Planning in organization

Definition:-

Choice made from two or more alternatives. It occurs as a reaction to a problem or an opportunity.

Problem – difference between current state of affairs and desired state, require consideration of alternative courses of action

Opportunity- occurs when something unplanned happens, giving rise to thoughts about new ways of proceeding.

Decision maker makes consistent, high quality

choices within specified constraints.

Six steps in rational decision making model as

listed below.

1.

Define

the

problem

2.

Identify

the

criteria

3.

Allocate

weights

to the

criteria

4.

Develop

alternativ

es

5.

Evaluate

the

alternativ

es

6.

Select

the best

alternativ

es

Making a decision

Problem clarity

Known options

Clear preferences

Constant preferences

No time or cost constraints

Maximum payoff

a) Problem identification

- problems that are visible tend to be selected

compared to important ones

- easier to recognize visible problem

- decision makers want to appear competent

b) Bounded rationality in considering alternatives

- people are limited by their ability to

interpret, process and act on information

- individuals not able to discover and consider

every alternative for a decision

- settle on alternative that is good enough

- choose a final solution that satisfies rather than

optimizes

c) Intuition

- form of extrasensory power or sixth sense

- 60% experienced professionals in US major organization they use intuition make workplace decision

- often used in hiring, performance appraisal,harassment complaints, safety issues

- best applied when time is short, policies, rulesand guidelines do not give advice oruncertainties

STRENGTH WEAKNESS

More complete information

and knowledge

Increased diversity of views

Higher quality decisions

More accurate

More creativity

Increased acceptance of a

solution

Time consuming

Conformity pressures

Dominated by one or a few

members

Uncertain responsibility

Criteria of Effectiveness Groups Individuals

More complete information √

Diversity of views √

Decision quality √

Accuracy √

Creativity √

Degree of acceptance √

Speed √

Efficiency √

Interacting groups

Brainstorming

Nominal group technique

Electronic meetings

Creativity:-The process of creating product, ideas or procedures that are original and useful to organization

Benefits of individual creativity:- High quality product Effective decision making Better group performance Innovative solution

ALBERT

EINSTEINMARIE

CURIE

THOMAS

EDISON

WOLFGANG

AMADEUS

MOZART

PABLO

PICASSOMICHAEL

JORDAN

Category Percentage (%)

Exceptionally creative 1

Highly creative 10

Somewhat creative 60

Total 71

Table above shows:- A study of lifetime creativity of 461

men & women

PERSONAL

CHARACTERISTICS

PERSONALITY &

COGNITIVE SKILLS

Broad interest

Attraction to complexity

Intuition

Aesthetic sensitivity

Toleration of uncertainty

Self confidence

Motivated by intrinsic

interest

Challenge

Task satisfaction

Self- set goals

Challenge

Freedom

Resources

Work group features

Supervisory encouragement

Organizational support

Expected evaluation

Surveillance

External motivators

Competition

Constrained choice

Ethics :-

Study of moral values or principles that

guide our behavior and inform us whether

our actions are right or wrong

Utilitarian criterion

Rights

Justice

Care

Stages of moral development

Locus of control

Organizational environment

Question 1

Is this decision

motivating by self-

serving interest?

Question 2

Does the decision

respect the rights of

the individuals

affected?

Question 3

Is this decision fair

and equitable?

Unethical

NoUnethical

Unethical

Ethical

Is a Decision

ethical?

Decision making, creativity and ethics are

the main criteria need to be considered by

all the individual in organization. The

success of each organization depends

heavily on this three aspects.

THANK YOU ,GOOD DAY