 COVERAGE PLANNING 16

4.1 GENERAL 16

4.2 COVERAGE DEFINITION 17

4.3 AREA DEFINITION 17

4.3.1 Definition of Morphology Classification 17

4.3.1.1. Dense urban 17

4.3.1.2 Urban 17

4.3.1.2 Suburban 18

4.3.1.3 Rural 18

4.4 PROPAGATION PREDICTION MODELS 18

4.4.1 Okumura Hata Model 20

4.4.2 Maximum Path Losses Allowed 21

4.5 SPECIFIC COVERAGE REQUIREMENT 21

4.6 SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS 22

v

CHAPTER 5 DATA SET AND METHODOLOGY 23

5.1 GENERAL 23

5.2 THE STUDY AREA 23

5.3 GIS DATA SET 24

5.3.1 Topographical Maps 24

5.3.2 Municipal Digital Maps 24

5.3.3 PAN (Panchromatic) Data 26

5.4 SITE PARAMETERS 27

5.4.1 EIRP (Elective Isotopic Radiated Power) Values 29

5.4.2 Site names, Locations and Antenna Heights 29

5.4.3 Up link/Down link Frequencies 30

5.5 SOFT WARES USED IN COVERAGE PLANNING 31

5.5.1 Are GIS 8.3 31

5.5.2 ERADAS Imagine 8.6 32

5.5.3 Visual Basic 6.0 32

5.6 METHODOLOGY 32

5.6.1 Registration 33

5.6.2 Mosaicking 33

5.6.3 Digitization 34

5.6.4 Overlay 34

5.6.5 Buffer 35

5.6.5.1 Buffer for the coverage planning 35

5.6.5.2 Buffer for the road networks and railway lines 35

5.6.6 Thiessen Polygon 35

5.7 WORK FLOW DIAGRAM 38

vi

CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41

6.1 GENERAL 41

6.2 DIGITIZATION OF POINTS, LINES AND POLYGONS FEATURES 41

6.2.1 Points Features 41

6.2.2 Lines features 42

6.2.3 Polygon Features

6.3 OVERLAY OF FEATURES 43

6.4 ANALYSIS OF OKUMURA HATA MODEL FOR 43

COVERAGE PLANNING

6.4.1 Decision of the Area Type and Coverage 46

6.5 BUFERING AROUND THE EXISTING POSITIONS 55

6.6 BUFFERING AROUND THE LINE FEATURES 55

6.7 THEISSEN POLYGON ANALYSIS 56

6.8 NEW TOWER POSITION 59

6.9 RESULTS 65

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 66

7.1 CONCLUSION 66

REFRENCES 67

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. Title Page No.

2.1 Architecture of Wireless Networks 6

2.2 Concept of uplink/down link scenario 9

2.3 Frequency division for uplink/down link 10

3.1 Concept of cell shape 12

3.2 Concept of Reuse 13

3.3 Handoff scenario in cellular systems 14

5.1 Haridwar district in Uttranchal State of India 24

5.2 Mosaic Topographical maps at 1:50,000 Scale (Source: Survey of India) 25

5.3 Map of Haridwar City at 131db0 scale 26

5.4 Map of Roorkee city at 1 1200 scale 27

5.5 Mosaic PAN image with boundary of Haridwar District 28

5.6 Concept of Thiessen polygons 36

5.7 Work flow diagram 40

6.1 Toposheet of Haridwar District Alongwith Digitization of Existing 42

Towers Position, Railway Lines, Major Roads, Water Features/Rivers

and Canals.

6..2 Classified Map of Urban ,Sub Urban(by Polygon) of Haridwar City 44

Alongwith Existing Towers Positions.

6.3 Classified Map of Urban, Sub Urban(by Polygon) of Roorkee City 44

Alongwith Existing Towers Positions.

viii

6.4 Classified PAN Image of Urban, Sub Urban,Dense Forest and Hilly 45

Forest (by Polygon Digitization) Alongwith Existing Towers Positions

6.5 Overlay of Road Network, Railway Lines, Canal, River, Urban, 45

Sub Urban, Dense Forest, Hilly Forest at PAN Image Alongwith

Existing Tower Position

6.6 Okumura Hata Model (programming in Visual Basic 6.) 47

6.7 Coverage (More than 90% Probability of Getting Signal) of Existing 56

Towers in Haridwar District.

6.8 Buffer Created Both Side of Major Roads and Railway 57 Lines( for Rural=3 km,Sub urban=1 km ,Urban =0.5 km)

6.9 Information About the Urban, Sub Urban, Hilly Forest, Canals, 58

Railway Lines, Rivers Major roads and buffer in Haridwar city along with

Existing Wireless Tower Positions.

6.10 Information About the Urban ,Sub Urban, Canals, Railway Line, 58

River Major Roads and Buffer in Roorkee City Along with Existing

Wireless Tower Positions.

6.11 Information About the Sub Urban, Rrailway Line, Major Roads 59 and Buffer in Laksar Alongwith Existing Wireless Towers Positions.

6.12 Created Thiessen Polygon ( Dark Red Lines) on Image 60

6.13 Position of New WirelessTowers

6.14 Position of New Wireless Tower in Haridwar City. 63

6.15 Position of Existing Wireless Tower and New Wireless Tower 64

in Haridwar District.

ix

LIST OF TABLES

S. No. Title Page No.

4.1 Signal Strength and Coverage Probability 16

5.1 Site Name, Latitude/Longitude and Antenna Height of Existing 29

Wireless Tower in Haridwar District (Source: BSNL Haridwar)

5.2 Up Link /Down Link Spectrum of Frequencies and Centre of the 30

Frequencies of existing Wireless Tower in Haridwar District

(Source: BSNL Haridwar)

6.1 Site Name , Lat/Long and Area Type of New Wireless Towers. 65

x

CHAPTER! INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Mobile cellular communication is increasingly becoming the preferred method of voice

telecommunication. Mobile data and internet-based services will soon follow once a

revolution in ease of use becomes a reality. The increasing use of mobile radio

technologies wherever people are impacts directly on the design of mobile radio

networks. All users must share a limited amount of spectrum allocated to a given operator

and would interfere with each other unless an appropriate design was put into operation.

Thus, radio-network designers must carefully plan the deployment and configurations of

radio base stations in order to support traffic at a level of quality expected by customers.

Radio engineers must achieve the radio coverage of a given area under time and required

quality constraints and usually many other practical aspects, including the physical

location of radio equipment, availability of fixed-core network connections, expected

traffic, and growth projections. These tasks cannot be performed efficiently manually

because of their complexity and because of the time pressure involved in deploying

costly infrastructure. Thus, there is a need- of planning by radio engineers to design,

analyses, and compare various scenarios. Because of the difficult tasks of computing and

presenting the results, there should be need of functionalities very similar to a

geographical information system (GIS). Other vendors even base their radio-network

planning product on a commercial or proprietary GIS. Thus, the main objective of this

thesis is to illustrate some relationships between radio propagation, mobile radio-network

design, and GIS. More specifically, the relationships between advanced radio-

propagation-prediction models based on coverage and find the optimum location for

establishing the tower where probability of very less coverage or no coverage. We can

introduce some basic concepts about cellular mobile communication, mobile radio-

network planning, and the need for radio- propagation predictions based on area defined.

1

The use of planning tools for radio-network planning is further explained. It can be

introduce the need for mobile radio-network-planning for a graphical user interface

(GUI) based on the capabilities of a GIS.

1.2 DEMAND OF THE WIRELESS TOWER

It is seen coverage problem in the area. commonly world is says like "he is on his way

that's why we are able to contact him" or "he is in the train or Bus ,so signal is not

catching". This is the cause of coverage problem. This is depending upon type of clutters

in that area and lack of available wireless towers. There should be more towers for

getting better coverage. If a person is getting coverage then at least he will get more

chance for communication. No coverage and less coverage area should identify for

establishing the new towers. The coverage may be planned so that it covers whole area of

cities major roads, railway lines, and all towns/villages.

1.3 BJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objectives of this thesis are as follows:

1. Planning optimum location for mobile tower in GIS environment in Haridwar district.

2. Finding the towers positions for providing the better coverage of signals using GIS in

Haridwar District.

3. Describing the propagation model tuning procedure for BSNL for their GSM 900

network in GIS environment.

4. By the new towers positions for capturing the mass market in this competitive by

increasing the number of users in Haridwar District.

2

CHAPTER2

MOBILE COMMUNICATION: BASICS

2.1 THE GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORKS

The idea of cell-based mobile radio systems appeared at Bell Laboratories in the United

States in the early 1970s. However, mobile cellular systems were not introduced for

commercial use until a decade later. During the early 1980's, analog cellular telephone

systems experienced very rapid growth in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia and the

United Kingdom. Today, cellular systems still represent one of the fastest growing

telecommunications systems. During development, numerous problems arose as each

country developed its own system, producing equipment limited to operate only within

the boundaries of respective countries, thus limiting the markets in which services could

be sold. First-generation cellular networks, the primary focus of the communications

industry in the early 1980's, were characterized by a few compatible systems that were

designed to provide purely local cellular solutions. It became increasingly apparent that

there would be an escalating demand for a technology that could facilitate flexible and

reliable mobile communications.

By the early 1990's, the lack of capacity of these existing networks emerged as a core

challenge to keeping up with market demand. The first mobile wireless phones utilized

analog transmission technologies, the dominant analog standard being known as

"AMPS", (Advanced Mobile Phone System). Analog standards operated on bands of

spectrum with a lower frequency and greater wavelength than subsequent standards,

providing a significant signal range per cell along with a high propensity for interference

Nonetheless, it is worth noting the continuing persistence of analog (AMPS) technologies

in North America and Latin America through the 1990's. Initial deployments of second-

generation wireless networks occurred in Europe in the 1980's. These networks were

based on digital, rather than analog technologies, and were circuit-switched. Circuit-

switched cellular data is still the most widely used mobile wireless data service. Digital

technology offered an appealing combination of performance and spectral efficiency (in

3

terms of management of scarce frequency bands), as well as the development of features

like speech security and data communications over high quality transmissions. It is also

compatible with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) technology, which was

being developed for land-based telecommunication systems throughout the world, and

which would be necessary for GSM to be successful. Moreover in the digital world, it

would be possible to employ very large-scale integrated silicon technology to make

handsets more affordable. To a certain extent, the late 1980's and early 1990's were

characterized by the perception that a complete migration to digital cellular would take

many years, and that digital systems would suffer from a number of technical difficulties

(i.e., handset technology).

However, second-generation equipment has since proven to offer many advantages over

analog systems, including efficient use of radio-magnetic spectrum, enhanced security,

extended battery life, and data transmission capabilities. There are four main standards

for 2G networks: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA); there is also

Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), which is used exclusively in India In the meantime, a

variety of 2.5G standards have been developed. `Going digital' has led to the emergence

of several major 2G mobile wireless systems.

2.2 ARCHITECTURE OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

The early versions of analog cellular networks are called as first generation networks.

The current digital cellular networks are called second generation networks and the future

cellular networks under development are called third generation networks. First

Generation Wireless Networks All first generation cellular networks are based on analog

technology and use FM modulation. An example of the first generation cellular telephone

system is Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) The block diagram of a first

generation cellular radio network architecture is shown in Fig 2.1, which includes the

mobile terminals, the base station and the mobile switching center (MSC).

r

j` BT SI M ! . '~

y

\ B S~ G

~ Cam ..'"°.. ~~ L IBTS }'

MS) •;Ii; BTS(l'..

Register

HLR

auc VLR

S PSTN ~V

MSC

Fig 2.1 Architecture of Wireless Networks

MSC: Mobile Switching Center

BSC: Base Station Controller

HLR: Home Location Register

VLR: Visitor Location Register

BTS: Base Transmit Signal

MS: Mobile Station

2.2.1 Mobile Station (MS)

The mobile station is made up of two parts, the handset and the Subscriber identity

module (SIM). The SIM is personalized and is unique to the subscriber. The handset or

the terminal equipment should have qualities similar to those of fixed phones in terms of

quality, apart from being user friendly. The equipment has functionalities like modulation

and demodulation up to channel coding/decoding. It needs to be dual-tone multi-

frequency generation and should have a long-lasting battery. The SIM or SIM card is

basically a microchip operating in conjunction with a memory card. The SIM card's

5

major function is to store data for both the operator and subscriber. The SIM card fulfills

the needs of the operator and the subscriber as the operator is able to maintain control

over the subscription and the subscriber can protect his or her personal information. Thus,

the most important SIM functions include authentication, radio transmission security, and

storing of the subscriber data.

2.2.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Cell Tower

From the perspective of the radio network-planning engineer the base station is perhaps

the most important element in the network as it provides the physical connection to the

mobile station through the air interface. And on the other side, it is connected to the BSC

via an Abis interface allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between

components made by different suppliers. The BSC manages the radio resources for one or

more BTS's. It handles radio-channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers. A

simplified block diagram of a base station is shown in Fig 2.1 The transceiver (TRX)

consists basically of a low-frequency unit and a high-frequency unit. The low-frequency

unit is responsible for digital signal processing and the high frequency unit is responsible

for modulation and demodulation.

2.2.3 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

The control for entire system resides in the MSC, which maintains all mobile related

information and controls each mobile hand-off. The MSC also performs all, of the

network management functions, such as call handling and processing, billing, and fraud

detection within the market. The MSC is interconnected with the public switched

telephone network (PSTN) via land-line trunked lines (trunks) and a tandem switch.

MSCs also are connected with other MSCs via dedicated signaling channels for exchange

of location, validation, and call signaling information.

31

2.2.4 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

PSTN is a separate network from the SS7 (Signaling System 7) signaling network. In

modern cellular telephone systems, Iong distance voice traffic is carried on the PSTN, but

the signaling information used to provide call set-up and to information used to provide

call set-up and inform MSCs about a particular user is carried on the SS7 network.

Network protocol allows different cellular systems to automatically accommodate

subscribers who roam into their coverage region. Protocol allows MSCs of different

service providers to pass information about their subscribers to other MSCs on demand. .

The mobile accomplishes autonomous registration by periodically keying up and

transmitting its identity information, which allows the MSC to constantly update its

subscriber list.

2.2.5 Location Registers

With each MSC, there is associated a Visitors Location Register (VLR). The VLR can be

associated with one or several MSCs. The VLR stores data about all customers who are

roaming within the location area of that MSC. This data is updated with the location

update procedure initiated from the MS through the MSC, or directly from the subscriber

Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR is the home register of the subscriber.

Subscription information, allowed services, authentication information and localization of

the subscriber are at all times stored in the HLR. This information may be obtained by the,

VLR/MSC when necessary. When the subscriber roams into the location area of another

VLR/MSC, the HLR is updated. At mobile terminated calls, the HLR is interrogated to

find which MSC the MS is registered with. Because the HLR is a centralized database

that need to be accessed during every call setup and data transmission in the GSM

network, this entity need to have a very large data transmission capacity. Suggests a

scheme for distributing the data in the HLR in order to reduce the load.

7

2.2.6 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is an optional register. Its purpose is to register of

mobile stations in use. By implementing the EIR the network provider can blacklist

malfunctioning MSs or even receive reports to the operations centre when stolen mobile

stations are used to make calls.

2.2.7 Authentication Center (AUC)

Authenticates users and validates accounts. It is used for authentication activities, holds

encryption keys. The system is designed to authenticate the subscriber using share secrets

cryptography. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be

encrypted. If the authentication fails, then no services are possible from that particular

combination of SIM card. Since the radio medium can be accessed by anyone,

authentication of users to prove that they are who they claim to be is a very important

element of a mobile network. Authentication involves two functional entities, the SIM

card in the mobile, and the Authentication Center (AuC). Each subscriber is given a

secret key, one copy of which is stored in the SIM card and the other in the AuC. During

authentication, the AuC generates a random number that it sends to the mobile. Both the

mobile and the AuC then use the random number.

2.3 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

The GSM network uses the frequencies 900 MHz (GSM 900) and 1800 MHz (GSM

1800). The GSM network which was established in the middle of the nineties is using the

frequency 1900 MHz. A technical trick, the so-called time slot method increases the

number of simultaneous cellular phone users. Since radio spectrum is a limited resource

shared among all users, GSM introduced the method for splitting the bandwidth among as

many users as possible. The method is a combination of Time and Frequency Division

Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA). The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of

the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart

and one carrier frequency is use for guard band . One or more carrier frequencies are

E9

assigned to each base station. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time,

using TDMA scheme, into 8 logical channels. Means every single channel is divided into

8 time slots maximum in which data can be sent or received. Precisely speaking 8 users

per channel maximum can send or receive data every 4.62 milliseconds for 0.577

milliseconds before the frequency is released for the next mobile terminal. During the

radio link the time slot remains reserved even if no data is sent or received.

This main principle which corresponds to the conventional network connection is

described as "circuit switching" in the GSM system. Its advantage is certainly that data is

easily associated to a connection and does not need to have a complicated encoding first.

However, the more profound disadvantage is that the existing connection must be paid

for during the reserved period as well as during interferences. This may be acceptable for

a standard phone call but it gets expensive and binds transmission capacity if data isn't

permanently transmitted. Data must be read by the receiver first before new data can be

retrieved. The GSM standard was developed only for voice transmission.

2.4 UP LINK/ DOWN LINK FREQUANCIES

Uplink (UL) is the direction from the MS to the BTS. The uplink gives the power level

received in the base station. Downlink (DL) is the direction from the BTS to the MS

(Fig2.2). The downlink budget gives the power level received in the MS.

Fig 2.2 Concept of uplink/down link scenario

E

Fig 2.3 Frequency division for uplink/down link

The International Telecommunication Union, which manages the international

allocation of radio spectrum, allocated the bands 890-915 MHz for the uplink (mobile

station to base station) and 935-960 MHz for the downlink (base station to mobile

station) for mobile networks in India. Fig 2.3 shows the frequency division for uplink and

down link.

10

CHAPTER 3 THE CELLULAR CONCEPT

3.1 GENERAL

The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral

congestion and user capacity. It offered high capacity with a limited spectrum allocation

without any major technological changes. The cellular concept is a system level idea in

which a single, large cell is replaced with many small cells. The area serviced by a

transmitter is called a cell. Each small, also called a base station provides coverage to

only a small portion of the service area. Base stations close to one another are assigned

different groups of channels so that all the available channels are assigned to a relatively

small number of neighboring base stations. Neighboring base stations are assigned

different groups of channels so that the interference between base stations is minimized.

By symmetrically spacing base stations and their channel groups throughout a service

area, the available channels are distributed throughout the geographic region and may be

reused as many times as necessary, so long as the interference between co-channel

stations is kept below acceptable levels. As the demand for service increases, the number

of base stations may be increased, thereby providing additional capacity with no increase

in radio spectrum. This fundamental principle is the foundation for modern mobile

communication systems, since it enables a fixed number of channels to serve an

arbitrarily large number of subscribers by reusing the channels throughout the region.

3.2 CELL SHAPE

In mobile networks we talk in terms of `cells'. The base stations can have many cells. In

general, a cell can be defined as the area covered by base station. The hexagonal nature of

the cell is an artificial shape (Fig 3.1). This is the shape that is closest to being circular,

which represents the ideal coverage of the power transmitted by the base station antenna.

11

Fig 3.1 Concept of Cell Shape

The circular shapes are themselves inconvenient as they have overlapping areas

of coverage; but, in reality, their shapes look like the one shown in the `practical' view in

Fig 3.1. A practical network will have cells of non geometric shapes, with some areas not

having the required signal strength for various reasons.

3.3 FREQUANCY REUSE

The base station antennas are designed to achieve the desired coverage within the

particular cell. By limiting the coverage area to within the boundaries of a cell, the same

group of channels may be used to cover different cells that are separated from one

another by distances large enough to keep interference levels within tolerable limits. The

design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all the cellular base stations

within a system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning. In Fig 3.2, the cells

labeled with the same letter use the same group of channels. The frequency reuse plan is

overlaid upon a map to indicate where different frequency channels are used. The

hexagonal cell shape shown is conceptual and is a simplistic model of the coverage for

each base station. The hexagon has been universally adopted since the hexagon permits

easy and manageable analysis of a cellular system. Also considering geometric shapes

which cover an entire region without overlap and with equal area, hexagon has the largest

area considering the distance between the center of a polygon and its farthest perimeter

points. Frequency reuse can be defined by:

N=I 2 +J 2 +(IxJ) I,J=0,1,2,..... N =1,3,4,7,9,12,13,16,19,21,...

12

4-Cell frequency reuse 7- Cell frequency reuse

Fig 3.2 Concept of Reuse

Where N is the no. of cell frequency reuse. But seven cell frequency reuse concept is

mostly use Frequency reuse concept can be seen in Fig 3.2 where different colors shows

in group of four and seven cells. For example in the case of four groups green colour(cell) assign again at the farthest distance in another groups by the same green color and in case of seven group blue color is assign again at the farthest distance in

another group. In four cell frequency reuse concept reuse is stronger but interference will be more. So seven cell frequency reuse concept is frequently using.

3.4 CONCEPT OF LIANDOFF

When a mobile moves into a different cell while a call is in progress, the mobile switching center (MSC) automatically transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new base station.

13

}

11nae q

/. Li;asc tihifin 5 • i'nii+rn I.

Cell s% C01 R

Fig 3.3 Handoff scenario in cellular systems

This handoff operation involves identifying a new base station, assigning a free channel

in the new cell to the mobile to change the frequency and transfer the voice circuit to the

new base station. Processing handoffs is an important task in any cellular radio system.

The handoff process can be performed based on several criteria such as signal strength,

bit error rate in digital systems or interference levels. For example, if the signal level is

used to trigger the handoff, an optimum signal level at which to initiate handoff is

specified which approximately corresponds to the boundary of the cell. Once particular

signal level goes below the specified threshold the base station queries the received

power from the mobile at the different neighboring base stations, and picks a base station

which has a power higher than that seen in the serving base station by a specified margin

can be seen in Fig 3.3 also in deciding when to handoff, it is important to ensure that the

drop in the measured signal level is not due to momentary fading and that the mobile is

actually moving away from the serving base station. In order to ensure this, the base

station monitors the signal level for a certain period of time before a hand-off is initiated.

This running average measurement of signal strength should be optimized so that

unnecessary handoffs are avoided, while ensuring that necessary handoffs are completed

before a call is terminated due to poor signal level.

14

3.5 CONCEPT OF TRUNKING

Cellular systems depend on trunking to accommodate a large number of subscribers in a

limited number of channels. The concept of trunking allows a large number of users to

share a relatively small number of channels by providing access to each user, on demand,

from a pool of available channels. In a trunked system, each user is assigned a channel on

a per call basis, and upon termination of the call, the previously occupied channel is

immediately returned to the pool of available channels. Trunking exploits the statistical

behavior of users so that a fixed number of channels or circuits may accommodate a large

number of users. The grade of service (GOS) is a measure of the ability of a user to

access a trunked system during the busiest hour of call traffic. It is clear that there is a

trade-off between the number of available channels and the likelihood of a particular user

finding that no channels are available during the peak calling time. The number of

channels required is determined based the number of subscribers, desired GOS, average

call holding time and traffic distribution with time.

15

CHAPTER 4

COVERAGE PLANNING

4.1 GENERAL

Radio coverage is frequently perceived to be the most important measurement for

network quality. Radio coverage planning plays a major role in GSM network planning,

because it decides extent of coverage area, speech quality, mobility and customer

satisfaction. Various forms of inputs and limitations from the customer in terms of

spectrum availability, network dimensions, frequency planning, network growth, local

wireless regulations and finally the RF (Radio Frequency) environment itself plays an

important role in coverage planning. The approach for the coverage plan needs to be well

defined since; it requires to accommodate various phases of network growth across time

without any compromise on service quality goal.

4.2 COVERAGE DEFINITION

It plays an important role in coverage planning since these are used for link budget

calculations whose output defines the coverage and site parameters. Coverage parameter

involves defining RF thresholds in terms of received levels at MS end and coverage

probabilities for various strategic locations of the coverage areas that are supplied by

customer. These are listed below.

RF Threshold Coverage Probability dBm(decibel max)

- 62 Indoor high probability 90%)

- 72 Indoor medium probability (>_ 50 %)

>_ - 82 Indoor low probability (<50%)

Table 4.1 Signal Strength and Coverage Probability

16

4.3 AREA DEFINITION

A planner needs to know the area type he is expected to cover under his plan. It starts

with defining whether the area is rural or urban, because the approach of the plan varies

in both the cases. If an area has been classified to fall under urban then it needs to be sub-

classified as which part of the area falls under sub (medium)-urban, urban and dense-

urban. These details are normally marked on the maps. The design criteria used for radio

coverage of a cell is to meet coverage probability of >_ 90%. The signal level received at

both the mobile station and the base station has to meet the threshold specified in GSM

technical specification. In order to ensure reliable communication the planning figures used for radio planning has to include an extra margin to account for the shadow fading.

The margin is dependent on the standard deviation of the received signal level and path loss characteristic.

4.3.1 Definition of Morphology Classification

Definition of classification in telecommunication can be defining the clutter type

available in that area. This is depend upon type of buildings, isolated houses; trees open

area in that region. In telecommunication area can be categorised in four classes as

fallows.

4.3.1.1. Dense urban

A mixture of 6-15 storey commercial buildings/residential apartments/shopping

complexes and 15-25 storey skyscrapers. Buildings are densely packed. Major roads are

at least 4 lanes wide and minor roads are 2 lanes wide. There is very little or no trees.

4.3.1.2 Urban

High priority business and commercial areas, VIP residential areas, Prestigious

hotels/Tourist places and some Prestigious residential areas A mixture of 2-6 storey shop

houses densely packed and commercial buildings/residential apartments/shopping

complexes. Compared to dense urban, the buildings are not as tall or as densely packed.

17

Major roads are at least 4 lanes wide and minor roads are 2 lanes wide. There is very little

or no trees.

4.3.1.2 Suburban

Other commercial areas, residential areas, high priority industrial areas, shopping Malls,

airport, railway stations, sports stadium, exhibition centres, special tunnel areas for

railway and roads. pedestrian area, parks, etc. Typically less than 4 storey shop houses

lined along highway/main road. The shop houses form 1 or 2 tier from the road and the

houses are not densely packed. Usually at the outer fringe of a city. light to moderate

foliage.

4.3.1.3 Rural

Along major roads/highways where there are isolated houses or open ground

town/village areas within the city limits.

4.4 PROPAGATION PREDICTION MODELS

To implement a mobile radio system, wave propagation models are necessary to

determine propagation characteristics for any arbitrary installation. The predictions are

required for a proper coverage planning, the determination of path effects as well as for

interference and cell calculations, which are the basis for the high-level network planning

process. In a GSM system the high-level network planning process includes, e.g.,

frequency assignment and the determination of the BSS (base station subsystem)

parameter set. The environments where these systems are intended to be installed are

stretching from in-house areas up to large rural areas. Hence wave propagation prediction

methods are required covering the whole range of indoor scenarios and situations in

special environments like tunnels, highways and along railways. The phenomena which

influence radio wave propagation can generally be described by four basic mechanisms:

Reflection, penetration, diffraction, and scattering. For the practical prediction of

propagation in a real environment these mechanisms must be described by

approximations. Furthermore investigations have been stressed on proper processing

techniques to extract the relevant information in a time-efficient manner. The second

18

modelling step includes the definition of mathematical approximations for the physical

propagation mechanisms, which are applicable to all cell types. As the definition of cell

types is not unique , the cell type definition used is explained more detailed. In "large

cells" and small cells" the base station antenna is installed.

The mobile radio environment causes some special difficulties to the investigation of

propagation phenomena:

( 1.) The distances between a base station and a mobile range from some metres to several

kilometers.

( 2.) Man-made structures and natural features have size ranging from smaller to much

larger than a wavelength and affect the propagation of radio waves.

(3.) The description of the environment is usually not at our disposal in very much detail.

(4.) These are the simulated model based on specular, reflection, diffraction, multiple

diffraction, scattering, penetration and absorption, guided wave, atmospheric effects etc.

Roughly several complementary approaches can be identified to deal with these

difficulties:

o Okumura Hata Model

o Lee's Model

o Walfish-Ikegami Model

o Jake's formulas

o Durkin's Model

o Longley-Rice Model

4.4.1 Okumura Hata Model

Okumura has simulated the model for urban, sub urban and rural. Which is frequently use

for India situation. Path loss estimation is performed by empirical models if land cover

we known only roughly, and the parameters required for semi-deterministic models

cannot be determined. Four parameters are used for estimation of the propagation loss by

Okumura Hata's well-known model: frequency ff distance d, base station antenna height

hb and the height of the mobile antenna hm. In Okumura Hata's model, which is based on

Okumura's various correction functions. The basic transmission path loss is L. which is

maximum path loss for given distance.

Where:

Carrier frequency ff : 150 to 1000 (MHz)

BS antenna height hb : 30 to200 (m)

MS antenna height hm : 1 to 10 (m)

and the distance between the BS and MS d: 0 to. 20 (km)

The model is known to be accurate to within 1 dB for distances ranging from 0 to 20 km.

With Okumura Hata's model, the path loss (in dB)

The distance can be calculated

d= 10p

Where values p for different type of area are

p= ( Lp (db)-A)B for urban

p= (Lp (db)-A+C)/B for sub urban

p= (LP (db)-A+D)/B for rural

Path losses can be calculated

Lp (db) = A+Blogio (d) for urban area

A+Blogio (d)-C for sub urban area

A+Blogio (d)-D for rural area

Where

A= 69.55+26.16 loglo (fe)-13.82 logo (hb)-a(hm)

B= 44.9-13.82 logs o (hb )

C= 5.4+2[logi o (ff /28)]2

D= 40.94+4.78[log10 (fc /28)]2 — 18.33 login (fe)

The value of a(h,,,) is calculated by

a(h,,,) = 3.2(log 11.75 * hn,)2 - 4.97

4.4.2 Maximum Path Losses Allowed

The maximum allowed path loss (Lpathmax) can be calculated from the uplink power budget:

Lpathmax = EIRP- SSdesign

Where EIRP(Elective Isotopic Radiated Power) = 56.7 dBm(decibel maximum) . and

SSdesign (Signal Strength design) = -62 dBm (decibel maximum) for getting more than

90% probability of indoor coverage. Once the maximum allowed path loss has been

calculated, the approximate cell size can be found by using one of the wave propagation

models.

4.5 SPECIFIC COVERAGE REQUIREMENT

There are many cases where the customer wants to focus on coverage and quality

requirements for special areas, buildings, highways, etc. We list out the special coverage

requirements and the benchmark to be met for these areas. Some special coverage and

quality requirements in areas such as important commercial areas, airports, hotels,

commercial establishments, etc, should be covered in the Coverage Definition and

Quality of Service inputs from the customer above.

21

4.6 SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS

In certain cases there are few restrictions proposed by the Government authorities on the

usage of a spectrum band in a particular area. Further there could also be list of structures

on which a site cannot be planned like, heritage buildings, hospitals, schools and

colleges, etc. A list and address of the same is essential to ensure that a site is not located

on a restricted structure. In many case antennas needs to be camouflaged with the

surrounding such that coverage requirements are met without visibility of antenna such as

from the entrance or they are to be placed in such a way that it adds to the beauty of

surrounding. Plans in such cases are special and do not follow the normal procedure,

hence play a vital role in the network plan since frequency assignment and site

parameters needs to be well planned.

22

CHAPTER 5 DATA SET AND METHODOLOGY

5.1 GENERAL

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become very popular in a application

domains for instance in coverage and network planning, display of spatial-referenced data

for solving complex planning and management problems. The data of a GIS are of

different types depends on the dimension of the data items. Usually, the following data

types are provided by a GIS; Point data, defined by spatial coordinates, e.g. the position

of a base station of a personal communications network Normally, the attributes are

allocated to the cell represented by the point and not to the point, e.g Line data, defined

by the origins and ends (nodes) and of intermediate points (vertices), e.g. river or road

networks railways line. Polygon data, defined by their boundary lines, e.g. lakes, hilly

forest, forest areas, urban etc. This type of GIS data can be correlated with the data of

wireless tower which are use for the location planning and field strength prediction.

5.2 THE STUDY AREA

The study area lies between 77°57'29.59"E to 78°01'46.63"E longitude and

29°32'55.81"N to 30°14'22.18"N latitude of Haridwar district in Uttranchal state of

India. Haridwar district, covering an area of about 2360 km2. The district is ringed by

Saharanpur in the west, Dehradun in the north and east, Pauri Garhwal in the east,

Muzaffarnagar and Bijnor in the south. Fig 5.1 shows the location of Haridwar district in

Uttranchal state of India. The district is primarily covered with hilly forest, forest,

vegetation, built-up, and water. This area has line features like road network, railways

lines and canals, where Haridwar city, Roorkee city and Lakser are the main city of

Haridwar District, and other areas are town or villages.

23

Fig 5.1 Haridwar district in Uttranchal State of India.

5.3 GIS DATA SET

These are data having details of major roads, rail-routes, canals lakes, rivers forest, hilly

forest, etc. There are urban, sub urban and rural area, which can be classified with the

help of toposheets, maps and images of Haridwar district. These themes can be digitized

in ARC GIS and display as layers over the image . This helps in locating dummy sites

accurately and with reliability such that the planner does not end with locating dummy

sites on roads, railway lines, lakes, rivers, forest or hilly forest.

5.3.1 Topographical Maps

Four topographical maps at 1:50,000 scales (From Survey of India toposheets) have been

mosaicked(Fig 5.2) and use as reference data besides IRS pan imagery. At topographical

maps major road networks, railway lines and canals are digitized as line features and

tower location as point features. Tower location names can be identified from

topographical maps.

5.3.2 Municipal Digital Maps

Two municipal digital maps of Haridwar city at i3I500 scale and Roorkee city at l00

24

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Fig 5.2 Mosaic Topographical maps at 1:50,000 Scale (Source: Survey of India)

scale (Fig 5.3 and Fig 5.4) have been used for classified as urban and sub urban area.

Where urban areas are considered city commercial area, residential high density, retail

commercial centre etc and sub urban as low residential area retail centre, parks, industrial area, offices, transport area, social facility etc.

25

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Fig 5.3 Map of Haridwar City at 1t1M0 scale (Source: Haridwar Development Authority)

5.3.3 PAN (Panchromatic) Data

PAN (Panchromatic) sensor, which is carried by IRS satellite system, has a spatial

resolution of 5.Sm.Two PANs images have been mosaicked (Fig 5.5). Due to the high

resolution of PAN image is used for better visual interpretation of the study area, and

small settlement can be visualized in rural area also.

26

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Fig 5.4 Map of Roorkee city at 11200 scale (Source: Municipal Corporation

Office Roorkee)

5.4 SITE PARAMETERS

For locating sites on basis of radio network design report one need to know the site

configuration, latitude and Longitude, antenna height, MS height. EIRP value of antenna,

up link/down link spectrums availability and centre frequencies, These are very essential

from frequency planning point of view which, reflects on network quality goals.

27

Fig 5.5 Mosaic PAN image with boundary of Haridwar District.

Here all data are considered with the respect of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).

If the targets are achieving more subscribers in area, we should have better coverage all

over the land use in that area. For getting better coverage there should be need of

establishing more towers. This is being possible only if all small areas should plan for

better coverage. Here Haridwar district is taken as example for planning for establishing

new towers positions and all data's are use for Haridwar district.

28

5.4.1 EIRP (Elective Isotopic Radiated Power) Values

EIRP is the apparent power transmitted towards the receiver. It is the power supplied to

an antenna type. EIRP values for every antenna is depend upon the antenna type to be

used. BSNL are using FMA-200(UTE) antenna, which EIRP values are 56.7 dBm

5.4.2 Site names, Locations and Antenna Heights In Haridwar district, 38 existing wireless towers are available. The sites name, locations

( in latitude and longitude) and antenna heights( in meters) are fallowing in Table 5.1

Table 5.1 Site Name, Latitude/Longitude and Antenna Height of Existing Wireless

Tower in Haridwar District (Source: BSNL Haridwar)

No. of sites Site Names Latitude(N) Longitude(E)

Antenna Height(m)

1 Aithal 2904829.20" 78002'36.20" 21.00 2 Goverdhanpur 29°41'59.41" 77°59'44.19" 21.00 3 I bal ur 29052'16.29" 77047'35.30" 21.00 4 Jhabrera 29048'28.40" 77046'35.40" 21.00 5 Landhura 29°48'08.39" 77°55'53.61" 40.00 6 Laksar 29045'08.88" 78°01'18.70" 21.00 7 Manglore 29047'32.50" 77052'26.79" 24.00 8 Raisi 29°41'20.51" 78°03'52.81" 21.00 9 Shahpur 29048'30.71" 78008'16.51" 21.00 10 Sultanpur 29°45'21.61" 78°06'19.51" 21.00 11 Luksar XGE 29°45'16.41" 78°03'02.29" 40.00 12 Gurul Narsan 29°45' 11.20" 77°50'59.99" 40.00 13 Bha wan ur 29°56'19.61" 77°48'44.99" 40.00 14 Bahadrabad 29°55'33.36" 78°03'09.10" 30.00 15 Dheerwali 29055'52.22" 78006'15.49" 25.00 16 Dhanauri 2905620.52" 77057'26.41" 21.00 17 DTO Haridwar 29°57'04.11" 78°09'52.49" 24.00 18 Shyamlok 29059'37.98" 78°11'18.79" 25.00 19 Jwalapurl 29055'14.80" 78°06'16.69" 30.00 20 Fire Station 29°55'38.60" 78°07'23.09" 21.00 21 Ja 'it ur(Zia ota) 29°52'45.98" 78°07'43.40" 25.00 22 DTO Roorkee 29°52'13.00" 77°53'16.08" 30.00 23 IIT Roorkee 29°51'45.91" 77°53'47.28" 21.00

29

24 Roshanabad 29°57'34.99" 78°04'19.33" 40.00 25 Hridwar Main XGE 29°56'40.80" 78°09'13.29" 36.00 26 Shiwalik Naar XGE 29°56'03.71" 78°04'35.70" 39.00 27 Jwalapur2 290551 25.10" 78006'40.62" 27.00 28 Hari Ki Pauri 29°57'13.40" 78°10'18.21" 9.00 29 Kankhal XGE 29°55'55.69" 78°08'57.92" 39.00 30 Ramnagar XGE 29°52'31.00" 77°52'38.31" 40.00 31 Civil Lines XGE 29°52'28.41" 77053'37.59" 39.00 32 Bheem Goda 29°57'57.41" 78°10'20.40" 40.00 33 Ranipur Moor 29056'03.92" 78°08'01.39" 24.00 34 Dhandera 29050'32.25" 77053'54.30" 39.00 35 BHEL 29°56'55.89" 78°06'15.92" 30.00 36 COER 29053'26.19" 77057'34.39" 25.00 37 Ganesh PuriI 29°51'29.88" 77°52'48.78" 40.00 38 Chiriyapur 29°45'11.20" 78°14'58.40" 59.50

5.4.3 Up link/Down link Frequencies

Up link and down link spectrum of frequencies (in MHz) and centre frequencies (in

MHz) of these spectrums of each wireless tower is given in Table5.2

Table 5.2 Up Link /Down Link Spectrum of Frequencies and Centre of the Frequencies

of existing Wireless Tower in Haridwar District (Source: BSNL Haridwar)

SiteNo. Site Name UL

fre uancies MHz UL CF MHz

DL fre uancies MHz

DL CF MH

1 Aithal 903.4-904.2 903.8 948.4-949.2 948.8 2 Goverdhanpur 902.6-903.4 903 947.6-948.4 948 3 I bal ur 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 4 Jhabrera 905.0-905.8 905.4 950.0-950.8 950.4+ 5 Landhura 907.8-908.8 908.3 952.8-953.8 953.3 6 Laksar 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 7 Man lore 906.8-907.8 907.3 951.8-952.8 952.3 8 Raisi 904.2-905.0 904.6 949.2-950.0 949.6 9 Shah ur 907.8-908.8 908.3 952.8-953.8 953.3 10 Sultanpur 906.8-907.8 907.3 951.8-952.8 952.3 11 Luksar XGE 905.0-905.8 905.4 950.0-950.8 950.4 12 Guru! Narsan 904.2-905.0 904.6 949.2-950.0 949.6 13 Bha wan ur 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 14 Bahadrabad 906.8-907.8 907.3 951.8-952.8 952.3 15 Dheerwali 904.2-905.0 904.6 949.2-950.0 949.6

30

16 Dhanauri 902.6-903.4 903 947.6-948.4 948 17 DTO Haridwar 907.8-908.8 908.3 952.8-953.8 953.3 18 Shyamlok 903.4-904.2 903.8 948.4-949.2 948.8 19 Jwalapurl 902.6-903.4 903 947.6-948.4 948 20 Fire Station 906.8-907.8 907.3 951.8-952.8 952.3 21 Ja 'i ur(Zia ota) 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 22 DTO Roorkee 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 23 IIT Roorkee 904.2-905.0 904.6 949.2-950.0 949.6 24 Roshanabad 903.4-904.2 903.8 948.4-949.2 948.8 25 Hridwar Main XGE 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 26 Shiwalik Naar XGE 905.8-906.8 906.3 950.8-951.8 951.3 27 Jwalapur2 907.8-908.8 908.3 952.8-953.8 953.3 28 Hari Ki Pauri 904.2-905.0 904.6 949.2-950.0 949.6 29 Kankhal XGE 903.4-904.2 903.8 948.4-949.2 948.8 30 Ramnagar XGE 907.8-908.8 908.3 952.8-953.8 953.3 31 Civil Lines XGE 906.8-907.8 907.3 951.8-952.8 952.3 32 Bheem Goda 902.6-903.4 903 947.6-948.4 948 33 Ranipur Moor 905.0-905.8 905.4 950.0-950.8 950.4 34 Dhandera 902.6-903.4 903 947.6-948.4 948 35 BHEL 907.8-908.8 908.3 952.8-953.8 953.3 36 COER 905.0-905.8 905.4 950.0-950.8 950.4 37 Ganesh Puri! 903.4-904.2 903.8 948.4-949.2 948.8 38 Chiri a ur 902.6-903.4 903 947.6-948.4 948

5.5 SOFT WARES USED IN COVERAGE PLANNING.

5.5.1 Arc GIS 8.3

Arc GIS is an integrated collection of GIS software products for building a complete GIS.

Arc GIS enables GIS software products are used to compile, analyze, map, and publish

geographic information and knowledge. Arc GIS desktop is a scalable suite of GIS

products that starts with Arc Reader and extends to Arc View, Arc Editor, and Arc Info

the most powerful GIS product available today. Each product exposes progressively more

GIS capabilities. An extensive collection of desktop extensions provides additional

capabilities. Arc GIS is used for digitization (point, line and polygon), buffering, overlay

of point, line, polygon features and thiessen polygon.

31

5.5.2 ERADAS Imagine 8.6

ERADAS Imagine is the Remote sensing and GIS base software choice for geographic

imaging needs. As the value of imagery becomes more important for various

applications (urban and rural planning, environmental monitoring, telecommunications,

disaster planning and management, and transportation) the ability to quickly process

current imagery for information is crucial. As the world's leading geographic imaging

software suite, ERADAS Imagine offers a comprehensive solution that features extensive

image processing capabilities. ERADAS Imagine is used for registration of toposheets,

images, maps and mosaicing and subset of image for deciding boundary of Haridwar

district.

5.5.3 Visual Basic 6.0 Visual Basic is power full programming language, which has

evolved in to a major development environment that covers every aspect of

programming, from educational application to data base. This is used as a programming

for simulated Okumura Hata Model for the calculation of coverage.

5.6 METHODOLOGY

Using a map in network, monitoring can provide a dramatic improvement over traditional

optimization methods, allowing the engineers to see a precise picture of the entire

network, and quickly identify the trouble spots. From a practical point of view, we've

found out that the use of maps and GIS in a standard network monitoring tool that will

reduce the monitoring engineer's load significantly and increase productivity. The

requirements for this application are predicted coverage arrays, network statistics and

map layers administrative boundaries, towns/villages, settlements, rivers, forest lakes,

roads, railways, forest, land use, etc. where reorganized and updated using Arc GIS to

network planners requirements. Network planners created demographic GIS Database

using Arc GIS. Data from cartographic database and demographic tables. This database

contains geographically related data about number of inhabitants in regions, cities, and

32

towns, and is very important in GSM, calculations for the network coverage and finding

the new location of wireless towers.

5.6.1 Registration

Generally, a remote sensing image is not used directly in raw form due to the presence of

certain geometric errors in it. These errors may occur due to the movements of the

satellite platforms that carry sensors. The image therefore may have to be geometrically

rectified (registered) to extract useful information particularly for change detection

studies, and for its input as a data layer to GIS. If accurate geometric registration is not

achieved, then spurious differences will be detected, arising just because different

locations are compared. Often a polynomial transformation coupled with a resampling

procedure is utilized to geometrically register the image to other geographical data sets

through the knowledge of the actual positions of Ground Control Points (GCP) in both

the data sets. However, the process of geometric registration may also have its own

limitations due to the possibility of errors in GCP location, the number and distribution of

GCP, the accuracy of polynomial transformation and the resampling procedure.

Resampling is particularly important in classification as it alters the digital numbers of

the pixels. Therefore, these things must be given due consideration to achieve sub-pixel

registration accuracy that is often desired to obtain reliable estimates of land cover

particularly for change detection applications.

For planning of wireless tower establishment toposheets plays a role for identify

the name and location and use as reference data. These are registered in geographical

projection system in Eradas Software. Here four toposheets have been registered at

1:50,000 scale from survey of India ( Fig 5.2) and with the help of reference data PANs

image, large scale( at 1:1000 scale) municipal maps of Haridwar and Roorkee are

registered.

5.6.2 Mosaicking

Mosaicking is the process of image (or picture) made up of two or smaller images (or

pictures). By the moaic, we can create a long strip of images it is an integrated spatial

33

optimization framework for exploring future land use and management options at

regional and landscape scales. . Mosaic provides the capability of identifying the social,

environmental and economic trade-offs of changing the way land is managed in particular

landscape contexts, here four toposheets two images after registration of Haridwar

district are mosaicked( Fig 5.2 and Fig 5.5)

5.6.3 Digitization

Digitization is usually done feature by feature. For the points feature, the digitization

process builds up a database of the points of their coordinates. For the lines it builds up a

database , the starting and end nodes for the line and its length. In addition the GIS also

create a database of the topology, that is, the spatial relationships between the lines. For

the polygons also it develops the database . For example, all point features are on a map,

say wireless towers positions (Fig 6.1) are digitized in one layer. Similarly all line

features eg. Road networks, rivers, canal networks, railway lines (Fig 6.1) are digitized as

a separate layer. So are the polygon features urban and sub urban (Fig 6.2 and Fig 6.3)

and forest, hilly forest ( shown in Fig 6.4 ) are digitized as a another separate layers

5.6.4 Overlay

Overlay is an operation in which the spatial locations of features from two or more layers

and their attributes are joined to derive new data relationships in the output layer. That

may sound complicated, but it's really not. Overlaying layers is like overlaying map

sheets, but with a bonus. You get an output layer that combines data from all layers. For

planning about the whole Haridwar district, PAN image is used. Then there is need to

overlay of all road networks, railway lines, canals, water features from toposheets and

urban and sub urban from large scale maps and information about the forest and hilly

forest. Fig 6.5 explaining information about overlay of all layers along with wireless

tower positions.

5.6.5 Buffer

Buffering, or buffer analysis means creating a zone or zones of proximity around one or

more geographic features, then using the zone for display and other spatial queries. A

buffer is a polygon feature or simple graphic around some geographic feature or set of

features (points, lines, polygons). A buffer operation is one of the most common spatial

analysis tools. A buffer is a map feature that represents a uniform distance around a

feature. When creating a buffer, the user selects the feature to buffer from, as well as the

distance to be buffered. The buffer operation creates a new polygon data set, where a

specified distance is drawn around specific features within a layer. The distances can

either be constant or can vary depending upon attribute values. When features are close

together, their buffers may overlap. The user can choose to preserve the overlaps or

remove them.

5.6.5.1 Buffer for the coverage planning

Coverage can be plan around the position of each tower with help of Okumura Hata

Model using buffer coverage depends upon antenna height, MS (mobile station) height,

frequencies of each tower and what signal strength are planning for better coverage After

getting coverage (radius),we can make the buffer around the each tower(Fig 6.7).

Coverage depends upon type of area like urban, sub urban and rural.

5.6.5.2 Buffer for the road networks and railway lines

During coverage planning we should give the importance of road networks and railway

lines. This is also depend upon area type (rural, urban and sub urban). For the rural, tower

position should be under the buffer of 3 km and for the urban and sub urban, it should be

1.0 km and 0.5 km (shown in Fig P.8). By this decision we can get better coverage on the

road networks and railway lines.

5.6.6 Thiessen Polygon

Thiessen polygons define individual areas of influence around each of a set of points.

Thiessen polygons are polygons whose boundaries define the area that is closest to each

35

point relative to all other points ( Fig 5.6) Thiessen polygons are generated from a set of

points. They are mathematically defined by the perpendicular bisectors of the lines

between all points. A TIN structure is used to create Thiessen polygons

+ .................................1- •

i ................................. +

Input point coverage

+0 i f i

• ■

Thiessen polygon coverage Bisected TIN

Fig 5.6 Concept of Thiessen polygons

Converts Input coverage points to coverage of Thiessen proximal polygons.

Thiessen polygons have the unique property that each polygon contains only one input

point, and any location within a polygon is closer to its associated point than to the point

of any other polygon.

Thessian polygon can help for deciding the new tower position also. This is the special

analysis in Are GIS. Try to establish the new tower where intersections of lines or along

of the lines (shown in Fig 6.12)

5.7 WORK FLOW DIAGRAM

Work flow diagram shows (Fig 5.7) the methodology of working for the establishment of

new towers, it should be need of a lot of decision during the work on the basis of

coverage, buffers, Theissen polygons rules and settlements. The new tower can be

suggested with the help of coverage, buffer around the major road networks and railway

lines in rural, sub urban ,urban, Theissen intersection points and lines, and the

settlements. We should establish the new tower which should be comes under these

buffers and intersection of the Theissen polygons or very near to intersection where is the

large settlements can be visualize.

37

Start

Topo sheets PAN Image Haridwar City Map Roorkee City Map 1:50,000 Scale 5.8 m Resolution 1:600 Scale 1:600 Scale

Registration of

Registration of

Registration of

Registration of Toposheets PAN Images Haridwar City Map Roorkee City Map

Classification of Cities Map by Polygon

Features

Urban // Sub Urban / / Rural(Remaining Area)

Mosaic of

Mosaic of Toposheets PAN images

Digitization of Road Network/Railways

Line/Canal/ River Bed.

Digitization of Tower Position

With Name

Overlays On the PAN Image

Features Updation on Image

Classification of Forest Area, Hilly Forest by

Digitized Polygon

A

38

M

Coverage Planning

Okumura HATA simulated of Okumura

Model HATA MODEL in Visual

Basic 6.0

Tower Positions BTS Heights Frequencies of MS Height Required Signal

Each Tower I J I Strength

Coverage.Decision of Existing Wireless

Tower

No Coverage or Less Coverage Area on the

Image.

Buffer Around Roads &

Railways Lines

C) ( B

39

Results

Fig 5.7 Work flow diagram

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 GENERAL Coverage planning is hypothetical. It is very difficult to consider the signal losses by all

buildings, vehicles, trees, vegetations, water feature, forest etc. we use simulated models.

Okumura Hata Model is the popular model in telecommunication planning for the

coverage in India for large area. This model can be plan according to definition of urban,

sub urban and rural in wireless coverage planning. The propose tower position can be

plan in office by this technique. But actual position can be decided by the survey of the

area or the knowledge by the ground truth data. So the proposed position can be displaced

any where approximately in the circle of 100m. Because one can't plan the tower

position in the water, on the roads or railway lines or very near the hospitals, kids school

or restricted area. We can see the classify image in some coverage area, rural, urban and

sub urban are mixture of these. There should be need of decision after visualization that

which type of area we should apply in Okumura Hata Model. In some area buffer of road

network and railway lines and intersection of Theissen polygon is not possible. But there

is need to coverage identify after finding the big settlements, so that the tower in that are

can be established. In some cases, there should be need of special coverage like in

tunnel, mines or coverage for some important places, so we may plan special coverage in

this type of area.

6.2 DIGITIZATION OF POINTS, LINES AND POLYGONS FEATURES

6.2.1 Points Features

Tower positions (latitude/longitude) are digitized by the point features from the

registered toposheet using in Arc GIS. With the help of toposheets we can verify the

name of these positions are entered. Fig 6.1 shows the positions(yellow points) and

names(red colour) of existing wireless towers.

41

II

6.2.2 Lines features

If we go outside of cities then probability of getting coverage is less. Because of that we

trouble the communication problem in road networks and railway lines. Information

about rivers and canals are also needed. Because we can't establish the tower in water

features, and we must ignore these for the wireless tower establishment. These line

features are digitized in Arc GIS. Fig 6.1 shows the line features (road network, railway

lines, canals, rivers).

toposhet.img RGB Composite

0 Red: Layer_1

• Green: Layer_2

• Blue: Layer_3 Tower Position 0

railways line

Water Feature

Major Roads

canal

Fig 6.1 Toposheet of Haridwar District Alongwith Digitization of Existing Towers

Position, Railway Lines, Major Roads, Water Features/Rivers and Canals.

42

6.2.3 Polygon Features

Maps at 1:1000 scale can explain information about urban and sub urban of Haridwar

city and Roorkee city. These cities are most important for the coverage planning because

of large number of users . Fig 6.2 and Fig 6.3 shows the information about the urban and

sub urban area. Fig 6.4 is explaining about the forest and hilly forest (land cover area)

also. We can't establish the towers even in forest and hilly forest area ,because of very

less user (or no user) in these areas.

6.3 OVERLAY OF FEATURES

For the decision of the area and coverage according to the area type and the features

available in the area, overlaying is important. After overlay of the features, decision of

the area type is possible. In Fig 6.4 overlay of urban and sub urban can visualize. Fig 6.5

is explaining the overlapping of all point features, line features and polygon features.

6.4 ANALYSIS OF OKUMURA HATA MODEL FOR COVERAGE PLANNING

Decide the area (urban, sub urban and rural) and apply the Okumura Hata Model (shown

in Fig 6.6) for the coverage calculation, The program is written in Visual basic 6.0. Area

type can be decided by the description of area and after deciding the area type, site

parameters are needed for planning of coverage calculation by this model. These site

parameters are height of base station, height of mobile station, signal strength and centre

frequency for each tower. Here, height of the base stations and frequencies data are used

for (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited). Mobile stations are considered of minimum height

as the person can communicate, which may be 1.5 m (height of the person). Maximum

signal strength is considered -62 dB for getting more than 90% probability for the

coverage.

•

Existing Tower Position 0 Dense Forest

0 Hilly Forest

Urban

rz Sub Urban

V2

Fig 6.4 Classified PAN Image of Urban, Sub Urban,Dense Forest and Hilly Forest (by

Polygon Digitization) Alongwith Existing Towers Positions.

Existing Tower Position 0

Canal

Railway lines

River

Major Roads

Dense Forest

Hilly Forest

Urban

Sub Urban

Fig 6.5 Overlay of Road Network, Railway Lines, Canal, River, Urban, Sub Urban,

Dense Forest, Hilly Forest at PAN Image Alongwith Existing Tower Position.

Wi

6.4.1 Decision of the Area Type and Coverage

Urban, sub urban, rural are decided with the help of images and map data or ground

knowledge of some area. In the Haridwar district, Haridwar city, Rroorkee city and laksar

are three cities. Urban and sub urban are decided with the help of maps at 1:1000 scale

(show Fig 6.2 and Fig 6.3) and rural (remaining area) by the high resolution of PAN

image (shows Fig 6.5). Area type can be decided after description of the area.

Description of the area for decision of the urban and sub urban and rural (remaining

area) with coverage calculation are as fallows:

1. Aithal

Area description:-Aithal is surrounding by villages and one side is covered by

the forest.

Classified type: - Rural

Coverage (Radius):- 3.26 km

2. Goverdhanpur

Area description:- it is a small town. Mostly sides are covered by the forest.

one major road is passing through this town.



3. Igbalpur

Area description: - Igbalpur is a town has a small railway station and

surrounded by small villages, and one major road is passing through this area.



0 MDIForml - [SIMULATED OKUMURA HATA MODEL] I

u1c II

Fig 6.6 Okumura Hata Model (programming in Visual Basic 6.0)

47

4. Jhabrera

Area description: - it is a small town surrounded by villages. One major road is

passing by this area. A small canal is also passing near this town.



5. Landhura

Area description:- It has mostly open area ,which is surrounded by small

villages It is crossing two major roads and railways lines and has a railway

station. It is situated to near Solani river.



6. Laksar

Area description: - It has residential and commercial area.and important Tahasil

of haridwar district. Two major roads are crossing to each other and one

important railway station is here.

Classified type: - Sub urban


7. Manglore

Area description: - This town is surrounded by small orchards. This town is

situated at the NH 58. and one major road and situated near the canal .



8. Raisi

Area description:-It is small town with railway station. near this area one river

is also passing.



48

9. Shahpur

Area description: - It is small town surrounded by villages, Major road is also

passing by this area. Right side has mostly water features and left side has forest.



10. Sultanpur

Area description: - It is also a small town. Major road is passing by this area

along with river.



11. Laksar XGE

Area description: - it has a telephone exchange with offices and surrounded by

villages and major road is also passing by this area.

Classified type:- Rural


12. Gurul Narsan

Area description:-This is a rural area surrounded with villages and two major

roads and canal is passing by this area.



13.Bhagwanpur

Area Description:- This is a small town surrounded by villages and two major

roads are crossing in this town One river is passing very near to this town.



14. Bahadrabad

Area description: - This area comes under haridwar city. One major road is

passing through this area This is very small commercial area with offices and

canal is also passing by this area.



15. Dheerwali

Area description:- This is a important place in haridwar city. One side with

commercial area and other side has residential with small park and open area.

Some offices are also situated here.



16. Dhanauri

Area description: - It is rural area surrounded with villages and very near to

canal and river.



17. DTO Haridwar

Area description:- This is a commercial area of Haridwar city . One side has

canal and river and other side has hilly forest. Two major roads and railway lines

are passing. It is a tourist place with hotels but this is very small area



50

18. Shyamlok

Area description: - Shyamlok is out side of the city, one side has hilly forest and

another side river. Railways lines and roads are passing through this area this, is

surrounding with villages


Coverage (Radius):- 3.54

19. Jwalapurl

Area description:- It is very near to Ganga canal. One side has mostly open area

and other side has commercial and residential area .Roads and railways line are

also passing by this area.



20. Fire Station

Area description: - It is most important commercial area with dense houses near

bus station and major road and railways line are also passing very near to it.

Canal is also passing through this area.

Classified type: - Urban


21.Jagjitpur(ziapota)

Area description: - This area is surrounded by villages and one major roads is

also passing. One side has large river.



22.DTO Roorkee

Area description:- It is an important commercial area and canal is also passing

by this area.


51


23.IIT Roorkee

Area description: - IIT Roorkee is an important educational institute with open

area but with large buildings.

Classified type: - Sub Urban


24.Roshanabad

Area description: - It is a part of Haridwar city with sub urban area and it's one

side is open and another side is hilly forest.



25. Hridwar Main XGE

Area description: - Haridwar main XGE is the place which is surrounded with

the important offices and residences One side of this has industries and another

side has canal and river, major road and railway line are also passing.



26. Shiwalik Nagar XGE

Area description: - It is surrounded by residential and industrial area with social

facility and parks and open area along with river is also here..



27.Jwalapur2

Area description: - It is very near to railway station along with commercial area

with offices. Major roads, railway line and canal is also passing through this area.


52


28.Hari Ki Pauri

Area description: - It is small commercial area and important tourist place s

here one needs special coverage. Mostly area is covered by water. Railway lin

and major road are also present.



29 Kankhal XGE

Area description:- Kanakhal XGE is surrounded by mixture of

commercial,residential with small social facilities . One side of this area covered

river and another side by canal.



30 Ramnagar XGE

Area description: - It is residencial area with some park and open area of

Roorkee city with one major road



31 Civil Lines XGE

Area description: - One side of this tower is residential and another side is

commercial area with major roads and canal.



53

32 Bheem Goda

Area description:- It is the residencial area alongwith open area.one side river is

passing and another side is covered by hilly area. Railway line and major road are

also passing.



33. Ranipur Moor

Area description: - This is fully commercial area with offices and park and with

social facility. Railway line and two major roads are passing.

Classified type: - urban


34.Dhandera

Area description: - This is mostly Residential area with major roads and

railway lines



35. BHEL

Area description:- This is industrial area with small residencies and open

parks. It's one side is cover by hilly forest.



36. COER

Area description: - It is an educational institute, surrounded by villages. One

major road is passing and one side has water feature .


Coverage (Radius):- 3.55km

54

37 Ganesh pur

Area description:- This is a residencial area with small commercial part of

Roorkee city and roads are also passing through this area.



38 Chiriyapur

Area description: - This area is covered with forest. One side has river. Some

villages are present around this area. One major road (Highway) is passing by

this area.


Coverage (Radius):- 5.59km

6.5 BUFFERING AROUND THE EXISTING POSITIONS (COVERAGE OF

AREA)

After calculating the coverage for urban, sub urban and rural area by Okumura Hata

Model, we can make the buffer around the existing tower position by buffer analysis in

Arc GIS (shown in Fig 6.7). If coverage is decided then less coverage or no coverage

area can be identified (shown in Fig 6.7)

6.6 BUFFERING AROUND THE LINE FEATURES

During travelLing by roads and railway lines, more subscribers can use the mobile sets.

This also depends upon the area type. For rural, sub urban and urban at least sequentially

3.0 km, 1.0 km and 0.5 km coverage are needed. By buffering features in Arc GIS, this

type of coverage is possible. After making the buffer, new tower position should not lie

in these existing buffer. We should provide the coverage for road networks and railway

lines if there is no existing coverage or less coverage. Remaining roads and railway lines

can be visualized in the image, where no coverage or less coverage is. In Fig 6.8 light

blue line, pink line, and red line show the buffer of rural, sub urban and urban area. In

55

the Haridwar district. Detail buffer of the road networks and railway lines, in Haridwar

city,Roorkee city and Laksar are shown in Fig 6.9,Fig 6.10 and Fig 6.11 respectively.

Position Buffer


Canal

Railway lines

River

Major Roads

Dense Forest 0 Hilly Forest E Urban

Sub Urban Ed

Fig 6.7 Coverage (More than 90% Probability of Getting Signal) of Existing Towers in

Haridwar District.

6.7 THEISSEN POLYGON ANALYSIS

The lines in the Theissen polygon are the centre line of the tower position and crossing

points are the closest distance from the surrounding tower position in no coverage or less

coverage area. Find the crossing points or line in the no coverage or less coverage area

and try to establish the tower very near to crossing points along the very near to line

where the big settlements are present. If there is the uncovered road networks and railway

56

lines, then it should be in the buffer of these line features. Crossing points and line of

the Theissen polygon can be seen in Fig 6.12 (by the dark red)

Position Buffer


Canal

Railway lines

River

Major Roads

Dense Forest

m Hilly Forest

RE Urban

Sub Urban

Rural Buffer

Urban Buffer

Sub Urban Buffer

Fig 6.8 Buffer Created Both Side of Major Roads and Railway Lines( for Rural=3 km,Sub urban=1 km ,Urban =0.5 km)

57

E, r n .. T—e, F~~v[w~ri

Canal ? 14%

Sc

Railway fins }`

River _ `k r

Maya Roads Dense Forest +, ̀

Hilly Forest

Urban

Sub Urban .., ® Rural Buffer '%~.; Urban B ffer 3y Sub Urban Buffer

Fig 6.9 Information About the Urban, Sub Urban, Hilly Forest, Canals, Railway Lines,

Rivers Major roads and buffer in Haridwar city along with Existing Wireless Tower

Positions.


Canal

Railway lines

River

Major Roads

Dense Forest

0 Hilly Forest

Urban

rzi

Sub Urban

Rural Buffer

Urban Buffer

Sub Urban Buffer

Fig 6.10 Information About the Urban ,Sub Urban, Canals, Railway Line,

River Major Roads and Buffer in Roorkee City Along with Existing Wireless Tower

Positions.

k : It t'

ExW&g Tawer Postoan.a ~. . ss~-. ` — *: r ~• _, ;

Ra way *Vs y t ~_ .

N{ajOf Roads 7- Vrt I,rA '. * i y o

DEI16C FOfQS# _._8

►

~~_Ct "` _-

Fly Past e 4 ,, ;1 r ti' ~d►~ a

Sib Urban 'f ,' r # f r , T ..

Rural Biffa ; a ` tkbl1181fff '~ om '~ ~ ~" . Y - t .

. . 7 r ~ ' i' *a, t. f*'. .'

Sub Urban Wier

Fig 6.11 Information About the Sub Urban, Rrailway Line, Major Roads and Buffer in

Laksar Alongwith Existing Wireless Towers Positions.

6.8 NEW TOWER POSITION we have seen that tower position are at random and less coverage ( or no coverage) area

are irregular . so suggestion of tower position is difficult task for covering the whole land

cover area of Haridwar district. But it should fallow the some rules for establishing the towers according to our analysis. These are the analysis of optimum solution for the

tower positions

For the new tower positions we should fallow these rules

• We should not establish the new tower in the existing coverage area cause of already good coverage.

• The wireless tower should not establish in the water features, forest and hilly forest area.

• Then urban, sub urban, rural as a land use, where better coverage are needed( if there is less coverage or no coverage), should be considered for new wireless towers positions..


Canal

Railway lines

River

Major Roads

Dense Forest

HNly Forest

Urban

Sub Urban

Rural Buffer

Urban Buffer

Sub Urban Buffer

Thiessen

Fig 6.12 Created Thiessen Polygon ( Dark Red Lines) on Image.

• . By the analysis the tower position can be suggest near the Theissen crossing

points alongwith near the Theissen lines.

• Then it should be comes under the buffer of road networks and railway lines if

there is less coverage(or no coverage). This is depend upon the buffer of urban,

sub urban and rural.

Z1

• We should try to establish the tower to the settlements or very near to settlements

near the crossing points along theissen lines.

• If the thiessen points is coming in the water feature, forest or hilly forest,then we

should ignore that area.

• After analysis we can find that some theissen crossing points or lines are out side

of the boundary or very near to boundary. So we should not establish the tower

there, because we does not know situation of tower position in other district.

• Some where theissen points are not possible but that land cover area should also

cover by the signals. So find the good settlements area and establish tower there.

By these analysis we can find the new towers positions( red points) in Haridwar district

which are shown in Fig 6.13. Fig 6.14 showing the new tower position(red points) in

Haridwar city. With the help of Fig 6.15 we can see the new towers positions( red

points) and names (by yellow colour) and old towers positions ( yellow points ) and

names( by red colour). These New wireless towers are in the demand for having wide

coverage in Haridwar district.

61

Position Buffer


Canal

Railway lines

River

Major Roads

Dense Forest m Hilly Forest m Urban

Sub Urban

Rural Buffer

Urban Buffer

Sub Urban Buffer

Thiessen

New Tower Position •

Fig 6.13 Position of New WirelessTowers

62

Position Buffer

. ••. I


o e

Canal r

Railway lines ; ± l Bhe m

River Rosanabt ~r`

;. •:::... Har'(k~ Major Roads ~= ti ~ -

BHEL // DTO H.Irid

Dense Forest ® ; :; Haridwar

Hilly Forest ® ' ~ Shmahk XGE Ranipur P~1 r 1 ~~~

Urban 1 Dhe aA

® x r Jwa~ppurl, Sub Urban

Jw Ia purc !~ f 1

Rural Buffer

'1

Sub Urban Buffer ~.. Y a fy

1) Thiessen `• '

New Tower Position •

N Fig 6.14 Position of New Wireless Tower in Haridwar City.

63


New Tower Position

Fig 6.15 Position of Existing Wireless Tower and New Wireless Tower in Haridwar

District.

6.9 RESULTS

The proposed new tower positions (lat/long) with names and area types are present in

table 6.1 Limitation of these tower positions are dependent upon area. Actual position

can be decided by surveying the area or knowledge about the ground truth data. So the

proposed position can be displaced any where in the circle of 100m (approximate). we

should not plan the tower position in the water, on the roads or railway lines or very near

the hospitals, kids school or restricted area. Already 38 wireless towers in Haridwar

district are existing and at least 16 more towers are need for better coverage.

No. of Site

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Site Name Aitpur Ghosipura Qasimpur Kuakhera Hariauli Jat Lathardewa Shekh Madhopur Manoharpur Minor Gurukul Pharmacy Forest Chauki Aneki Khurd Imali Khera Daiuwala Khurd Bahbarpur Khanpur Mohand

Latitude 29°53'38.44"N 29°50'47.27"N 29°50'43.99"N 29°45'35.50"N 29°43'44.46"N 29°50'06.66"N 29°53'19.62"N 29°54'56.53"N 29°55'05.66"N 29°56'37.43 "N 29°58'25.73"N 29°56'09.16"N 29°59'45.72"N 30°00'12.29 N 29°38'41.80"N 30°05'43.08"N

Longitude 78°03'28.24"E 78°05'24.55"E 77°59'46.73 "E 77°58'40.39E 77°55'22.57"E 77°50'02.17"E 77°50'47.29"E 78°01'03.84"E 78°07'51.91 "E 78°07'14 43 "E 78001'17.84"E 77°53'26.87"E 77°56'42.00"E 77°51'05.71 "E 78°00'51.05"E 77053'54.82"E

Area Type Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Sub urban Sub urban Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural

Table 6.1 Site Name, Lat/Long and Area Type of New Wireless Towers.

M

9. Issues", Wacker A., Laiho-Steffens J., 1999, "Static Simulator for Studying

WCDMA Radio Network Planning Proc. IEEE VTC Spring Conf

10. CS 294-7: Radio Propagation Prof. Randy H. Katz CS Division University of

California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1776 © 1996

1 1. I EMTS Radio Interface System Planning and Optimization Esmael Dinan Aleksc

K.urochkin Sam Kettani Issue Date: December 2002

12. The Use of Quantitative Association Rules in Cellular Network PlanningMichal

Okoniewski Study Paper on `Indicators for Telecom Growth' Study Paper No.

2/2005

13. .Algorithms and Software for Radio Signal Coverage Prediction in Terrains A

dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich

for the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences

14. Radiowave propagation, building databases, and GIS:anything in common? A

radio engineer's viewpoint Jean-Fre" de" ric Wagen}, Karim Rizk Wavecall SA,

EPFL-PSE/B, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

15. Propagation Prediction Models Dieter J. Cichon 1, IBP PIETZSCH GmbH,

Germany Thomas Kilmer 1, E-Plus Mobilfunk GmbH, Germany.

16. GIS Aided Radio Wave Propagation Modeling and Analysis Li Qing Thesis

submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

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Zaria Tatalovich GIS Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, College of

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