Planning and Design - SMA Solar · PDF fileBe a solar expert Planning and Design . ... Nominal power ratio SMA Solar Technology AG 10 *STC: Standard Test Conditions M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610.

Be a solar expertPlanning and Design

Organizational Matters

> Escape routesEscape routes> Meeting point in case of a fire alarm> Toilets> Smoking area> Please mute your cell phones or switch them off> Badges

> Solar Academy contact data> Phone: +49 (0)561-9522-4884 > il S l d @SMA d> Badges

> Cafeteria> e-mail: [email protected]

> Download areas:> http://www.SMA.de/handoutp

SMA Solar Technology AG SMA Solar Technology AG 2

1. Fundamentals | 2. Tips & Tools | 3. Adjustment of Inverter - PV array | 4. Sunny Design | 5. Shade Management | 6. Monitoring

Presentation Topics

1 Plant Planning Fundamentals2 Tips & Tools

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3 Adjustment of Inverter PV Array3 Adjustment of Inverter – PV Array4 Plant Design with SMA Software "Sunny Design"

5 Sh d M W k h P ll Sh d d PV A5 Shade Management – Working with Partially Shaded PV Arrays

6 Monitoring and Visualization

SMA Solar Technology AG 3M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


Basics of Photovoltaics – PV Plant Design

Modules generate direct current

Inverters convert direct current into alternating current

Electricity is either consumed in the home or fed into the grid



Planning and Dimensioning

> Planning and dimensioning of a PV plant depend on the following aspects:

> Roof (size, position and incline)> Degrees of shading> Selection of operating mode: all power fed into grid / excess power fed into grid> Operator's technical specifications for modules, inverters etc.> Owner's aesthetic specifications for outdoor installation> B ild b d f> Builder budget of owner



Solarchecker

SMA Solar Technology AG SMA Solar Technology AG 6M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


Sun Path Indicator

June 21

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[°

] April 21

March 21F b 21

Time (CET)

Altitu

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December 21

Azimuth angle a [°]g [ ]



http://www.sma.de/en/products/plant-planning.html



> SMA design software: "Sunny Design"

Support in Dimensioning

> Excel table of power calculations: "Leitungsberechnung.xls"

> Estimating harmonic currents of PV plants with "THD-Calculator"

> You will find these free-of-charge programs and tools on the Internet at www.SMA.deh // SMA d /d / i /d l d h lhttp://www.SMA.de/de/service/downloads.htmlProduct updates available for download



Nominal Power Ratio Inverter – PV Array

> For a well-arranged PV plant the power of the inverter must fit the power of the d PVconnected PV array

> The nominal power ratio is used as a characteristic value

maximum input power of the inverter= nominal power of PV array at STC*Nominal power ratio

SMA Solar Technology AG 10

*STC: Standard Test Conditions

M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


> Nominal power ratio for Central Europe (optimally aligned) is approximately 90%

Plant-specific nominal power ratio

> Arrays with an orientation that is not optimal (e.g., installed on facades or east/west-aligned plants) are designed with optimal inverter dimensioning

Inclination0°

Inclination0°

Inclination

ower

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ation

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30°

ower

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PV array peak power of the inverter100% East 100% West50% East + 50% West

70°

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PV array peak power of the inverter100% East 100% West50% East + 50% West

70°

100% East 100% West50% East + 50% West

No (99

SMA Solar Technology AG

Example: Simulation east/west-aligned PV array, Module Sharp ND-210 (E1F), different inclinations, Freiburg11M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


PV Inverter is Undersized

> Example of drastic undersizing: nominal power ratio is 0.5

> The inverter feeds into the grid approximately 83% of possible power

Module: AEG PQ 10/40Location: FreiburgInclination : 50°



Energy Utilization

Efficiency of a PV plantwith inverters of different maximum power

Efficiency of a PV plant ] 91 2

96.799.3 99.9 100.0

gy yi

eld [%

]

83.2

91.2

Energy usability factor

rdize

d en

erg Energy usability factor

PV annual yield in MPP

Stand

ar

PV annual yield in MPP


Nominal power ratio13M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


PV array voltage / characteristic curves PV array

> Not only the power, but also the PV array voltage (number of PV modules per string) must b f h l f h

Current A = solar cell temperature MPPE = radiation densityACurrent

be appropriate for the input voltage range of the inverter.

MPP = 0 °C2040

6080

E=1000 W/m2

400 W/m2

600 W/m2

800 W/m2

100

V

200 W/m2

400 W/m

V

Power MPP = 0 °C20

4060

80100

W MPPWPower

100

V V


V V

14M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


Temperature Coefficients of Crystalline PV Modules

20

30

STC: 25 °C

0

10

ung i

n % Short-circuit current approximately 0.07 % / °C

-10

0-20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 100°

elative

Änd

er

Approximate open circuit voltage -0.4% / °C

-30

-20Re

MPP power approximately -0.45% / °C

-40Temperatur in °C



Excerpt from Module Data Sheet

> Sunpower SPR-333NE-WHT-D, SPR-327NE-WHT-D



> UMPP (70°C) → MPP voltage at 1000 W/m2, cell temperature 70 °C*

Limiting Voltage Values when Designing

> U0 (-10°C) → open-circuit voltage at 1000 W/m2, cell temperature -10 °C*

1 2STC:1000 W/ 2 25 °C

0 8

1

1,2

MPP

(25 °

C)) 1000 W/m2, 25 °C

0 4

0,6

0,8

tung (

P MPP

/PM

+ 70 °C

0

0,2

0,4

rm. M

PP-Le

ist

Characteristic points - 10 °C0

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6no

Normierte MPP-Spannung (UMPP/UMPP (25 °C))


*The minimal and maximal temperatures might have to be adjusted to the installation site



> The lowest PV array operating voltage is set at the highest PV cell temperature

Lowest Operating Voltage

> The temperature depends on the mounting type and additional factors

Mounting type Cell temperature of given environmentFree installation of the PV modules ca. + 20 °CRoof mounting with proper ventilation ca. + 30 °CFacade with proper ventilation ca. + 35 °CMounting integrated in building without ventilation

ca. + 45 °C



> In the example, the MPP voltage of the PV array is lower than the lowest possible inverter l

Lowest Operating Voltage

input voltage

MPPOperating Point



The minimum input voltage depends on the current value of the line voltage.

Flexible MPP Range of SB 3800

LN1 : N2 = üMinimum MPP voltage of the Sunny Boy 3800260 V DC

N

age

220 V DC

240 V DC

219 V

ener

ator

volt

Flexible work area

Examples:SB 1200 139 V 151 V

200 V DC

220 V DC

200 V

nimum

PC ge SB 1200 139 V...151 V

SB 1700 139 V...151 VSB 2500 224 V...246 VSB 3000 268 V...291 VSB 3800 200 V...219 V160 V DC

180 V DC

Min

140 V DC180 V AC 200 V AC 220 V AC 240 V AC 260 V AC

Line voltage



> The highest PV-array operating voltage (open-circuit voltage) is achieved at the lowest PV ll

Highest Operating Voltage

cell temperature> In the example, the open-circuit voltage of the PV array is higher than the maximum inverter

input voltage → inverter damage may occur!p g g y

MPPMPPOperating Point



MPP Voltage and Efficiency

> The input voltage level at the inverters has a major impact on the efficiency

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SMA Solar Technology AG SMA Solar Technology AG 22

10 ms0 ms



Adjustment of PV Array and Inverter

MPPPmax

Imax


UDC maxUMPP min

23M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


Sunny Design



Developing Design Software

Sunny Design 2.21EEG2012/VDE AR-N 4105

Sunny Design 2.21

Sunny Design 1.x

VDE 01261-1 Automatic plant configurationPlant-specific lower limit fornominal power ratio

PV array design

Plant dimensioning,cable dimensioning,

PDF

nominal power ratioEEG 2012 includes 70% cutEconomic viability of plant design recommendationsComparison list for alternative plant designsPersonal Load Profiles Import of c stomi ed meteorological data

Small plant dimensioning

projects, PDF print Import of customized meteorological dataExtended project tree

SMA Solar Technology AG SMA Solar Technology AG

2001 2002 2012

25M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610


> The inverter efficiency is the average inverter ff d l

Terminology – Inverter Efficiency

efficiency during a typical operating year



> The Performance Ratio (PR): ratio of nominal yield to ld f h PV l

Terminology – Performance Ratio

target yield of the PV plant

> Sh w th ti th t i t ll il bl> Shows the energy proportion that is actually available for feed-in to the grid after deduction of energy loss

> The closer the PR value determined for a PV plant approaches 100%, the more efficiently the respective PV plant is operatingPV plant is operating



> Automatic plant configuration

Sunny Design 2.2X Features

> Comparison of configurations> Plant-specific lower limit for nominal power ratio> Economic viability of plant design recommendations> EEG 2012; 70% cut

I> Import > Personal load profiles, localized meteorological data

> Information system> Information system> Deactivating/activating information dialog box



> Plant design suggestions for subprojects h PV

Plant Configuration

with one or more PV arrays

> A t ti d i ibl> Automatic design possible



> Sorted by yield and economic viability

Plant Configuration

> Arithmetic depth is adjustable



Use 70% limits (plants < 30 kWp)

Plant-specific Information about the EEG 2012 Requirements

> Limitation of inverter AC active power> Displays "AC active power ratio"> Targeted design recommendations



Use 70% limits (plants < 30 kWp)

Plant-specific Information about the EEG 2012 Requirements

> Limitation of inverter AC active power> Displays "AC active power ratio"> Targeted design recommendations



Comparison of configurations

> Easy selection and comparison of alternative designs

> Optional display of variants in the project tree



> Specific self-consumption forecast based on personalized load profiles

Import of own load profiles

> Administration of several profiles possible> Increments: 5, 10, 15, 30 or 60 minutes> 365 or 366 days (leap years)> Power values in W or kW



Self-consumption – Load Profiles in Sunny Design (private homes)



Self-consumption – Load Profiles in Sunny Design (commercial business)



> When creating personalized locations

Meteorological data specific to your plant

external meteorological data is being imported

> Supported formats:> EnergyPlus weather format (EPW)> EnergyPlus weather format (EPW)

over 2100 meteorological data set worldwide (free of charge)http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/weatherdata_about.cfmOverview of Google Earth: weather data layer

> Meteonorm 6.1 standard formatAccess to http://meteonorm.com/ (approximately €100 per data record)

> CSV format (SMA)open file format for editing personal measuring data



Dimensioning of a PV Plant

Plant Profile/ l A l 30°Location / Inclination: Derrimut, Australia, 30°

Modules: SolarWorld SW 230 poly +Plant Power: 20.01 kWpCommissioning: 2012/02/16Commissioning: 2012/02/16



PV Plant Derrimut, Australia



East-West-aligned PV Plant

Plant Profile/ l b G 20°Location / Inclination: Freiburg, Germany, 20°

Modules: Kyocera KD205GH-2PPlant Power: 9.84 kWp


Source: www.sonnenertrag.eu



A Plant’s Location Influences the Nominal Power Ratio

hSouth East East-WestPV

-Powe

r

PV-Po

wer

PV-Po

wer

Daytime Daytime Daytime



East-West-aligned PV Plant



Cable Dimensioning



> Inherently short-circuit and earth fault proof

Requirements for DC Lines in PV Plants

> UV and weather resistant with higher temperature range (ca. -40 °C to 120 °C)> Large voltage range (min. 2 kV)> Light, thin and easy to lay and process> Non-inflammable, low toxicity in the event of a fire, and halogen-free> Low line losses (max. 1 %)



South-East-aligned PV Plant

Plant Profile/ l l 3 °Location / Inclination: Ternat, Belgium, 35°

Modules: 16x Solarwatt M 230 (237W), 14x Sunpower SPR-300-WHT Plant Power: 7.99 kWpCommissioning: 11/04/2011Commissioning: 11/04/2011


Source: www.sunnyportal.de



Grounding Recommendations



PV Plant



PV Plant Overview



Unbalanced Load – Phase SplittingPhase 1 SB 3300Phase 2 SB 3000TL DCPhase 2 SB 3000TLPhase 3∑ Power 6.3 kVA

DCAC

SB 3000TL-20SB 3300-11 SB 3000TL 20SB 3300 11

grid



Example Unbalanced Load with Power BalancerPhase 1 SMC 7000HV-11Phase 2 SMC 6000A-11 DCPhase 2 SMC 6000A 11Phase 3 SMC 4600A-11∑ Power 17.6 kVA

DCACPower Balancer

SMC 6000A-11SMC 7000HV-11 SMC 4600A-11SMC 6000A 11SMC 7000HV 11 SMC 4600A 11

grid



Analysis of Different Circuit Variants

> The model plant (left) has 20 PV modules, 4 of them are shaded (right)

PV array east

PV array west Obstacle (e g dormer) ShadowPV array west Obstacle (e. g. dormer) Shadow



Analysis of Different Circuit Variants

> The model plant (left) has 20 PV modules, 4 of them are shaded (right)

PV array east

PV array west Obstacle (e g dormer) ShadowPV array west Obstacle (e. g. dormer) Shadow



Different Circuit Variants

> Except for variant 6, string technology is observed in all these circuit variants



Different Circuit Variants

> Different configurations with unshaded and shaded modules (in parentheses)

Configuration No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7

Input 1 8 + (2)8 + (2)

8 + (2) 16 10 10, 6 + (4) 16 + (4), parallel

16 + (4)8 + (2) parallel

Input 2 8 + (2) (4) 6 + (4)



Influence of Partial Shading on the Energy Yield

> Compared with an unshaded module, analysis for seven model plant types record, in the 32% f l h h l 20% f h PV h d d (4 f 20worst case, 32% of losses, though only 20% of the PV array area is shaded (4 of 20

modules)

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7

Unshaded 3.8 kW 3.8 kW 3.8 kW 3.8 kW 3.8 kW 3.8 kW 3.8 kW

Shaded (MPP)

3.0 kW 3.0 kW 3.3 kW 3.0 kW 2.6 kW 3.3 kW 3.0 kW

Achievable 80 % 80 % 86 % 80 % 68 % 86 % 80 %power



Selecting Circuit Variant 4



Optimized Operation of Partly Shaded PV Plants

> The most important recommended proceedings are:

> Group generator parts with similar irradiation

> No parallel connection of strings; but use a separate MPP tracker for each string (multi-string technology)string technology)



Selecting Suitable Inverters

> Multi-string inverters with OptiTrac Global Peak

> Mi i d l ifi MPP ki> Micro inverter: module-specific MPP tracking



OptiTrac Global Peak – Proper yield in spite of shading

> Finding the global maximum power reliably, the available energy of a partially shaded b d l f llstring can be used almost fully.

In the morning– present shadingof PV array(black + red PV(black + red PV characteristic curve)

At noon– no shadingof PV array(blue PV characteristic curve)



Roof-mounted Plant Ideally South-aligned, but Permanently Shaded

Plant Profile/ l l G 30°Location / Inclination: Kassel, Germany, 30°

Modules: 88 x Sanyo HIP-190 BE 3 Plant Power: 16.72 kWpCommissioning: 07/01/2012Commissioning: 07/01/2012



Course of Shading at Different Times of the Day



PV Array Shading

> yellow area: almost no shading> blue area: shaded in the mornings (left) or evenings (right)> red area: temporary shading



Overview Sub-project 1









Selected Inverters

STP 10000TL-10

SB 4000TL-21 SB 4000TL-21



Plant Monitoring



SUNNY PORTAL (www.sunnyportal.com)



Sunny Portal Mobile


Workshop 1 – Derrimut, Australia

In this workshop you learn about the most significant functions of Sunny Design and h l h h fhow to select the right inverter for every PV array.

> Setting Energetic optimum "Criteria for sorting of design suggestions" > Enter location and plant data in Sunny Design and select the right inverter> Save the selected module in "Favorites" when entering the project data > What is the maximal AC active power rate?


Workshop 2 – East-West-aligned plant

In this workshop you design additional PV arrays in Sunny Design, become d h f f ( bl d ) d h ldacquainted with software functions (e.g., cable dimensioning) and compare the yields.

> Setting Energetic optimum "Criteria for sorting of design suggestions" > Enter project data here (see plant profile)> What is the minimum nominal power ratio due to Sunny Design?> Cable dimensioning: the length per string on the DC side is 18 m. How high is the relative

power loss (in %)?> Calculate maximum PV voltage of the PV array (Note: use the module data sheet for Sunny

Design data at STC)Design, data at STC)


Workshop 3 South-East-aligned Plant

In terms of circuitry and inverter selection in the workshop, you can design additional S k d ff l d l llPV arrays in Sunny Design, take into account different inverter topologies and locally

valid asymmetric load limits.

> Setting Energetic optimum "Criteria for sorting of design suggestions" > Enter location and plant data in Sunny Design and select the right inverter> Why is the choice of inverters limited (keyword: topology)?> What is the maximum unbalanced load?> Split the phases


Workshop 4 – Shade Management

In this workshop, movement of shading during the day is considered and a subsequent l h b d S h hpractical grouping on that basis is created. Using Sunny Design the right inverters are

selected.

> Setting Energetic optimum "Criteria for sorting of design suggestions" > Create a practical string plan considering shading conditions> Select appropriate inverters


Let’s be realistic and try the impossible

Let’s be realistic and try the impossible

SMA Solar Technology AG SMA Solar Technology AG

Planning and Design - SMA Solar · PDF fileBe a solar expert Planning and Design . ... Nominal power ratio SMA Solar Technology AG 10 *STC: Standard Test Conditions M-P-PD-1-DE-en_WW-123610.

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