Plagiarism

Scientific Misconduct 9/17/2012

ImamiNR-FIKUI 1

Scientific Misconduct what it is and how to avoid it

Presented by:

Imami Nur Rachmawati

1ImamiNR

Session Overview

What It Is

Terminology

Legal Implications

Four Types of Plagiarism

How to Avoid It

Methods

Proper Quotations

Proper Citations

Q & A Time!

2ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 2

Scientific Misconduct

3ImamiNR

Terminology-Research misconduct

Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research result Fabrication: making up data or results & recording or

reporting them

Falsification: manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing, or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record

Plagiarism is the appropriation of anothers ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit

Research misconduct does not include honest error or difference opinion

4ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 3

Fabrication

Membuat data yg sebenarnya tidak ada

menjadi ada

Contoh

John Darsee

William Summerlin

Woo Suk Hwang

ImamiNR5

Falsification

Mengubah data

Fabrikasi & falsifikasi

sering dilakukan bersama

ImamiNR6


ImamiNR-FIKUI 4

Kesalahan yg jujur

Scientific misconduct honest error

Akibat: ketidaktahuan peneliti, bukan

ketidakjujuran yg disengaja

Kurang pemahaman metodologi

Penggunaan uji statistik yg keliru

Kesalahan interpretasi

ImamiNR7

Terminology: Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own. This can apply to anything, from term papers to photographs to songs, even ideas!

Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as your own.

8ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 5

Terminology: Copyright

Di Indonesia, masalah hak cipta diatur dalam Undang-undang Hak Cipta, yaitu, yang berlaku saat ini, Undang-undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2002. Dalamundang-undang tersebut, pengertian hak cipta adalah"hak eksklusif bagi pencipta atau penerima hak untukmengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya ataumemberikan izin untuk itu dengan tidak mengurangipembatasan-pembatasan menurut peraturanperundang-undangan yang berlaku" (pasal 1 butir 1).

9ImamiNR

Klasifikasi Plagiarism

Berdasarkan aspek yg dicuri: plagiarism ide,

isi/ data, kata, kalimat, paragraf, total

Berdasarkan kesengajaan: sengaja atau tidak

sengaja

Berdasarkan proporsi yg dibajak: ringan

(30%), sedang (30-70%), total (>70%)

angka kepantasan

Berdasarkan pola: kata demi kata, mosaik

Auto-plagiarism/ self-plagiarism

ImamiNR10


ImamiNR-FIKUI 6

Tipe Plagiarisme: Copying

The most well-known and,

sadly, the most common

type of plagiarism is the

simplest: copying you

copy someone else's work

and put your name on it,

you have plagiarized.

11ImamiNR

Copying: An Example

"Children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness; it is the rare child who labels a parent shy [...] This is understandable, since parents are in positions of control and authority in their homes and may not reveal their shy side to their children. Also, since shyness is viewed as undesirable by many children, it may be threatening to think of parents in these terms. At this young age, the parent is still idealized as all-knowing and all-powerful - -not dumb, ugly, or weak."

Zimbardo, Philip G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books.

12ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 7

Copying: An Example

This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer had

copied, word for word, the text from Dr.

Zimbardo's book and not acknowledged in any

way that it was Dr. Zimbardo's work, the writer

would have committed plagiarism.

13ImamiNR

Tipe: Patchwork Plagiarism

The second most common type of plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism. This occurs when the plagiarizer borrows the "phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into his own writing without putting the phrases in quotation marks or citing the author.

14ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 8

Patchwork: An Example

With regard to children, they are totally insensitive

to their parents' shyness. Rare is the child who

labels a parent shy. It is easy to understand this,

since the parents are in positions of control and

authority in their own homes and may not

necessarily show their shy side to their children.

Moreover, since shyness is viewed as unfavorable

by most children, it may be threatening for them to

think of their parents in that light. During the

formative years, the parent is idealized as all-

knowing and all-powerful -- not dumb, ugly, or

weak.

15ImamiNR

Patchwork: An Example

Now, had the "author" of this passage put the colored

phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after

the quotation, like (Zimbardo 62), the "author" would

have been safe. Without the quotation marks and the

proper citation, the "author" has committed plagiarism.

16ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 9

Tipe: Paraphrasing Plagiarism

This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes another's work without citing the source. Even changing the words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without citing the source is still considered plagiarism.

17ImamiNR

Paraphrasing: An Example

Children are completely insensitive to their parents' shyness and rarely label their parents as shy. Because the parents are the authority and controlling figures in the home, they may not feel shy and therefore not show their shy side. Moreover, during the formative years, parents are seen as omnipotent and omniscient and not stupid, unattractive, or pathetic; it may be frightening for children to view their parents in terms of shyness.

18ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 10

Paraphrasing: An Example

Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used footnotes

or parenthetical citations to acknowledge Dr.

Zimbardo's work, he or she would have been in the

clear. However, since the "author" acts like these ideas

are his or her own, and does not acknowledge Dr.

Zimbardo, it's plagiarism.

19ImamiNR

Tipe plagiarisme

Intentional

Copying a friends work

Buying or borrowing papers

Cutting and pasting blocks of text from electronic sources without documenting

Media borrowing without documentation

Web publishing without permissions of creators

Unintentional

Careless

paraphrasing

Poor documentation

Quoting excessively

Failure to use your

own voice

20ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 11

Excuses

Its okay if

I dont get caught!

My teachers expect

too much!

Ive got to get into??? U.!

My parentsexpect As!

This assignment

was BORING!

Everyone does it!

21ImamiNR

I was too busy to write that paper!(Job, big game, too much homework!)

Rationale for academic integrity

(as if it were necessary!)

When you copy you cheat yourself. You limit your own learning.

The consequences are not worth the risks!

It is only right to give credit to authors whose ideas you use

Citing gives authority to the information you present

Citing makes it possible for your readers to locate your source

Education is not an us vs. them game! Its about learning to learn!

Cheating is unethical behavior

Is your academic

reputation valuable

to you?

22ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 12

Real life consequences:

Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,

Kearns left television position and stepped down as Pulitzer Prize judge for lifting 50 passages for her 1987 book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis)

Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)

Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy

Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for plagiarism in his columns (Boston Columnist . . .)

Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students dismissed, 3 graduate degrees revoked

CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001

Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002

23ImamiNR

Possible school consequences 0 on the assignment

Parent notification

Referral to administrators

Suspension or dismissal from school activities--sports and extracurricular

Note on student record

Loss of reputation among the school community

ImamiNR24


ImamiNR-FIKUI 13

Is this important?

What if:

Your architect cheated his way through math class. Will your new home be safe?

Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar exam to study. Will the contract she wrote for you stand up in court?

The accountant who does your taxes hired someone to write his papers and paid a stand-in to take his major tests? Does he know enough to complete your tax forms properly?

25ImamiNR

Do I have

to cite everything?

Common Knowledge

NO!

Facts that are widely known, or

Information or judgments considered common knowledge

Do NOT have to be documented.

Hooray for commonknowledge!

26ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 14

Examples of common knowledge

Soekarno was our first president

The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on

December 7, 1941

If you see a fact in three or more sources,

and you are fairly certain your readers

already know this information, it is likely to

be common knowledge.

But when in doubt, cite!

27ImamiNR

No need to document when:

You are discussing your own

experiences, observations, or reactions

Compiling the results of original

research, from science experiments, etc.

You are using common knowledge

28ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 15

Whats the big deal?

29ImamiNR

Avoiding Plagiarism

Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for

avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a

source in your paper, give credit where it's due.

Acknowledge the author of the original work you've used.

30ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 16

Use these three strategies

Quoting

Paraphrasing

Summarizing

To blend source materials in with your own,

making sure your own voice is heard.

31ImamiNR

Quoting

Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. Quotations must be cited!

Use quotations when:

You want to add the power of an authors words to support your argument

You want to disagree with an authors argument

You want to highlight particularly eloquent or powerful phrases or passages

You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view

You want to note the important research that precedes your own

32ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 17

Proper Quotations

In order to properly quote your sources, you should

consult the style manual that would be appropriate for

the research. In most cases, your professor will tell you

which style manual would be preferred. If your

professor doesn't indicate which manual to use, be

sure to ask.

33ImamiNR

APA or Chicago Quotations

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are

totally insensitive to their parents' shyness"

(Zimbardo, 1977, p.62).

Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that Children are

totally insensitive to their parents shyness (p. 62).

Paraphrasing: Some researches have observed that

children seem oblivious to their parents bashfulness

(Zimbardo, 1977).

34ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 18

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own words. When you paraphrase, you rework the sources ideas, words, phrases, and sentence structures with your own. Like quotations, paraphrased material must be followed with in-text documentation and cited on your Works-Cited page.

Paraphrase when:

You plan to use information on your note cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing

You want to avoid overusing quotations

You want to use your own voice to present information

35ImamiNR

Summarizing

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of one or several writers into your own words, including only the main point(s). Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources.

Summarize when:

You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic

You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic

You want to determine the main ideas of a single source

36ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 19

As you take notes:

Include any direct quotes or unique phrases in

quotation marks or mark with a big Q and

make sure the speakers /writers name is

identified.

Make sure you note a paraphrase with the

writers name and mark it with a big P

Include page numbers and source references

so you can go back and check for accuracy as

you write.

37ImamiNR

Q & A Time!

38ImamiNR


ImamiNR-FIKUI 20

Resources

Presentation URL

http://www.ulm.edu/~lowe/plagiarism.ppt

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

Book

Mengurai & merajut tesis & disertasi -

Sastroasmoro

My Email: [email protected]

39ImamiNR

Plagiarism

Documents

research record plagiarism

plagiarism ide

types of plagiarism

research materials

undangundang nomor

common type of plagiarism

isi data

omitting data