Pitch and Musical Instruments 1. How does the length of the vibrating medium affect the pitch? 2. If a string on a guitar is tightened, what happens to the pitch? 3. If a string on a guitar is shortened, what happens to the pitch? 4. If one string is thicker than the other at the same tension, what happens to the pitch 5. If two bottles have water in them, one more than the other, which will produce a higher pitch when someone blows over the opening? 6. If one chime is longer than another, which will produce the higher pitch.
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Pitch and Musical Instruments 1.How does the length of the vibrating medium affect the pitch? 2.If a string on a guitar is tightened, what happens to.
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Pitch and Musical Instruments1. How does the length of the vibrating medium affect the pitch?
2. If a string on a guitar is tightened, what happens to the pitch?
3. If a string on a guitar is shortened, what happens to the pitch?
4. If one string is thicker than the other at the same tension, what happens to the pitch
5. If two bottles have water in them, one more than the other, which will produce a higher pitch when someone blows over the opening?
6. If one chime is longer than another, which will produce the higher pitch.
Amplification and Musical Instruments
1. Does amplification of sound waves change the pitch? If not, what does it change?
2. Using two different instruments, describe two ways that sound waves can be amplified.
3. Which materials seem to make the best amplifiers?
May 2, 2013—Dynamic Earth
Main ideas of plate tectonics:1. Earth’s surface is composed of lithospheric
plates
2. Plates are moving
3. Moving plates change the location of continents and alter the surface of the earth
• 4. Come together (convergence), spread apart (divergence) and move past (transform)
• 5. Along plate boundaries
• 6. Earth’s inner core is solid, its outer core is liquid. The composition of both metal: iron and some nickel. Even though the core is hot enough to melt, it is under too much pressure to melt in the inner core.
• 7. Earth mantle is solid igneous rock.
• 8. The core is hotter than the crust.
• 9. Convection in the mantle (hot mantle rises, cooler mantle sinks)
• 10. The Decay of radioactive elements
Seismic Waves and Dynamic Earth Learning Targets (Ch. 12) Can you… Compare and contrast the two types of body seismic waves (the P-waves and the S-waves) that travel through the Earth? Explain what causes earthquakes and its relationship to plate tectonics?Explain why three seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake?Explain what seismic evidence supports the idea that the outer core is liquid?Explain the sources of internal heat in the Earth?Explain what occurs in the mantle to cause the plates to move?Explain the three plate boundaries and what is the difference between convergence and divergence?Explain the difference between an epicenter and focus of an earthquake?Explain where most of the major earthquakes on Earth occur?Explain where the oceanic crust is youngest and oldest with respect to the mid-oceanic ridge?
Seismic Waves
Mechanical waves that travel through the Earth or along its
causes the Earth to vibrate– Earthquakes (most commonly)– Volcanoes– Landslides (terrestrial or undersea)– Extraterrestrial impacts (asteroids – and meteorites)– Any disturbance!
Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona
49,000 years old
1.186 kilometers (.737 miles) in diameter
170 m in depth
Iron-nickel meteorite
50 m in diameter
Impact speed 12.8 km/s
Earthquakes
• Earthquakes occur when built-up stress is suddenly released.
• Rupture or slippage of rock within the Earth produce seismic waves
• If temperatures are high enough, atoms move apart enough to exist in the liquid state, even at extreme pressures.
Solid Inner Core• The fact that P-waves pass through the
core, but are refracted along the way, indicates that the inner core is denser than the outer core and solid.
Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior
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• When pressure dominates, atoms are squeezed together tightly and exist in the solid state.
EarthquakesEarthquakes
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• Surface waves move in a more complex manner.
Surface Waves
• They can exhibit an up and down rolling motion, and also a side-to-side motion that parallels Earth’s surface.
EarthquakesEarthquakes
22 Surface Waves
EarthquakesEarthquakes
22 Earthquake Measurement• The Modified
Mercalli scale ranks earthquakes in a range from I-XII, XII being the worst and uses eyewitness observation and post-earthquake assessments to assign an intensity value.
EarthquakesEarthquakes
22 Earthquake Measurement
• Richter magnitude is intended to give a measure of the energy released during the earthquake.
• The Richter magnitude scale uses the amplitude of thelargest earthquake wave.
EarthquakesEarthquakes
22 Earthquake Measurement
• The table shows the global frequency of different magnitude earthquakes.
EarthquakesEarthquakes
22 Levels of Destruction
• Research has shown that poor building methods are the largest contributors to earthquake damage and loss of life.
• Although no building can be made entirely earthquake proof, scientists and engineers are finding ways to reduce the damage to structures during mild or moderate earthquakes.
Earthquake Proofing
Shadow Zones
Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior
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Seismic Waves
The Nature of Waves The Nature of Waves
• Seismic waves are a combination of longitudinal (p-waves) and transverse waves (s-waves). They can travel through Earth and along Earth’s surface.
• The more the crust moves during an earthquake, the more energy is released.
Click image to view movie.
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Seismic Waves
The sudden release of energy within the Earth produces waves.