Pivotal Greenplum Database · Greenplum Database Concepts.....232 About the Greenplum Architecture.....232 About Management and Monitoring Utilities..... 234 About Concurrency Control

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Pivotal™ GreenplumDatabase®Version 5.28

Pivotal Greenplum DatabaseDocumentationRev: A07

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Contents

Chapter 1: Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.6 Release Notes............................. 17Welcome to Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.6............................................................................................. 18Changed Features.............................................................................................................................19Resolved Issues................................................................................................................................ 20Beta Features.................................................................................................................................... 21Deprecated Features.........................................................................................................................22Known Issues and Limitations.......................................................................................................... 23Differences Compared to Open Source Greenplum Database.........................................................46Supported Platforms..........................................................................................................................47

Veritas NetBackup.................................................................................................................. 49Supported Platform Notes...................................................................................................... 50

Pivotal Greenplum Tools and Extensions Compatibility................................................................... 51Client Tools.............................................................................................................................51Extensions...............................................................................................................................52Pivotal Greenplum Data Connectors......................................................................................53Pivotal GPText Compatibility.................................................................................................. 53Pivotal Greenplum Command Center.................................................................................... 53

Hadoop Distribution Compatibility..................................................................................................... 54Upgrading to Greenplum Database 5.28.6....................................................................................... 55

Upgrading from 5.x to 5.28.6................................................................................................. 56Troubleshooting a Failed Upgrade.........................................................................................59

Migrating Data to Pivotal Greenplum 5.x..........................................................................................60Pivotal Greenplum on DCA Systems................................................................................................62

Installing the Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.6 Software Binaries on DCA Systems........................ 62Upgrading from 5.x to 5.28.6 on DCA Systems.....................................................................62

Update for gp_toolkit.gp_bloat_expected_pages Issue.................................................................... 65Update for gp_toolkit.gp_bloat_diag Issue........................................................................................67

Chapter 2: Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.5 Release Notes............................. 69Welcome to Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.5............................................................................................. 70Changed Features.............................................................................................................................71Resolved Issues................................................................................................................................ 72Beta Features.................................................................................................................................... 73Deprecated Features.........................................................................................................................74Known Issues and Limitations.......................................................................................................... 75Differences Compared to Open Source Greenplum Database.........................................................98Supported Platforms..........................................................................................................................99

Veritas NetBackup................................................................................................................ 101Supported Platform Notes.................................................................................................... 102

Pivotal Greenplum Tools and Extensions Compatibility................................................................. 103Client Tools...........................................................................................................................103Extensions.............................................................................................................................104Pivotal Greenplum Data Connectors....................................................................................105Pivotal GPText Compatibility................................................................................................ 105Pivotal Greenplum Command Center.................................................................................. 105

Hadoop Distribution Compatibility................................................................................................... 106Upgrading to Greenplum Database 5.28.5..................................................................................... 107

Upgrading from 5.x to 5.28.5............................................................................................... 108

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Troubleshooting a Failed Upgrade....................................................................................... 111Migrating Data to Pivotal Greenplum 5.x........................................................................................112Pivotal Greenplum on DCA Systems..............................................................................................114

Installing the Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.5 Software Binaries on DCA Systems...................... 114Upgrading from 5.x to 5.28.5 on DCA Systems...................................................................114

Update for gp_toolkit.gp_bloat_expected_pages Issue.................................................................. 117Update for gp_toolkit.gp_bloat_diag Issue......................................................................................119

Chapter 3: Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.4 Release Notes........................... 121Welcome to Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.4........................................................................................... 122Resolved Issues.............................................................................................................................. 123Beta Features.................................................................................................................................. 124Deprecated Features.......................................................................................................................125Known Issues and Limitations........................................................................................................ 126Differences Compared to Open Source Greenplum Database.......................................................149Supported Platforms........................................................................................................................150




Upgrading from 5.x to 5.28.4............................................................................................... 159Troubleshooting a Failed Upgrade....................................................................................... 162

Migrating Data to Pivotal Greenplum 5.x........................................................................................163Pivotal Greenplum on DCA Systems..............................................................................................165



Chapter 4: Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.3 Release Notes........................... 172Welcome to Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.3........................................................................................... 173Changed Features...........................................................................................................................174Resolved Issues.............................................................................................................................. 175Beta Features.................................................................................................................................. 176Deprecated Features.......................................................................................................................177Known Issues and Limitations........................................................................................................ 178Differences Compared to Open Source Greenplum Database.......................................................201Supported Platforms........................................................................................................................202




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Chapter 7: Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.0 Release Notes........................... 330Welcome to Pivotal Greenplum 5.28.0........................................................................................... 331New Features.................................................................................................................................. 332Resolved Issues.............................................................................................................................. 333Beta Features.................................................................................................................................. 334Deprecated Features.......................................................................................................................335Known Issues and Limitations........................................................................................................ 336Differences Compared to Open Source Greenplum Database.......................................................359Supported Platforms........................................................................................................................360








Chapter 8: Greenplum Database Installation Guide.............................382Introduction to Greenplum...............................................................................................................383

The Greenplum Master.........................................................................................................383The Segments...................................................................................................................... 384The Interconnect...................................................................................................................385ETL Hosts for Data Loading................................................................................................ 386Greenplum Performance Monitoring.................................................................................... 387

Estimating Storage Capacity........................................................................................................... 388Calculating Usable Disk Capacity........................................................................................ 388Calculating User Data Size.................................................................................................. 388Calculating Space Requirements for Metadata and Logs....................................................389

Configuring Your Systems and Installing Greenplum..................................................................... 390System Requirements...........................................................................................................390Disabling SELinux and Firewall Software............................................................................ 391Setting the Greenplum Recommended OS Parameters...................................................... 392

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Creating the Greenplum Database Administrative User Account........................................ 398Installing the Greenplum Database Software.......................................................................399Installing and Configuring Greenplum on all Hosts..............................................................402

Validating Your Systems................................................................................................................. 409Validating OS Settings..........................................................................................................409Validating Hardware Performance........................................................................................409Validating Disk I/O and Memory Bandwidth.........................................................................410

Initializing a Greenplum Database System..................................................................................... 412Overview............................................................................................................................... 412Initializing Greenplum Database...........................................................................................412Setting Greenplum Environment Variables.......................................................................... 416Next Steps............................................................................................................................ 416

Installing Optional Extensions......................................................................................................... 418Procedural Language, Machine Learning, and Geospatial Extensions................................418Python Data Science Module Package................................................................................418R Data Science Library Package......................................................................................... 420Greenplum Platform Extension Framework (PXF)............................................................... 422Oracle Compatibility Functions.............................................................................................422dblink Connectivity Functions............................................................................................... 423pgcrypto Cryptographic Functions........................................................................................423

Configuring Timezone and Localization Settings............................................................................425Configuring the Timezone.................................................................................................... 425About Locale Support in Greenplum Database................................................................... 425Character Set Support..........................................................................................................427Setting the Character Set.....................................................................................................429Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client........................................................430

About Implicit Text Casting in Greenplum Database......................................................................433Workaround: Manually Creating Missing Operators.............................................................434

Installation Management Utilities.....................................................................................................437Greenplum Environment Variables................................................................................................. 438

Required Environment Variables..........................................................................................438Optional Environment Variables........................................................................................... 438

Chapter 9: Greenplum Database Administrator Guide........................ 440Greenplum Database Concepts...................................................................................................... 441

About the Greenplum Architecture....................................................................................... 441About Management and Monitoring Utilities........................................................................ 443About Concurrency Control in Greenplum Database...........................................................444About Parallel Data Loading................................................................................................ 452About Redundancy and Failover in Greenplum Database...................................................453About Database Statistics in Greenplum Database............................................................. 455

Managing a Greenplum System..................................................................................................... 463About the Greenplum Database Release Version Number................................................. 463Starting and Stopping Greenplum Database....................................................................... 463Accessing the Database.......................................................................................................466Configuring the Greenplum Database System.....................................................................474Enabling High Availability and Data Consistency Features................................................. 485Backing Up and Restoring Databases................................................................................. 503Expanding a Greenplum System..........................................................................................563Migrating Data...................................................................................................................... 578Monitoring a Greenplum System..........................................................................................585Routine System Maintenance Tasks....................................................................................605Recommended Monitoring and Maintenance Tasks............................................................ 609

Managing Greenplum Database Access.........................................................................................617Configuring Client Authentication......................................................................................... 617

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Managing Roles and Privileges............................................................................................645Defining Database Objects..............................................................................................................652

Creating and Managing Databases......................................................................................652Creating and Managing Tablespaces...................................................................................654Creating and Managing Schemas........................................................................................656Creating and Managing Tables............................................................................................ 658Choosing the Table Storage Model..................................................................................... 661Partitioning Large Tables......................................................................................................672Creating and Using Sequences........................................................................................... 685Using Indexes in Greenplum Database............................................................................... 687Creating and Managing Views............................................................................................. 690

Distribution and Skew..................................................................................................................... 698Local (Co-located) Joins.......................................................................................................698Data Skew............................................................................................................................ 698Processing Skew.................................................................................................................. 699

Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data...........................................................................................702About Concurrency Control in Greenplum Database...........................................................702Inserting Rows...................................................................................................................... 703Updating Existing Rows........................................................................................................704Deleting Rows.......................................................................................................................704Working With Transactions...................................................................................................704Vacuuming the Database..................................................................................................... 706

Querying Data................................................................................................................................. 707About Greenplum Query Processing....................................................................................707About GPORCA....................................................................................................................710Defining Queries................................................................................................................... 723WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)......................................................................733Using Functions and Operators............................................................................................735Working with JSON Data..................................................................................................... 745Working with XML Data........................................................................................................749Query Performance.............................................................................................................. 761Managing Spill Files Generated by Queries........................................................................ 761Query Profiling...................................................................................................................... 762

Working with External Data.............................................................................................................767Defining External Tables...................................................................................................... 767Accessing External Data with PXF...................................................................................... 786Accessing HDFS Data with gphdfs (Deprecated)................................................................ 786Using the Greenplum Parallel File Server (gpfdist)..............................................................809

Loading and Unloading Data.......................................................................................................... 814Loading Data Using an External Table................................................................................ 815Loading and Writing Non-HDFS Custom Data.................................................................... 815Handling Load Errors............................................................................................................818Loading Data with gpload.....................................................................................................820Accessing External Data with PXF...................................................................................... 821Transforming External Data with gpfdist and gpload........................................................... 822Loading Data with COPY..................................................................................................... 832Running COPY in Single Row Error Isolation Mode............................................................832Optimizing Data Load and Query Performance................................................................... 832Unloading Data from Greenplum Database......................................................................... 833Formatting Data Files........................................................................................................... 835Example Custom Data Access Protocol.............................................................................. 838

Managing Performance................................................................................................................... 845Defining Database Performance.......................................................................................... 845Common Causes of Performance Issues............................................................................ 846Greenplum Database Memory Overview............................................................................. 849Managing Resources............................................................................................................853

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Investigating a Performance Problem.................................................................................. 883

Chapter 10: Greenplum Database Security Configuration Guide....... 886Securing the Database....................................................................................................................887Greenplum Database Ports and Protocols..................................................................................... 888Configuring Client Authentication.................................................................................................... 893

Allowing Connections to Greenplum Database....................................................................893Editing the pg_hba.conf File.................................................................................................895Authentication Methods........................................................................................................ 895SSL Client Authentication.....................................................................................................898PAM-Based Authentication...................................................................................................900Radius Authentication...........................................................................................................901Limiting Concurrent Connections......................................................................................... 901Encrypting Client/Server Connections..................................................................................902

Configuring Database Authorization................................................................................................904Access Permissions and Roles............................................................................................904Managing Object Privileges..................................................................................................904Using SSH-256 Encryption...................................................................................................905Restricting Access by Time..................................................................................................907Dropping a Time-based Restriction.................................................................................... 909

Greenplum Command Center Security........................................................................................... 910Auditing............................................................................................................................................ 913Encrypting Data and Database Connections.................................................................................. 918

Encrypting gpfdist Connections............................................................................................ 918Encrypting Data at Rest with pgcrypto.................................................................................919

Enabling gphdfs Authentication with a Kerberos-secured Hadoop Cluster (Deprecated)............... 927Prerequisites......................................................................................................................... 927Configuring the Greenplum Cluster......................................................................................927Creating and Installing Keytab Files.................................................................................... 928Configuring gphdfs for Kerberos.......................................................................................... 930Testing Greenplum Database Access to HDFS...................................................................931Troubleshooting HDFS with Kerberos..................................................................................932

Security Best Practices................................................................................................................... 934

Chapter 11: Greenplum Database Best Practices................................ 938Best Practices Summary.................................................................................................................939System Configuration...................................................................................................................... 945Schema Design............................................................................................................................... 950

Data Types........................................................................................................................... 950Storage Model...................................................................................................................... 950Compression......................................................................................................................... 951Distributions.......................................................................................................................... 952Partitioning............................................................................................................................ 955Indexes..................................................................................................................................957Column Sequence and Byte Alignment............................................................................... 957

Memory and Resource Management with Resource Groups......................................................... 959Memory and Resource Management with Resource Queues........................................................ 962System Monitoring and Maintenance..............................................................................................966

Monitoring............................................................................................................................. 966Updating Statistics with ANALYZE.......................................................................................967Managing Bloat in the Database..........................................................................................968Monitoring Greenplum Database Log Files..........................................................................972

Loading Data................................................................................................................................... 974INSERT Statement with Column Values..............................................................................974

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COPY Statement.................................................................................................................. 974External Tables.....................................................................................................................974External Tables with Gpfdist................................................................................................ 974Gpload...................................................................................................................................975Best Practices.......................................................................................................................976

Migrating Data with gptransfer........................................................................................................ 977Security............................................................................................................................................ 983Encrypting Data and Database Connections.................................................................................. 986Tuning SQL Queries....................................................................................................................... 995

How to Generate Explain Plans........................................................................................... 995How to Read Explain Plans................................................................................................. 995Optimizing Greenplum Queries............................................................................................ 997

High Availability............................................................................................................................... 999Disk Storage......................................................................................................................... 999Master Mirroring....................................................................................................................999Segment Mirroring.............................................................................................................. 1000Dual Clusters...................................................................................................................... 1001Backup and Restore...........................................................................................................1001Detecting Failed Master and Segment Instances.............................................................. 1002Segment Mirroring Configurations......................................................................................1003

Chapter 12: Greenplum Database Utility Guide..................................1008Management Utility Reference...................................................................................................... 1009

Backend Server Programs................................................................................................. 1010analyzedb............................................................................................................................1011gpactivatestandby............................................................................................................... 1015gpaddmirrors....................................................................................................................... 1017gpbackup.............................................................................................................................1020gpcheck...............................................................................................................................1026gpcheckcat.......................................................................................................................... 1028gpcheckperf.........................................................................................................................1031gpconfig...............................................................................................................................1034gpcrondump........................................................................................................................ 1037gpdbrestore......................................................................................................................... 1051gpcopy.................................................................................................................................1058gpdeletesystem................................................................................................................... 1058gpexpand............................................................................................................................ 1059gpfdist..................................................................................................................................1063gpfilespace.......................................................................................................................... 1066gpinitstandby....................................................................................................................... 1069gpinitsystem........................................................................................................................ 1072gpload................................................................................................................................. 1079gplogfilter.............................................................................................................................1089gpmapreduce...................................................................................................................... 1092gpmfr................................................................................................................................... 1094gpmovemirrors.................................................................................................................... 1097gpperfmon_install................................................................................................................1098gppkg.................................................................................................................................. 1102gprecoverseg...................................................................................................................... 1104gpreload.............................................................................................................................. 1109gprestore............................................................................................................................. 1111gpscp...................................................................................................................................1116gpseginstall......................................................................................................................... 1118gpssh...................................................................................................................................1120gpssh-exkeys...................................................................................................................... 1123

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gpstart................................................................................................................................. 1125gpstate................................................................................................................................ 1127gpstop................................................................................................................................. 1131gpsys1.................................................................................................................................1133gptransfer............................................................................................................................ 1134pgbouncer........................................................................................................................... 1146pgbouncer.ini.......................................................................................................................1148pgbouncer-admin................................................................................................................ 1160plcontainer...........................................................................................................................1169plcontainer Configuration File.............................................................................................1173

Client Utility Reference..................................................................................................................1178clusterdb..............................................................................................................................1178createdb.............................................................................................................................. 1179createlang........................................................................................................................... 1181createuser........................................................................................................................... 1182dropdb................................................................................................................................. 1184droplang.............................................................................................................................. 1186dropuser.............................................................................................................................. 1187pg_config.............................................................................................................................1188pg_dump............................................................................................................................. 1190pg_dumpall..........................................................................................................................1195pg_restore........................................................................................................................... 1199psql......................................................................................................................................1203reindexdb............................................................................................................................ 1221vacuumdb............................................................................................................................1222

Additional Supplied Modules......................................................................................................... 1225citext Data Type................................................................................................................. 1225dblink Functions..................................................................................................................1227hstore Functions................................................................................................................. 1230Oracle Compatibility Functions...........................................................................................1233

Chapter 13: Greenplum Database Reference Guide.......................... 1255SQL Command Reference............................................................................................................ 1256

SQL Syntax Summary........................................................................................................1258ABORT................................................................................................................................1286ALTER AGGREGATE.........................................................................................................1286ALTER CONVERSION....................................................................................................... 1287ALTER DATABASE............................................................................................................ 1288ALTER DOMAIN.................................................................................................................1290ALTER EXTENSION...........................................................................................................1291ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE................................................................................................1294ALTER FILESPACE............................................................................................................1296ALTER FUNCTION.............................................................................................................1296ALTER GROUP.................................................................................................................. 1299ALTER INDEX.................................................................................................................... 1300ALTER LANGUAGE........................................................................................................... 1301ALTER OPERATOR........................................................................................................... 1302ALTER OPERATOR CLASS.............................................................................................. 1302ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY.............................................................................................1303ALTER PROTOCOL........................................................................................................... 1306ALTER RESOURCE GROUP............................................................................................ 1307ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE.............................................................................................1309ALTER ROLE..................................................................................................................... 1311ALTER SCHEMA................................................................................................................1315ALTER SEQUENCE........................................................................................................... 1316

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ALTER TABLE....................................................................................................................1318ALTER TABLESPACE........................................................................................................1328ALTER TYPE......................................................................................................................1329ALTER USER..................................................................................................................... 1330ALTER VIEW...................................................................................................................... 1331ANALYZE............................................................................................................................1331BEGIN................................................................................................................................. 1335CHECKPOINT.....................................................................................................................1337CLOSE................................................................................................................................ 1337CLUSTER........................................................................................................................... 1338COMMENT..........................................................................................................................1339COMMIT..............................................................................................................................1341COPY.................................................................................................................................. 1342CREATE AGGREGATE......................................................................................................1352CREATE CAST...................................................................................................................1356CREATE CONVERSION.................................................................................................... 1359CREATE DATABASE......................................................................................................... 1360CREATE DOMAIN..............................................................................................................1361CREATE EXTENSION........................................................................................................1363CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE.............................................................................................1364CREATE FUNCTION..........................................................................................................1374CREATE GROUP............................................................................................................... 1380CREATE INDEX................................................................................................................. 1381CREATE LANGUAGE........................................................................................................ 1384CREATE OPERATOR........................................................................................................ 1386CREATE OPERATOR CLASS........................................................................................... 1390CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY..........................................................................................1393CREATE PROTOCOL........................................................................................................ 1394CREATE RESOURCE GROUP......................................................................................... 1395CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE..........................................................................................1398CREATE ROLE.................................................................................................................. 1402CREATE RULE...................................................................................................................1406CREATE SCHEMA.............................................................................................................1408CREATE SEQUENCE........................................................................................................ 1409CREATE TABLE.................................................................................................................1412CREATE TABLE AS...........................................................................................................1423CREATE TABLESPACE.....................................................................................................1427CREATE TYPE...................................................................................................................1428CREATE USER.................................................................................................................. 1433CREATE VIEW................................................................................................................... 1434DEALLOCATE.................................................................................................................... 1436DECLARE........................................................................................................................... 1436DELETE.............................................................................................................................. 1439DISCARD............................................................................................................................ 1441DO.......................................................................................................................................1442DROP AGGREGATE..........................................................................................................1443DROP CAST.......................................................................................................................1444DROP CONVERSION........................................................................................................ 1445DROP DATABASE............................................................................................................. 1445DROP DOMAIN.................................................................................................................. 1446DROP EXTENSION............................................................................................................1447DROP EXTERNAL TABLE.................................................................................................1448DROP FILESPACE.............................................................................................................1449DROP FUNCTION..............................................................................................................1449DROP GROUP................................................................................................................... 1450DROP INDEX..................................................................................................................... 1451

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DROP LANGUAGE.............................................................................................................1451DROP OPERATOR............................................................................................................ 1452DROP OPERATOR CLASS............................................................................................... 1453DROP OPERATOR FAMILY.............................................................................................. 1454DROP OWNED...................................................................................................................1455DROP PROTOCOL............................................................................................................ 1456DROP RESOURCE GROUP..............................................................................................1456DROP RESOURCE QUEUE.............................................................................................. 1457DROP ROLE.......................................................................................................................1458DROP RULE.......................................................................................................................1459DROP SCHEMA................................................................................................................. 1460DROP SEQUENCE............................................................................................................ 1461DROP TABLE..................................................................................................................... 1461DROP TABLESPACE.........................................................................................................1462DROP TYPE....................................................................................................................... 1463DROP USER...................................................................................................................... 1464DROP VIEW....................................................................................................................... 1464END.....................................................................................................................................1465EXECUTE........................................................................................................................... 1465EXPLAIN............................................................................................................................. 1466FETCH................................................................................................................................ 1469GRANT................................................................................................................................1471INSERT............................................................................................................................... 1476LOAD.................................................................................................................................. 1478LOCK.................................................................................................................................. 1478MOVE..................................................................................................................................1481PREPARE........................................................................................................................... 1483REASSIGN OWNED...........................................................................................................1484REINDEX............................................................................................................................ 1485RELEASE SAVEPOINT......................................................................................................1486RESET................................................................................................................................ 1487REVOKE............................................................................................................................. 1488ROLLBACK......................................................................................................................... 1490ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT.............................................................................................1490SAVEPOINT........................................................................................................................1492SELECT.............................................................................................................................. 1493SELECT INTO.................................................................................................................... 1507SET..................................................................................................................................... 1508SET ROLE.......................................................................................................................... 1510SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION..................................................................................... 1511SET TRANSACTION.......................................................................................................... 1513SHOW................................................................................................................................. 1515START TRANSACTION..................................................................................................... 1515TRUNCATE.........................................................................................................................1516UPDATE..............................................................................................................................1517VACUUM.............................................................................................................................1520VALUES.............................................................................................................................. 1523

SQL 2008 Optional Feature Compliance......................................................................................1526Greenplum Environment Variables............................................................................................... 1555

Required Environment Variables........................................................................................1555Optional Environment Variables......................................................................................... 1555

System Catalog Reference........................................................................................................... 1557System Tables.................................................................................................................... 1557System Views..................................................................................................................... 1558System Catalogs Definitions...............................................................................................1559

The gp_toolkit Administrative Schema..........................................................................................1648

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Checking for Tables that Need Routine Maintenance........................................................1648Checking for Locks.............................................................................................................1649Checking Append-Optimized Tables.................................................................................. 1651Viewing Greenplum Database Server Log Files................................................................ 1655Checking Server Configuration Files..................................................................................1658Checking for Failed Segments........................................................................................... 1659Checking Resource Group Activity and Status.................................................................. 1660Checking Resource Queue Activity and Status................................................................. 1662Checking Query Disk Spill Space Usage...........................................................................1664Viewing Users and Groups (Roles)....................................................................................1666Checking Database Object Sizes and Disk Space............................................................ 1667Checking for Uneven Data Distribution.............................................................................. 1671

The gpperfmon Database..............................................................................................................1673database_*.........................................................................................................................1675diskspace_*....................................................................................................................... 1676interface_stats_*................................................................................................................ 1676log_alert_*..........................................................................................................................1678queries_*............................................................................................................................. 1679segment_*..........................................................................................................................1681socket_stats_*.....................................................................................................................1682system_*............................................................................................................................. 1683dynamic_memory_info........................................................................................................ 1685memory_info...................................................................................................................... 1685

Greenplum Database Data Types.................................................................................................1687Character Set Support...................................................................................................................1692

Setting the Character Set...................................................................................................1694Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client...................................................... 1694

Server Configuration Parameters..................................................................................................1697Parameter Types and Values.............................................................................................1697Setting Parameters............................................................................................................. 1697Parameter Categories.........................................................................................................1698Configuration Parameters...................................................................................................1708

Summary of Built-in Functions...................................................................................................... 1795Greenplum Database Function Types................................................................................1795Built-in Functions and Operators........................................................................................1796JSON Functions and Operators......................................................................................... 1799Window Functions.............................................................................................................. 1802Advanced Aggregate Functions......................................................................................... 1804

Greenplum MapReduce Specification...........................................................................................1806Greenplum MapReduce Document Format........................................................................1806Greenplum MapReduce Document Schema......................................................................1807Example Greenplum MapReduce Document..................................................................... 1814

Greenplum PL/pgSQL Procedural Language............................................................................... 1820About Greenplum Database PL/pgSQL............................................................................. 1820PL/pgSQL Plan Caching.....................................................................................................1822PL/pgSQL Examples...........................................................................................................1822References..........................................................................................................................1826

Greenplum PostGIS Extension..................................................................................................... 1827About PostGIS.................................................................................................................... 1827Enabling and Removing PostGIS Support......................................................................... 1828Usage..................................................................................................................................1829PostGIS Extension Support and Limitations...................................................................... 1830PostGIS Support Scripts.....................................................................................................1831

Greenplum PL/R Language Extension..........................................................................................1834About Greenplum Database PL/R......................................................................................1834

Greenplum PL/Python Language Extension................................................................................. 1840

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About Greenplum PL/Python..............................................................................................1840Enabling and Removing PL/Python support...................................................................... 1840Developing Functions with PL/Python................................................................................1841Installing Python Modules...................................................................................................1845Examples............................................................................................................................ 1849References..........................................................................................................................1850

PL/Container Language.................................................................................................................1851About the PL/Container Language Extension.................................................................... 1851Install PL/Container............................................................................................................ 1853Upgrade PL/Container........................................................................................................ 1858Uninstall PL/Container........................................................................................................ 1860Using PL/Container.............................................................................................................1861PL/Container Resource Management................................................................................ 1861PL/Container Functions...................................................................................................... 1864Docker References............................................................................................................. 1868

Greenplum PL/Java Language Extension.....................................................................................1870About PL/Java.................................................................................................................... 1870About Greenplum Database PL/Java.................................................................................1871Installing PL/Java................................................................................................................1872Enabling PL/Java and Installing JAR Files........................................................................ 1873Uninstalling PL/Java........................................................................................................... 1874Writing PL/Java functions................................................................................................... 1874Using JDBC........................................................................................................................ 1880Exception Handling.............................................................................................................1880Savepoints.......................................................................................................................... 1881Logging............................................................................................................................... 1881Security............................................................................................................................... 1881Some PL/Java Issues and Solutions..................................................................................1882Example.............................................................................................................................. 1883References..........................................................................................................................1884

Greenplum PL/Perl Language Extension......................................................................................1885About Greenplum PL/Perl...................................................................................................1885Greenplum Database PL/Perl Limitations.......................................................................... 1885Trusted/Untrusted Language.............................................................................................. 1885Enabling and Removing PL/Perl Support...........................................................................1886Developing Functions with PL/Perl.....................................................................................1886

Greenplum MADlib Extension for Analytics.................................................................................. 1890About MADlib......................................................................................................................1890About Deep Learning..........................................................................................................1890Installing MADlib................................................................................................................. 1890Upgrading MADlib...............................................................................................................1891Uninstalling MADlib.............................................................................................................1892Examples............................................................................................................................ 1893References..........................................................................................................................1899

Greenplum Partner Connector API............................................................................................... 1900Using the GPPC API..........................................................................................................1900Building a GPPC Shared Library with PGXS.....................................................................1912Registering a GPPC Function with Greenplum Database................................................. 1912Packaging and Deployment Considerations.......................................................................1913GPPC Text Function Exam

Pivotal Greenplum Database · Greenplum Database Concepts.....232 About the Greenplum Architecture.....232 About Management and Monitoring Utilities..... 234 About Concurrency Control

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