Planes FROM: Sir George Cayley conceives a craft with stationary wings to provide lift and "flappers" to provide.

Planes

FROM: http://www.wright-brothers.org/default.htm

Sir George Cayley •conceives a craft with stationary wings to provide lift and "flappers" to provide thrust.•builds a miniature glider with a single wing and a movable tail mounted on a universal joint.•builds a man-sized version of a glider with a wing surface of 300 feet.

Experiments prove the feasibility of a flying craft with fixed (instead of flapping or whirling) wings to generate lift

Planes

•Jean-Marie Le Bris, a French sea caption, tests a glider modeled after an albatross.

•Felix Du Temple and his brother Louis, France, fly a model monoplane whose propellers are driven by a clockwork spring.•Jules Verne publishes Five Weeks in a Balloon, describing an aerial trip across Africa filled with danger and adventure.

Designers begin to test various types of engines to propel their airplanes.

Planes

•Otto Lilienthal, an engineer from Germany, with his brother Gustav, the two begin a series of experiments aimed at gathering the engineering data need to build a successful glider.•Siegfried Marcus from Austria, patents the low-tension magneto, the first practical electrical ignition system for an internal combustion engine.•John J. Montgomery of California builds a monoplane glider and makes the first gliding flight in America.

Should airplanes be balanced in the air by skilled pilots, or should designers create craft that are inherently stable?

Planes•Alexander F. Mozhaiski, Russia, builds a steam-powered monoplane.•Horatio F. Phillips, England, experiments with cambered wings in a wind tunnel and lays down the scientific foundation for modern airfoil design.•Charles Parsons, England, invents the steam turbine.•Lawrence Hargrave, Australia, builds the first radial airplane engine.

Planesworld's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903.

For more info:

• Visit

http://www.wright-brothers.org/default.htm

Zeppelin• Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship

pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin.• It was patented in Germany in 1895.• First flown commercially in 1910.• By mid-1914, Zeppelin carried over

34,000 passengers on over 1,500 flights.

• Blau gas (German: Blaugas) was an artificial illuminating gas similar to propane, named after its inventor, Dr. Hermann Blau.

• It has the highest specific energy of all artificially produced gases, but unlike coal gas, it was free from carbon monoxide.

• During WWI, the German military made extensive use of Zeppelins as bombers and scouts.

Zeppelin

Another war poster from

England*********

The end of “BABY-KILLER”

Graf Zeppelin• 1928 to 1937• Crew: 40• Capacity: 20 passengers• Length: 236.53 m (776 ft 0 in)• Diameter: 30.48 m (100 ft 0 in)• Power: 5 engines, 410 kW (550 hp) each• Maximum speed: 128 km/h (80 mph)

• The Hindenburg disaster in 1937 was the beginning of the end for Zeppelin.

Zeppelin

Planes

Gear Interrupter

Strange but true: story of John Hedley

Artillery

• Any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons (cannons, shell-firing guns, howitzers, mortars, and rockets).

Artillery

• In the Napoleonic Wars, World War I and World War II the vast majority of combat deaths were caused by artillery.• In 1944, Joseph Stalin said in a

speech that artillery was "the God of War“.

• Big Bertha was a 48-ton howitzer used by the Germans in WWI.

• It was named after the wife of its designer Gustav Krupp.

• It could fire a 2,050-lb (930-kg) shell a distance of 9.3 miles (15 km).

• However, it took a crew of 200 men six hours or more to assemble.

• Germany had 13 of these huge guns or “wonder weapons”.

Cannons and WW1

Artillery

Trench Warfare• The construction techniques to build the

trenches evolved with the war. To make the 250 m trench approx. 2700 of man-hours at night were required.

• 140,000 Chinese laborers served on the Western Front over the course of the First World War (40,000 with the French and 100,000 with the British forces).

Trench Warfare• The wars in the trenches were so intense that

10% of the fighting soldiers were killed in the trench warfare and around 50% would get wounded.

• Over 200,000 men died in the trenches of WW1, most of who died in battle, but many died from disease and infections brought on by the unsanitary conditions.

Trench Warfare

• German trenches were built to last and included bunk beds, furniture, cupboards, water tanks with faucets, electric lights, and doorbells.

Trench Warfare

Did we learn anything from WW1?