Pipeline design for Compressible Fluid Flow

8/12/2019 Pipeline design for Compressible Fluid Flow

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POLITECNICO DI TORINO

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

OIL AND GAS TRANSPORT

REPORT ON

PIPELINE SYSTEM DESIGN

By

Aruna Jayamanjula Somadasa, MISNAGAMA GAMAGE

Sri Lanka-S194373


2/42

-13thMarch 2014-


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TABLE OF CONTENT.......................................................................................................................................................... 3

TRANSPORT OF WATER..................................................................................................................... 4

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM...............................................................................................................5

PIPE LINE SIZING............................................................................................................................. 6

1.1Alt!et"#..................................................................................................................................... 6

1.$%e&g' Flo( Rate...................................................................................................................... 6

1.3E)al*ato' of P+e %a!ete"......................................................................................................,

PRESSURE PROFILES...................................................................................................................1$

1.4G"a)t# Flo( S#&te! %e&g'....................................................................................................1$

1.5P*!+e- Flo( S#&te! %e&g'..................................................................................................1

TRANSPORT OF OIL.......................................................................................................................... $4

PROPERTIES OF OIL ....................................................................................................................$5

PRESSURE PROFILE.....................................................................................................................$,

1.6G"a)t# Flo( S#&te!................................................................................................................$,

1.,P*!+e- Flo( S#&te!..............................................................................................................31

1.%ete"!'ato' of P+e %a!ete"&.............................................................................................33

SPE/IAL /ONSI%ERATIONS............................................................................................................. 34

/ORROSION PROTE/TION...........................................................................................................35

0Y%ROSTATI/ TESTING............................................................................................................... 36

RESULTS /ON/LUSION................................................................................................................ 3,

RESULTS /ON/LUSION............................................................................................................. 3

REFERN/ES....................................................................................................................................... 41


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TRANSPORT OF WATER


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WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMT2e A'*"a-2a+*"a Wate" S*++l# S2e!e t2e 2#+ot2etal (ate" &*++l# &2e!e & to +"o)-e

+o"tale (ate" fo" t2e o!!*'t# ' t2e t# A'*"a-2a+*"a ' 'o"t2 e't"al +"o)'e of S" La'a. T2e

(ate" &o*"e & &t*ate- at Pl!at2ala(a to(' (22 & a to(' &t*ate- o' t2e !o*'ta' "a'ge of t2e

e't"al +"o)'e of S" La'a. T2e Pl!atala(a to(' & loate- at 447! AMSL (2e"ea&

A'*"a-2a+*"a & loate- at 15! AMSL. Total le'gt2 of t2e ++el'e (ll e 1$6.5 !.

T2e !*'+alt# a"ea of A'*"a-2a+*"a 2a& a++"o8!atel# 13777 '2ata't&. T2e a''*al a)e"age

te!+e"at*"e of t# Pl!atala(a & $,/ (2e"ea& ' A'*"a-2a+*"a t & $,.5/ t2*& t & a&&*!e- t2at

t2e te!+e"at*"e of (ate" & "e!a'e- o'&ta't at te!+e"at*"e $,/ fo" t2e -e&g' +*"+o&e&. T2e

a''*al a)e"age +e" a+ta (ate" o'&*!+to' ' S" La'a & e&t!ate- a& 5 ! 39a+9#ea".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bellunohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Belluno


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PIPE LINE SIING

1!1 A"t#$%tr&

I' t2& 2#+ot2etal (ate" &*++l# &2e!e t2e &o*"e & loate- at a' ele)ato' of 447! AMSL (2e"ea&t2e t# & loate- at a' ele)ato' of 15 ! AMSL. T2*& ' ge'e"al t2e &o*"e & loate- at a 2g2e"

ele)ato' t2a' t2e t# &o t2e g"a)t# flo( (ll &*++o"t t2e (ate" &*++l# t2o*g2 t2e"e a"e fl*t*ato'&

' t2e ele)ato' ' et(ee'. T2e +at2 &elete- fo" la#'g ++e& & a !o*'ta'o*& te""a'. T2e ele)ato'

+"ofle of t2e +"o+o&e- ++el'e +at2 & g)e' # Fg $.1 elo(.

Fig 2.1: Elevation Profile of the Proposed Pipeline

1!2 D%'#() F"*+ Rat%T2e +"o+o&e- (ate" &*++l# &2e!e & to +"o)-e (ate" fo" 13,000 inhabitants (INH) ' t2e

!*'+alt# a"ea of A'*"a-2a+*"a. T2e a)e"age -al# -e!a'- (a& -ete"!'e- a&e- o' the annual

average per capita consumption (APCC)e&t!ate- fo" S" La'a & 8 m3!capita!"ear.

%e&g' Flo( "ate SFINHAPCC

Q

=360024365

!39& :.. $.1

A&&*!e Safet# Fato" 30.1=SF

0e'e %e&g' Flo( "ate 30.1000,13360024365

85

=Q !39&

0456.0Q !39&

T2& & 'o(' a& t2e 'o!'al flo( "ate ;


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smQ

Q

/0547.0

0456.02.1

3

max

max

=

=

S!la"l# t2e !'!*! flo( "ate nomQQ = 8.0min

smQ

Q

/0365.0

0456.08.03

max

max

==

1!3 E,a"at#*) *. P#/% D#a$%t%rI' o"-e" to -ete"!'e t2e ++e -a!ete" t(o +o&&le a++"oa2e& a"e a)alale? S'gle@&e'a"o

a++"oa2 a'- fle8le a++"oa2. I' &'gle@&e'a"o o" 'fle8le a++"oa2 t & a&&*!e- t2at t2e"e a"e

'o a'# ot2e" +a"a!ete" (22 (o*l- affet t2e -a!ete" of t2e ++e& ot2e" t2a' t2e o'&e>*e'e&

a*&e- # f"to' lo&&e& a'- &*&e>*e't +"e&&*"e 2ea-&. W2e"ea& ' t2e fle8le a++"oa2 t2e

e)al*ato'& a"e a""e- o*t # ee+'g o+to'& o+e' t2*& t2e -e&g'e" o" t2e -e&o' !ae" a'"e&+o'- a-e>*atel# f a'- (2e' *'e"ta't# -&&ol)e&.

131 !i"id A##roa$%I' -ete"!''g t2e -a!ete" of t2e ++el'e &e)e"al e>*ato'& 'l*-'g %a"#@We&a2 a'- /ol"oo

W2te e>*ato'& 2a)e to e *&e-. T2e f*'-a!e'tal o'e+t e2'- t2& e)al*ato' & -e&"e-

f"o! t2e e>*ato'& $.$ to $.6. T2e a& -ata "e>*"e- a"e

Total Le'gt2 of t2e P+el'e L 1$6577 !

T2e ele)ato' -ffe"e'e et(ee' t(o te& h # hAnura$hapura% hPilimatala&a

h = 440-15

h = 425 m

T2e "elato'&2+ et(ee' t2e +"e&&*"e -"o+ ;P= a'- t2e f"to' fato" a' e e8+"e&&e- # *&'g t2e

'arc"eisbach *+uation1g)e' #

D

LVfP

2

2

= ::::::::::. $.$

W2e"e

T2e +"e&&*"e -"o+ et(ee' t(o +o't& A a'- B hgP =

T2e flo( )elot#A

QV=

2

4

D

QV

= :::::::::. $.3

T2*& &*&tt*te t2e e8+"e&&o'& fo" P a'- Vto e>*ato' $.$ g)e&


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hg

LQfD

D

L

D

Qfhg

=

=

2

2

5

42

2

8

8

52

28

hg

LQfD

=

S*&tt*t'g )al*e& of Q L a'- h g)e& a (o"'g e8+"e&&o' ;(t2 ' !et"e&=C

55518.0 fD = ::::::..$.4

T2e f"to' fato" & 'ot o'&ta't fo" a'# +a"t*la" ++e &'e !a'# o!!e"al ++e& a)alale ' t2e

!a"et le ' t2e "a'ge go)e"'e- # t2e "o*g2'e&& a'- Re#'ol-& '*!e" *t t -e+e'-& o' t2e flo(

"ate. T2e Colebroohite e+uation4o!'e& t2e &!oot2@ a'- "o*g2@(all t*"*le'e la(& 'to a

&'gle fo"!*la a'- & o'&-e"e- a& t2e !a' fo"!*la fo" t2e f"to' fato" ' t*"*le't flo(.

+=

fDf Re

51.2

7.3log2

110

T2e ao)e e>*ato' a' e e8+"e&&e- a& follo(& a& t2e (o"'g e8+"e&&o' fo" t2e te"ato'&.

2

10Re

51.2

7.3log2

1

+

=

fD

f ::: $.5

W2e"e, the -e"nol$s Number& g)e' #

VD=Re

D

Q

4Re =

S*&tt*t'g )al*e& of Q! andg)e& a (o"'g e8+"e&&o' ;(t2 ' !et"e&=C

D

858,57Re=

S*&tt*t'g t2e )al*e of Re a'- o' e>*ato' $.5 g)e& t2e te"at)e fo"!*laC

255

10

103382.4

7.3

103154.1log2

1

+

=

f

D

D

f

...:. $.6

Ite"ate e8+"e&&o' $.4 a'- $.6 *'tl t2e o')e"ge'e & "ea2e-?


9/42

A&&*!e 1.0=f 34793.0=D !

Ite"ato' 1C 015147.0=f 23854.0=D !

Ite"ato' $C 016852.0=f 24368.0=D !

Ite"ato' 3C 016747.0=f 24338.0=D !

Ite"ato' 4C 016753.0=f 24340.0=D !

Ite"ato' 5C 016753.0=f 24340.0=D !

/o!+a"'g t2e a)alale &De& of t2e a"o' &teel ++e& ' t2e !a"et 7.$5! -a!ete" ST% ++e &

&elete- fo" t2e -e&g' +*"+o&e&.

"elo#it$ %he#&

Ao"-'g to t2e e8+"e&&o' fo" )ol*!et" flo( "ate g)e' # e>*ato' ;$.3=C

2

25.0

065.04

=

V

" =1.'24ms -1

.he velocit" is &ithin the range 0/ % /0ms 1, thus the selecte$ pipe $iameter is acceptable.

Flo( )egime

T2e flo( "eg!e & -ef'e- # t2e Re#'ol-& '*!e".

VD=Re

001002.0

25.0324.11000Re

=

000,10339,330Re >=

S'e t2e Re#'ol-& '*!e" & !o-e"ate ;174Re176=4 t2e (ate" flo( & t*"*le't.

*a+le 2.1: *he %hara#teristi#s of the ,ele#ted Pipe2

Nominal Size Outside Diameter Schedule Wall Thickness

mm in mm! mm!

$57 17 $,3.1 ST% 47 .$,


10/42

13& 'l()i*l( A##roa$%I' t2e fle8le a++"oa2 a& !e'to'e- ea"le" t2e o+to'& ee+ o+e' a'- t2e f'al )al*e fo" t2e

-a!ete" & -ete"!'e- (2le e"a-at'g !o&t of t2e *'e"ta'te& o'&-e"'g t2e te2'al

o'&e>*e'e& o'l#. Re&t of t2e al*lato'& o" t2e e)al*ato' "te"o'& (o*l- a&e- o' t2e fle8le

a++"oa2 o'l#.

I' o"-e" to a""# o*t t2e e)al*ato'& t & "e>*"e- to -ete"!'e t2e f"to' fato" (22 (ll e a""e-

o*t a& +e" &e'a"o t"ee g)e' ' fg $.3.

GA7.57 !9&

GA7.,5 !9&

GA1.77 !9&

GA1.$5 !9&

%e&o' Re>*"e- Flo( Rate P+e %a!ete" F"to' Fato"

%1 f1

%$ f$

%3 f3

%4 f4

%5 f5

%6 f6

%, f,

% f

% f

%17 f17

%11 f11

%1$ f1$

GA$.77 !9&

GA1.,5 !9&

GA1.57 !9&

%$1 f$1

%$7 f$7

%1 f1

%1 f1

%1, f1,

%16 f16

%15 f15

%14 f14

%13 f13

Fig 2.2: ,#enario *ree for etermination of Fri#tion Fa#tor

T2e +"!a"# -e&o' "e>*"e& & to -ete"!'e a' ae+tale "a'ge of )al*e& o" a )al*e fo" t2e )elot#

of fl*- flo( ;.e. (ate"= (t2' t2e ++e&. T2e !o&tl# ae+tale flo( )elote& ' t2e ++e flo( (o*l-

le et(ee' 7.5 !&@1a'- $.7 !&@1. T2e' a-o+te- +"oe-*"e (ll e a& follo(&.

A&&*!e t2e )elote& ' t2e "a'ge of 7.5 H $.7 !&@1

/al*late t2e ++e -a!ete"& fo" ea2 flo( "ate ;

2

4

D

QV

=

V

Q

D

4

= :::::::::.$.,


11/42

/al*late t2e Re#'ol-& '*!e" fo" ea2 )elot# a'- -a!ete" # *&'g follo('g e>*ato'

VD=Re :::::::::..$.

T2e' f"to' fato" a' e al*late- # follo('g a' te"at)e a++"oa2 a'- e>*ato' $.5.

*a+le 2.2: *he Fri#tion Fa#tor for ominal Flo( )ate Qnom/

%ssumed&elocit',& m(s!

)stimated*i+e

Diameter,Dm!

e'noldsNum-er,

e

ou.hness,

m! ff0

/aminar0om+onent

Tur-ulent0om+onent

ff

$15$ 7.347666, 1$1666.6 7.77775 1 7.777736, 7.7777$763 7.71113

$175 7.$,153$ 14717.64 7.77775 1 7.777745 7.7777164 7.71,,15$

#1$$ 7.$47,, 1,$76$.6, 7.77775 1 7.77775617 7.7777145 7.71,576$

#125 7.$154565 1$3,1.1 7.77775 1 7.77776$,$ 7.77771375 7.71,316

#15$ 7.16647 $17,3$., 7.77775 1 7.77776,1 7.7777111 7.71,3373

#175 7.1$747 $$,61,.51 7.77775 1 7.7777,4$1 7.77771173 7.71,371

21$$ 7.1,73333 $43333.36 7.77775 1 7.7777,34 7.7777173$ 7.71,$51

/o!+a"&o' of al*late- f"to' fato" )al*e& fo" t2"ee -ffe"e't flo( "ate& a"e &2o(' ' t2e follo('g

fg*"e.

Fig 2.': %omparison of Fri#tion Fa#tor for ifferent Flo( )ates

T2e' t2e e)al*ato' of &tat +"e&&*"e& alo'g t2e ++el'e (o*l- e e&t!ate- a& follo(&.


12/42

PRESSURE PROFILES

1!4 Gra,#t& F"*+ S&'t%$ D%'#()

A++l#'g t2e t2eo"# of E'e"g# Bala'e o' t2e P+e flo( t2e !e2a'al e'e"g# +e" *'t !a&& of t2e

++e flo( &te! a' e e8+"e&&e- # t2e ernoulli e+uation3. T2e e'e"g# e'te"'g to t2e ++e-

&te! (t2 t2e fl*- ' !oto' "e!a'& ' t2e fl*- o" t & -&&+ate- # lo&& of !e2a'al +ote'tal

e'e"g# ;+eDo!et" e'e"g# 'et e'e"g# g"a)tato'al e'e"g#= o" & -&&+ate- # f"to'. T2e

Be"'o*ll e>*ato' ' o!'ato' (t2 t2e f"&t +"'+le of t2e"!o-#'a!& a' e ("tte' a& follo(&.

( ) w

p

p

m Lghgh

VVdpLq +

+

+=+ 12

2

1

2

2

22

2

1

::::.. 3.1

T2e te"!& *&e- ' t2e ao)e e>*ato' a"e a& follo(&?

q T2e 2eat e'e"g#

mL T2e !e2a'al e'e"g#

2

1

p

p

dp

T2e +eDo!et" e'e"g#

2

2

iV T2e 'et e'e"g#

igh T2e g"a)tato'al e'e"g#

wL E'e"g# Lo&&e& et.

Fo" a-aat &te!& of 'o!+"e&&le fl*-& (t2o*t +*!+& a'- Lm(ll e e>*al to De"o a'-

e>*ato' 3.1 (ll eo!e

wLhgVp

++

+=2

0

2

wLghVp

ghVp

+++=++2

2

22

1

2

11

22 ::.. 3.$

P#%*$%tr#c E)%r(&

PeDo!et" e'e"g# & t2e e'e"g# o'ta'e- ' a *'t !a&& of fl*- ' t2e ++e a*&e- -*e to t2e+"e&&*"e -ffe"e'e et(ee' t(o +o't& of t2e ++e l'e. Ge'e"all# t2e total e'e"g# e8+"e&&e- ' te"!&

of total 2ea- ;0= a*&e- # t2e a--to' of t2e PeDo!et" 2ea- ;P9Jg/a'- g"a)tato'al 2ea- ;2= -*e

to fl*- flo( ' a ++el'e & -ef'e- a& t2e 2#-"a*l g"a-e l'e ;0GL=. If t2e 0GL -"o+& elo( ++e

ele)ato' t2& !ea'& 'egat)e ga*ge +"e&&*"e& ;.e. le&& t2a' at!o&+2e"=. T2& & ge'e"all#

*'-e&"ale. T2e 0GL elo( t2e ++el'e & !+o&&le.

Gra,#tat#*)a" E)%r(&

T2e e'e"g# o'ta'e- ' a *'t !a&& of t2e fl*- ' t2e ++e -*e to t& ele)ato' (t2 "e&+et to a

"efe"e'e ele)ato' & alle- a& t2e g"a)tato'al e'e"g#. T2& a' e ea&l# ota'e- # !*lt+l#'g t2e

ele)ato' of a e"ta' +o&to' (t2 "e&+et to a "efe"e'e ele)ato' (t2 t2e g"a)tato'al aele"ato'.

T2& (o*l- e +a"allel to t2e e'te"l'e of t2e la- ++e # t2e !ag't*-e of g.


13/42

#)%t#c E)%r(&

T2e 'et e'e"g# & t2e e'e"g# &to"e- ' a *'t !a&& of t2e fl*- -*e to t& !oto' a'- (o*l- e g)e'

# "22. S'e t & a&&*!e- t2at t2e "o&&@&eto' of t2e ++el'e "e!a' *'2a'ge- t2e )elot# of

flo( of t2e fl*- (o*l- "e!a' o'&ta't too. T2*& t2e )elot# -ffe"e'e et(ee' t(o fl*- !ole*le&

at t(o -ffe"e't +o&to'& (o*l- e De"o. So t2e 'et e'e"g# -ffe"e'e (ll e De"o o" t2e 'et

e'e"g# of t2e fl*- "e!a'& *'2a'ge-.

E)%r(& L*''%'

T2e ++el'e &te!& a"e &*Kete- to t(o !a' lo&&e&?

all fri#tion losses: T2& o't"*te& a o't'*o*& fall of e'e"g# o)e" a la"ge -&ta'e. Mo&t of

t2e ++e& a)alale ' t2e !a"et a"e 2a)'g a e"ta' &*"fae o" (all "o*g2'e&& (22

a*&e& a o't'*o*& &t"e&& o" "e&&ta'e o' t2e fl*- flo( lea-'g to a' e'e"g# lo&&

+"o+o"to'al to )elot# &>*a"e le'gt2 ')e"&e of ++e -a!ete" a'- (all "o*g2'e&& )al*e&

a'- "eg!e of flo(. T2e %a"#@We&a2 e>*ato' -ef'e- # e>*ato' $.$ a' e *&e- to

-ete"!'e t2e (all f"to' lo&&. T2e )al*e fo" t2e f"to' fato" 2a& al"ea-# ee' al*late-.

3inor losses: T2e !'o" lo&&e& a"e !a'l# o*"& -*e to a"*+t 2a'ge& ' geo!et"# of t2e

++el'e &*2 a&

o P+e e't"a'e o" e8t

o S*--e' e8+a'&o' o" o't"ato'

o Be'-& elo(& tee& a'- ot2e" ftt'g&

o al)e& o+e' of +a"tall# lo&e-

o G"a-*al e8+a'&o' o" o't"ato'&.

So!e of t2e&e lo&&e& !a# lea- to o'&-e"ale e'e"g# lo&&e& t2o*g2 t2e# a"e !ea't to e

!'o" lo&&e&. Follo('g e8+"e&&o' a' e *&e- to e)al*ate t2e !'o" lo&&e& a*&e- -*e toa'# of ao)e lo&&e&.

2

2V

Kp

i=

:::::.. 3.3

T2e lo&& oeffe't o" loal flo( "e&&ta'e oeffe't ;Ki= fo" ea2 t#+e of !'o" lo&&e& at-ffe"e't ftt'g& a' e fo*'- # !a'*fat*"e& &+efato'& o" a)alale +"'te- +*lato'&.T2e loal flo( "e&&ta'e oeffe't a' e e)al*ate- # *&'g t2e !et2o- a'- tale&-e&"e- ' "ef. ,.

*a+le '.1: *he Evalation of Lo#al losses

Dia1m!

&el1m(s!

riction

actor, 2T

/ocal lo esistance 0oeicient,

inor/oss*a!

*(*atm"$o

)l-o

45o

)l-o

Tee lothrurun

Tee lothru

-ranch

*i+e)ntrance nard*ro9ectin

.

"$oitre:end

0lose

*attern

return

-end

ma;

3$2T #62T 2$2T 6$2T $178 6$2T 5$2T

0.150* 2.00 0.015 0.45 0.24 0.3 0.9 0.78 0.9 0.75 0.9 1800 0.018

0.375

**

0.50 0.013 0.39

0.20

8 0.26 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.65 0.78 97.5 0.001

@ Minimum diameter obtained or t!e entire range "it! #min and $max% ** & Maximum diameter obtained or t!e entire range "it! #max and $min


14/42

La&t ol*!' of t2e Tale 3.1 al*late& t2e "elat)e +"e&&*"e lo&& (t2 "e&+et to t2e at!o&+2e"+"e&&*"e &'e at a'# +o't '&-e t2e ++e +"e&&*"e (o*l- e 2g2e" t2a' t2e at!o&+2e" +"e&&*"e.T2*& t2& ll*&t"ate& t2at t2e +"e&&*"e lo&& -*e to ++e ftt'g& & 'eglgle o!+a"e- to t2e +"e&&*"e(t2' t2e ++e. T2*& fo" t2& 2#+ot2etal &te! -e&g' e'e"g# lo&& -*e to ++e ftt'g& -oe& 'oto'&-e". 0e'e t2e total e'e"g# lo&& a' e e&t!ate- *&'g e>*ato' $.$ o'l# (t2o*t !o-fato'&.0e'e f'al e>*ato' fo" t2e e'e"g# e)al*ato' fo" t2e 'o!+"e&&le fl*- &te! fo" a-aat

&te! of flo( *'-e" g"a)t# (ll e g)e' # follo('g e8+"e&&o'.

( )D

LVfhhgpp

2

2

2112

+= ::::. 3.4

T2e a++lato' of t2& e8+"e&&o' fo" t2e flo( o'-to'& -ef'e- # t2e t2"ee flo( +e"o-& ;

Fig '.1: ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qmander 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem


15/42

Fig '.2: ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qnomnder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem

Fig '.': ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qminnder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem


16/42

B# e8a!''g -ffe"e't +"e&&*"e +"ofle& t a' e o&e")e- t2at (2e' t2e flo( )elot# & lo(e" t2a'

1!9& t2e !'!al +"e&&*"e alo'g t2e ++el'e & lo(e" t2a' t2at at t2e e'- of t2e ++el'e. T2& !+le&

t2at t2e e'e"g# lo&& -*e to f"to' +"e)al& e'e"g# +"o)-e- # t2e ele)ato' 2ea- (2e' t2e flo(

)elot# & 2g2e" t2a' 1 !9&. 0g2e" t2e )elot# 2g2e" & t2e f"to' lo&&. A& t2e f"to' lo&&

'"ea&e& t2e e'e"g# "e>*"e& to "e&to"e t '"ea&e& (22 lea-& to '"ea&e t2e o+e"ato' o&t a'-

t2e +*!+ o&t too t2o*g2 t2e o&t of ++e "e-*e&. F*"t2e" a& t2e )elot# lo(e"& t2e -a!ete" of t2e++e& (o*l- "e-*e (2le "e-*'g t2e o&t of ++e& a'- ++e '&tallato' o&t too. /o'&-e"'g ao)e

>*altat)e o'&-e"ato'& o*t of all t2e +"e&&*"e +"ofle& -e")e- -*e to flo( )elote& 7.57!9&

7.,5!9& a'- 1.77!9& a"e o'l# o'&-e"e- fo" f*"t2e" e)al*ato'&. /o!+*tato'al a'al#&& 2a&

-e)elo+e- fo" t2e )elot# 1!9& a'- 'o!'al flo( "ate o'l#.

C*$$%rc#a" P#/% D#a$%t%r

E)e' t2o*g2 t2e al*lato'& (e"e a""e- o*t a&e- o' t2e )elot# a)e"age- ++e -a!ete"& all t2e

-a!ete"& a"e 'ot o!!e"all# a)alale. T2e o!!e"all# a)alale ++e -a!ete"& a"e 15 $7 $5

3$ 47 57 65 7 177 1$5 157 $77 $57 377 357 477!! et. T2*& ' o"-e" to a""# o*t fea&le

e)al*ato'& al*lato'& 2a& to e a""e- o*t a&e- o' t2e o!!e"all# a)alale ++e -a!ete"&

o'l#.

*a+le '.2: *he %ommer#ial iameters

%ssumed&elocit', & m(s!

)stimated *i+eDiameter, Dm!

0ommercial*i+e Diameter, D

m!

Nominal&elocit', &n m!

ff&elocit'0heck

7.57 7.347666, 7.357.4, 7.71175 'ail

7.,5 7.$,153$ 7.377.64 7.71,57 ()

1.77 7.$47,, 7.$57.3 7.71,5533 ()

T2*& o'l# t(o -a!ete"& a"e a)alale fo" f*"t2e" e)al*ato'.

Fig '.4: ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qnomnder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem for %ommer#ial Pipe ia.


17/42

1! P$/% F"*+ S&'t%$ D%'#()

1+1 r(ssur( roil(sI' a +*!+e- flo( &te! t2e -efe'# of t2e e'e"g# to &*++l# fl*- to a loato' (t2 a 2g2e"

+ote'tal (ll e +"o)-e- # t2e !e2a'al e'e"g# of t2e +*!+. T2*& t2e "e>*"e- e'e"g# (ll e

+"o)-e- to t2e fl*- to flo( to a +o&to' (t2 2g2e" +ote'tal. /o'&-e" t2e a&e (2e"e t2e fl*- flo(

)elot# & 7.3!9& a'- flo( "ate & at 'o!'al flo( "ate. Fg*"e 3.4 ll*&t"ate& t2e +"e&&*"e +"ofle

*'-e" g"a)t# flo( o'-to' a'- t2e +"o+o&e- loato'& of t2e )al)e& a'- +*!+&. T2e )al)e loate- at

t2e e'- of t2e &te! & a o't"ol )al)e. T2e oKet)e of t2e P*!+e- flo( &te! -e&g' & to -e&g'

t2e +"o+o&e- +*!+ &tato' a'- t2e )al)e&. B*t ' t2& 2#+ot2etal &te! &t*-# o'l# t2e +*!+ &tato'

(ll e -e&g'e- a'- a o't"ol )al)e & &elete- a&e- o' t2e ++e &De& -ete"!'e- a& a !ea'& of t2e

e&t!ate- +*!+& a'- flo( "ate&.

Fig '.5 ,tati# Pressre Profile for v=0.7'ms and Q=Qnom nder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem

T2e !at2e!atal e8+"e&&o' +"o)-e- *'-e" e>*ato' 3.4 a' e !o-fe- a& follo(& ' o"-e" to

-ete"!'e t2e +"e&&*"e& of t2e &te! ' &*&e>*e't +o&to'& (t2 t2e a++lato' of a +*!+.

( ) mLD

LVfhhgpp ++=

2

2

2112

W2e"e t2e !e2a'al e'e"g# +"o)-e- # t2e +*!+ gHL pm =

T2e 2ea- +"o)-e- # t2e +*!+ 8p

T2*& f'al (o"'g e8+"e&&o' (o*l- e

( ) gHD

LVfhhgpp p

++=

2

2

2112 ::::. 3.5


18/42

T2e -e&g'e" -e-e- to !a'ta' 1 a" ;1713$5 Pa= +"e&&*"e at t2e 2g2e&t ele)ato' of t2e

+"o+o&e- ++el'e ;(22 & at 16.,7! +o&to'= a'- '&tall t2e +*!+ at 11.77! +o't. T2*&

+"e&&*"e +"ofle& fo" t2e +*!+e- flo( &te!& (o*l- e a& follo(&.


19/42

1+& um# Es.ima.ionI' o"-e" to -e&g' t2e +*!+ &tato' t(o a& +e"fo"!a'e *")e& 2a)e to e -ete"!'e- f"&t t2e#

a"e t2e &te! 2a"ate"&t *")e a'- t2e +*!+ 2a"ate"&t *")e.

&ra"#c P*+%r 5P&6

0#-"a*l +o(e" of t2e +*!+ a' e e)al*ate- *&'g follo('g fo"!*la

gravitypumpdHyd PPQP =

P$/ %a 56

P*!+ 2ea- a' e -ete"!'e- *&'g follo('g fo"!*la

gQ

PH

Hyd

=

0#-"a*l +o(e" a'- +*!+ 2ea- al*late- fo" t2e t2"ee )elot# of t2e 'o!'al flo( "ate & g)e'

follo('g tale.

*a+le '.2: *he ,$stem and Pmp %hara#teristi#s

S'stem

0haracteristics Flow Velocity, V (m/s) 0.64 0.93

Pipe Diameter, D (m) 0.30 0.25

Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) 0.0456 0.0456

Hydraulic Power, Phyd(kW)

31.00 46.00

Head, H (m) 68.00 102.00

*um+0haracteristics

a! Pump Head, Hp (m) 46.50 46.00

a!" Flow Rate, Qp(m3/s)

0.280 0.205

a! Pressure, Pp (#ar) 12.00 12.00

$o o% Pumps 02 + 02 SB* 03 + 03 SB

&'stallatio' In Series In Series

a! otal Head, Htp (m) 93.00 138.00

peed (rpm) 1,480.00 1,480.00

uctio' Dia (m) 0.30 0.25

Dischar*e Dia (m) 0.30 0.25

Pump odel

APEXPUMPS

GC 300-400

APEXPUMPS

GC 250-400ote:SB@Sta'- # P*!+


20/42

1+3 /al0( (si"nU'le )al)e& ' a ++'g &te! t2at +"!a"l# &e")e to &2*t off -"a' fll o" -)e"t o't"ol )al)e& a"ea +a"t of a' a*to!ate- o't"ol &te!. T2e# a"e o'&-e"e- t2e f'al o't"ol ele!e't ' a'a*to!ate- a'- *&*all# )e"# &o+2&tate- o't"ol loo+. A&-e f"o! t2e o't"ol )al)e t2e loo+o'&&t& of a t"a'&!tte" t2at !ea&*"e& t2e )a"ale to e o't"olle- ;*&*all# +"e&&*"e flo( le)el o"te!+e"at*"e= a'- a o't"olle". T2e t"a-to'al !et2o- of )al)e &D'g a' e g)e' a& follo(&.

!

PCQ vr

=

max::::::::. 3.6

T2& e>*ato' *&e to f'- t2e !a8!*! flo( "ate a&&*!'g 'o )&o&t# o""eto' & 'ee&&a"#.E>*ato' 3., a' e *&e- to +"e-t at*al flo( "ate a&e- o' e>*ato' 3.6 a'- )&o&t# fato"o""eto'.

v

prdF

QQ max= ::::::::. 3.,

W2e"e /) )al)e &D'g oeffe't fo" l>*- -ete"!'e- e8+e"!e'tall# fo" ea2 &De a'- &t#le

of )al)e *&'g (ate" at &ta'-a"- o'-to'& a& t2e te&t fl*-. /)" o""ete- &D'g oeffe't "e>*"e- fo" )&o*& a++lato'&.

P -ffe"e'tal +"e&&*"e ' +&

F) )&o&t# o""eto' fato"G S+ef g"a)t# of fl*- ;(ate" at 677F1.77=

T2e !o&t o!!o' *&e of t2e a& l>*- &D'g e>*ato' & to -ete"!'e t2e +"o+e" )al)e &De fo" ag)e' &et of &e")e o'-to'&. T2e )al)e &D'g +"oe-*"e a' e ll*&t"ate- a& follo(&.

Fig '.9: Pro#edre for *raditional 3ethod of "alve ,iing


21/42

1+4 (.(rmina.ion o 2omm(r$ial i#( iam(.(rAfte" e)al*at'g all t2e ao)e !e'to'e- o'-to'& a' e&t!ato' of t2e o!!e"al ++e -a!ete"&

a' e !a-e a& follo(& fo" t2e +*!+e- flo( &te!.

*a+le '.': *he %hara#teristi#s of the ,ele#ted Pipes4

Nominal

Size

Outside

Diameter

Schedule Wall

Thickness

a; %lloa-le

O+eratin.

0om+arison

mm in mm! mm! *a! *OS 0ONS

$57 17 $,3.1 ST% 47 .$, .4

Lo(e" 'tal o&t o'

++e '&tallato'.

0g2e" 'tal o&t

"efe""'g to +*!+

'&tallato' a'-

o+e"ato'al o&t -*e

to 2g2 e'e"g#

o'&*!+to'.

377 1$ 3$3. ST% 47 17.31 ,.

Lo(e" 'tal o&t

"efe""'g to +*!+

'&tallato' a'-

o+e"ato'al o&t -*e

to lo(e" e'e"g#

o'&*!+to'.

0g2 'tal o&t o'

++e '&tallato'.


22/42

So*"3e O /t#

Pl!atala(a

Wate"T"eat!e't Pla't

Reg*lat'gal)e

Pg T"a+

P*!+ Stato' fo" La#o*tRefe" &6et32 @ 8

/o't"ol al)e

Re&e")o" at

/t#A'*"a-2a+*"a

Reg*lato'

al)e&

Sketch 7


23/42

TRANSPORT OF OIL


24/42

PROPERTIES OF OILI' t2& 2#+ot2etal -e&g''g t2e &o*"e a'- t2e f'al -e&t'ato' of t2e ol &*++l# &te! "e!a'e-*'2a'ge-. F*"t2e" ' o"-e" to !a'ta' a ette" o!+a"&o' t2e flo( "ate & al&o f8e- to t2e )al*etae' fo" t2e (ate" &*++l# &te! -e&g''g.

I' fat t2e"e a"e at*all# o)e" 167 -ffe"e't ol& t"a-e- o' t2e !a"et *t o'l# t2"ee o*t of t2e! a"eo'&-e"e- a& t2e !o&t +"o!'e't +"!a"# ol& (22 tae t2e &e"o*& atte'to' of t2e !a"et. WestTe;as ntermediate;WTI= & a' e8t"e!el# 2g2 >*alt# "*-e ol (22 & g"eatl# )al*e- fo" t2e fatt2at t & of &*2 +"e!*! >*alt# !o"e a'- ette" ga&ol'e a' e "ef'e- f"o! a &'gle a""el t2a'f"o! !o&t ot2e" t#+e& of ol a)alale o' t2e !a"et. T2e WTI API G"a)t#Q & 3.6 -eg"ee& (22!ae& t a lg2tQ "*-e ol (t2 o'l# 7.$4 +e"e't &*lf*" (22 !ae& t a &(eetQ "*-e ol. T2e&eo!'e- >*alte& a& (ell a& loato' !ae WTI a +"!e "*-e ol to e "ef'e- ' t2e U'te- State&(22 & # fa" t2e la"ge&t ga&ol'e o'&*!'g o*'t"# o' t2e +la'et. T2e )a&t !aKo"t# of WTI "*-eol& a"e "ef'e- ' t2e M-(e&t a'- G*lf /oa&t "ego'&.

:rent :lend& at*all# a o!'ato' of -ffe"e't ol& f"o! 15 fel-& t2"o*g2o*t t2e Sott&2 B"e't a'-N'a' &te!& loate- ' t2e No"t2 Sea. It& API G"a)t#Q & 3.3 -eg"ee& (22 !ae& t a lg2tQ"*-e ol *t lea"l# 'ot >*te a& lg2tQ a& WTI. It al&o o'ta'& ao*t 7.3, +e"e't &*lf*" (22!ae& t a &(eetQ "*-e ol *t t2e' aga' 'ot >*te a& &(eetQ t2a' WTI. B"e't Ble'- & >*tee8elle't fo" !a'g ga&ol'e a'- !--le -&tllate& ot2 of (22 a"e *tlDe- ' la"ge >*a'tte& 'No"t2(e&t E*"o+e (2e"e B"e't le'- "*-e ol & !o&t ofte' "ef'e-. B"e't Ble'- +"o-*to' !*2le t2at of WTI & al&o o' t2e -el'e *t t "e!a'& a !aKo" e'2!a" fo" ot2e" "*-e ol& ' E*"o+eo" Af"a.

O*)0 :asketol & a ollet)e &e)e' -ffe"e't "*-e ol& f"o! Alge"a Sa*- A"aa I'-o'e&aNge"a %*a e'eD*ela a'- t2e Me8a' I&t2!*&. Bea*&e OPE/ ol 2a& a !*2 2g2e"+e"e'tage of &*lf*" (t2' t& 'at*"al !ae@*+ a'- t2e"efo"e & 'ot 'ea"l# a& &(eetQ a& WTI o" e)e'B"e't Ble'- a'- &'e t & al&o 'ot 'at*"all# a& lg2tQ.

F*"t2e" 2#-"oa"o' a' e la&&fe- ao"-'g to t& o!+o&to' a& (ell.

*a+le 4.1: *he %omposition of 8$dro#ar+on5

raction No o 0ar-ons :oilin. *oint

>ases 1@4 7

/i.ht Na+htha 5@, $,@3

?ea@' Na+htha 6@17 3@1,,

erosene 17@15 1,,@$3

/i.ht >as Oil 13@1 $74@343

?ea@' >as Oil 16@47 315@565

esiduum 47 565

T2e t#+e of ol &elete- fo" t2& &t*-# & t2e /P/ ;/a&+a' P+el'e /o'&o"t*!= le'- "*-e ol+"o-*e- # /2e)"o' /o!+a'# (22 & a lg2t "*-e ol.


25/42

*a+le 4.2: *he Properties of %P% ;lend of %hevron


26/42

PRESSURE PROFILE

1!7 Gra,#t& F"*+ S&'t%$

T2e 2a'ge of -e'&t# a'- )&o&t# a*&e& effet& o' t2e f"to' fato" a'- o'&e>*e'tl# t2eRe#'ol-& '*!e".

Fig 5.1: %omparison of the Fri#tion Fa#tor for il

T2e al*lato'& &!la" to t2e (ate" &*++l# &te! a' e a""e- o*t ' o"-e" to -ete"!'e t2e ol

flo( &te!.


27/42

Fig 5.2: ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qnomnder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem

Fig 5.': ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qmander 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem


28/42

Fig 5.4: ,tati# Pressre Profile for Qminnder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem

P"e&&*"e +"ofle& (t2 &!la" t"e'- to t2at fo" (ate" a' al&o e ota'e- fo" t2e ol. /o'&-e"'g&!la" >*altat)e o'&-e"ato'& o*t of all t2e +"e&&*"e +"ofle& -e")e- -*e to flo( )elote&

7.57!9& 7.,5!9& a'- 1.77!9& a"e o'l# o'&-e"e- fo" f*"t2e" e)al*ato'&. /o!+*tato'al a'al#&&

2a& -e)elo+e- fo" t2e )elot# 1!9& a'- 'o!'al flo( "ate o'l#.

C*$$%rc#a" P#/% D#a$%t%r

T2*& &!la" o!!e"al ++e -a!ete"& $57 a'- 377!! fo" 7.3!9& a'- 7.64!9& flo( )elote& a"e

ota'e- fo" f*"t2e" e)al*ato'&.


29/42

Fig 5.5: Pressre Profile of il for Qnomnder 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem for %ommer#ial Pipe iameters

Fg*"e 5.5 ll*&t"ate& t2at t2e +"e&&*"e o!+a"&o' et(ee' (ate" a'- ol flo( &te!& a'- al!o&t

&!la" t"e'-& of +"e&&*"e +"ofle (t2 a 2a'ge o'l# -*e to t2e !ag't*-e of )&o&t# a'- -e'&t# of

t2e t(o l>*-&.


30/42

1!8 P$/% F"*+ S&'t%$T2e loato' (2e"e t2e +*!+ 2a& to e '&talle- to +"o)-e t2e e'e"g# -efe'# & *'2a'ge- fo" ol

too. T2*& t2e +"e&&*"e +"ofle& fo" t2e +*!+e- flo( &te! fo" ol t"a'&+o"t a' e ota'e- # *&'g

&!la" o'e+t& a-o+te- fo" (ate" t"a'&+o"t.


31/42

*a+le 5.1: *he ,$stem and Pmp %hara#teristi#s

S'stem

0haracteristics Flow Velocity, V (m/s) 0.64 0.93

Pipe Diameter, D (m) 0.30 0.25

Flow Rate, Q (m3/s) 0.0456 0.0456

Hydraulic Power, Phyd(kW) 26.00 40.00

Head, H (m) 69.00 104.00

*um+0ha

racteristics

a! Pump Head, Hp (m) 46.50 46.00

a!" Flow Rate, Qp(m3/s) 0.280 0.205

a! Pressure, Pp (#ar) 12.00 12.00

$o o% Pumps 02 + 02 SB* 03 + 03 SB

&'stallatio' In Series In Series

a! otal Head, Htp (m) 93.00 138.00peed (rpm) 1,480.00 1,480.00

uctio' Dia (m) 0.30 0.25

Dischar*e Dia (m) 0.30 0.25

Pump odelAPEXPUMPS

GC 300-400

APEXPUMPS

GC 250-400

S'e +*!+& (t2 !o-el APEVPUMPS G/ 377@477 a'- G/ $57@477 a' e *&e- fo" ot2 ol a'-

(ate" &*++l# &a!e +*!+ '&tallato' a' e *&e- fo" ol t"a'&+o"t too ao"-'g to t2e &te! a'-

+*!+ 2a"ate"&t& -&+la#e- ' tale 5.1.


32/42

1!9 D%t%r$#)at#*) *. P#/% D#a$%t%r'T2*& &!la" ++e -a!ete"& e&t!ate- fo" t2e (ate" t"a'&+o"t a' al&o e *&e- fo" t2e t"a'&+o"t of oltoo &'e total 2a'ge of +a"a!ete"& & &lg2tl# )a"e& et(ee' t(o l>*-&.

*a+le 5.1: Proposed Pipe iameters

Nominal

Size

Outside

Diameter

Schedule Wall

Thickness

a; %lloa-le

O+eratin. *ressure

mm in mm! mm! *a!

$57 17 $,3.1 ST% 47 .$, .4

377 1$ 3$3. ST% 47 17.31 ,.


33/42

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS


34/42

CORROSION PROTECTIONP+el'e o""o&o' a' e ot2 e8te"'al a'- 'te"'al. nternal corrosion a+a"t f"o! e8e+to'al

a&e& of o""o&)e fl*- o!+o'e't& &*2 a& 0$S & *&*all# a gradal pro#ess reslting in a lo(ering

of pipeline effi#ien#$ and is #hara#teried +$ indentations and pits . Reg*la" line #leaning (ith s#raperpigs #an +e tilied to #are for the internal srfa#e of most installations. I'te"'al o""o&o' a' al&o e

o't"olle- # 'Ket'g a o""o&o' '2to" 'to t2e t"a'&+o"te- fl*-. A'ot2e" !et2o- of "e-*'g

'te"'al o""o&o' & # 'te"'all# lining the pipe. W2le t2e"e a"e fe( e8a!+le& of e8&t'g l>*-

2#-"oa"o' ++el'e &te!& sing epo$ #oatings t2e# g)e goo- +"oteto' lo'g lfe a'- 2a)e a

lo( f"to' fato".

);ternal corrosion& a !aKo" fato" ' t2e -e&g' a'- o+e"ato' of a ++el'e &te!? e8te"'al

o""o&o' a' "e-*e t2e lfe of a ++el'e a'- !+a" t& &afet#. E8te"'al o""o&o' & !tgate- #

application o2 a pipe coating an$ the installation o2 a catho$ic protection s"stem . T2e e8te"'al

oat'g '"ea&e& t2e ++e@to@&ol elet"o@2e!al "e&&ta'e a'- t2e at2o- +"oteto' ;!+"e&&e-

*""e't o" gal)a' a'o-e&= &te! !ae& t2e ++e at2o- (t2 "e&+et to t2e &*""o*'-'g &ol.

T2e"e a"e a '*!e" of !et2o-& a'- !ate"al& a)alale fo" e8te"'al oat'g& offe"'g -ffe"e't

e'eft& a'- a "a'ge of o&t. Met2o-& 'l*-e o)e"@t2e@-t2 afte" (el-'g a'- +"eoat'g ++e Ko't&

at t2e ++e !ll efo"e &2++'g o" ' +la't& loate- 'ea" t2e Ko&te efo"e &t"'g'g.

Mate"al& fo" o)e"@t2e@-t2 'l*-e lea''g a'- +"!'g follo(e- # o'e o" !o"e &e>*e'tal la#e"& of

2ot@a++le- a&+2alt o" oal@ta" e'a!el felt ("a+ a'- a f'al ("a+ of "aft +a+e". T2e !o&t "ee't

a++lato'& of +la't@a++le- !ate"al& a"e f*&o'@o'-e- t2'@fl! e+o8# ;FBE= follo(e- # a'

e8t"*-e- o+ol#!e" a-2e&)e a'- a' e8t"*-e- +ol#et2#le'e Kaet. /o'&-e"ato' fo" &eleto' of a

oat'g &2o*l- 'l*-e ' a--to' to '&tallato' a'- &2++'g o&t& >*alt# a'- 'teg"t# of t2e

o!+lete- oat'g &te! a& '&talle- a'- ot2e" o'e"'& &*2 a& 2e!al "e&&ta'e to &ol

o'-to'& &t"a# elet"al *""e't& !a8!*! &e")e te!+e"at*"e &to"age a'- 2a'-l'g et ete"a.

S+ealt# oat'g &te!& fo" t2e"!all# '&*late- ++el'e& ' 2g2@te!+e"at*"e &e")e !a# "e>*"e a'

e8te"o" Kaet !+e")o*& to 't"*&o' # (ate" )a+o".


35/42

YDROSTATIC TESTING

All 'e(l# '&talle- ++el'e& 'l*-'g ++e &eg!e't& t2at 2a)e ee' "e+lae- ' e8&t'g ++el'e&

*'-e"go 2#-"o&tat te&t'g efo"e e'g +*t 'to &e")e. 0#-"o&tat te&t'g ')ol)e& &olat'g t2at+o"to' of t2e ++el'e *'-e"go'g te&t'g fll'g t (t2 (ate" a'- t2e' +"e&&*"D'g t2e l'e to a

&+efe- +"e&&*"e to 2e fo" lea&.

U.S. fe-e"al &afet# "eg*lato'& fo" ++el'e& "e>*"e t2at ++el'e& *&e- to t"a'&+o"t 2aDa"-o*& o"

2g2l# )olatle l>*-& e te&te- at a +"e&&*"e e>*al to 1$5 of t2e !a8!*! allo(ale o+e"at'g

+"e&&*"e ;MAOP= fo" at lea&t fo*" o't'*o*& 2o*"& a'- fo" a' a--to'al fo*" o't'*o*& 2o*"& at a

+"e&&*"e e>*al to 117 o" !o"e of t2e MAOP f t2e l'e a''ot al&o e )&*all# '&+ete- fo" leaage

-*"'g t2e te&t.

A at2'g +g -")e' a2ea- of t2e (ate" & *&e- to "e!o)e a'# a" a'- fo"!& a' effe't &eal to

&olate t2at +o"to' *'-e"go'g te&t'g. Wt2o*t a +g ' -o('2ll +o"to'& of t2e l'e t2e (ate" (ll "*'

-o(' *'-e"'eat2 t2e a" t"a++'g +oet& at t2e 2g2e&t +o't& (t2' t2e ++e. Lo'g ++el'e& (ll

'o"!all# e te&te- ' &eto'&? &2o"t ++el'e& !a# e te&te- a& &'gle *'t&. Te!+o"a"# o''eto'&

fo" fll'g a'- -"a''g t2e ++el'e a"e *&e- a'- a +*!+ & *&e- to +"e&&*"e *+Q t2e l'e. O'e t2e

&+efe- +"e&&*"e & atta'e- t2e +*!+ & &2*t off a'- t2e &tatQ lea te&t o!!e'e&. A lea &

'-ate- f t2e +"e&&*"e fall& o)e" t2e +e"o- of t2e te&t. O'e 2#-"o&tat te&t'g & o!+lete- t2e

(ate" & "e!o)e- a'- t#+all# -el)e"e- to a (a&te(ate" t"eat!e't falt# ;e.g. a +*ll# o('e-

&e(age t"eat!e't (o"&= fo" t"eat!e't. W2le t2e !aKo"t# of t2e (ate" (ll e "e!o)e- &!+l# #

-"a''g t2e (ate" at a++"o+"ate loato'& alo'g t2e &eg!e't *'-e"go'g a te&t &o!e (ate" (ll &tll

"e!a' a'- (ll o'ta!'ate t2e &*&e>*e't +"o-*t *'le&& t & "e!o)e-.

T#+all# a +g & *&e- t2at & -e&g'e- &+efall# to a+t*"e (ate" a'- -el)e" t to a +o't (2e"e t

a' e "e!o)e-. T2& -e(ate"'g +g &e")e& a -*al +*"+o&e "e!o)'g (ate" a'- al&o "e!o)'go'&t"*to' -e"& t2at !a# &tll "e!a' ' t2e ++el'e a'- o*l- e )e"# -a!ag'g to -o('&t"ea!

+*!+& f 'ot "e!o)e-. Ofte' t2e +g & +"o+elle- alo'g t2e ++el'e # t2e +"o-*t& t2e ++el'e (a&

-e&g'e- to a""# a'- o'e t2e +g a'- t2e (ate" t 2a& a+t*"e- 2a)e ee' "e!o)e- t2e ++el'e &

o'&-e"e- to e f*ll# o+e"ato'al.


36/42

RESULTS : CONCLUSION


37/42

RESULTS : CONCLUSION

All t2e fato"& 2a)e ee' f8e- ot2e" t2a' t2e -e'&t# a'- )&o&t# of t(o l>*-& ' o"-e" to !ae fa"

o!+a"&o' et(ee' l>*- flo(& t2"o*g2 a ++el'e.

Fig 9.1: %omparison of Fri#tion Fa#tor for ater and il

Fg*"e .1 o!+a"e& t2e "e&*lt& ota'e- fo" t2e f"to' fato" fo" -ffe"e't flo( "ate& of t2e t(ol>*-&. Ao"-'g to t2e +"'+le e2'- t2e f"to' fato" 2g2e" t2e )&o&t# of t2e fl*- t2e f"to'fato" &2o*l- e 2g2e". T2e )&o&t# of (ate" & lo(e" t2a' t2at of t2e ol. T2*& ao"-'g to t2e+"'+le& t2e f"to' fato" of ol &2o*l- e 2g2e" t2a' t2at of t2e (ate". T2& 2a& ee' lea"l# +"o)e-# t2e "e&*lt& ll*&t"ate- ' t2e fg*"e .1.


38/42

Fig 9.2: %omparison of Pressre Profile for 6ravit$ Flo( ,$stem for ater and il

A& t2e f"to' fato" '"ea&e& t2e e'e"g# lo&& -*e to f"to' o" f"to' lo&& ' a ++el'e & (o*l-eo!e 2g2e". T2*& t2e &tat +"e&&*"e of t2e &te! (o*l- e "e-*e- o!+a"e- to a fl*- flo(&te! (t2 lo(e" f"to' fato". T2& +2e'o!e'o' & lea"l# ll*&t"ate& # fg*"e& .$ t2"o*g2 .4.

Fig 9.': %omparison of Pressre Profile for Pmped Flo( ,$stem as "=0.


39/42

A& a o'&e>*e'e t2e e8te"'al e'e"g# (22 2a)e to +"o)-e- to t2e &te! # !e2a'al !ea'&

2a& ee' '"ea&e- (22 -e&"e- # t2e 2ea- "e>*"e- to "e&to"e t2e e'e"g# fo" o't'*o*& &*++l#

of fl*- t2"o*g2o*t t2e &te!.

T2*& t a' e o'l*-e- t2at &'e ot2 (ate" a'- ol a"e 'o!+"e&&le fl*- &a!e &et of e>*ato'&a' e *&e- ' ot2 a&e&. B*t t2e "e&*lt& ota'e- fo" t2e t(o &te!& 2a'ge& &lg2tl# -*e to t2e

-e'&t# a'- )&o&t# -ffe"e'e& of t2e &te! (22 g)e& "e&*lt& o!+l#'g (t2 t2e f*'-a!e'tal&.

F*"t2e" &'e t2e &te! & o'l# a 2#+ot2etal &t*-# o'l# t2e +"o!'e't effet& to t2e fl*- flo( 2a-ee' o'&-e"e- (2e"ea& t2e !'o" lo&&e& 2a& ee' 'eglete-. T2*& t2e 2ea- lo&&e& al*late-(o*l- e a' *'-e" e&t!ate.

Bot2 &te!& a' e o+e"ate- *'-e" -e'tal &t*ato'& *t t2e &+eal !ea&*"e& 2a)e to e tae' 't2e a&e of ol &te! (t2 t2at fo" (ate". T2e&e (o*l- 'l*-e lea@-eteto' +gg'g &afet# o't"ole')"o'!e'tal &afet# a'- lo&e !o'to"'g a'- o+e"ato'.


40/42

REFERNCES1. W2te F.M. Fl*- Me2a'& 7,t2E-to' MG"a( 0ll $711.

$. Atla& Steel P"e&&*"e Rat'g Tale& fo" /a"o' Steel P+e& $71$ (((.atla&&teel&.o!.a*

3. Sa&& G. T2e o*"&e !ate"al o' Ol a'- Ga& T"a'&+o"tato' MS ;Pet"ole*! E'g'ee"'g= -eg"ee

+"og"a! Polte'o - To"'o Ital# $713.

4. R*gge" Be"'a"-o Ol a'- Ga& P"o-*to' H $7139$714 Let*"e Note& MS ' Pet"ole*! E'g'ee"'g

P"og"a! Polte'o - To"'o Ital#.

5. 2tt+C99"*-e!a"et'g.2e)"o'.o!9"*-e9e't"ala&a'9+le'-te'gD.a&+8


41/42

1W2te F.M. Fl*- Me2a'& ,t2E-to' MG"a( 0ll $711.$Atla& Steel P"e&&*"e Rat'g Tale& fo" /a"o' Steel P+e& $71$ (((.atla&&teel&.o!.a*3Sa&& G. T2e o*"&e !ate"al o' Ol a'- Ga& T"a'&+o"tato' MS ;Pet"ole*! E'g'ee"'g= -eg"ee +"og"a! Polte'o -To"'o Ital# $713.4Atla& Steel P"e&&*"e Rat'g Tale& fo" /a"o' Steel P+e& $71$ (((.atla&&teel&.o!.a*5 R*gge" Be"'a"-o Ol a'- Ga& P"o-*to' H $7139$714 Let*"e Note& MS ' Pet"ole*! E'g'ee"'g P"og"a!Polte'o - To"'o Ital#.62tt+C99"*-e!a"et'g.2e)"o'.o!9"*-e9e't"ala&a'9+le'-te'gD.a&+8
http://www.atlassteels.com.au/http://www.atlassteels.com.au/http://www.atlassteels.com.au/http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/crude/central_asian/cpc_blend_tengiz.aspx


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http://crudemarketing.chevron.com/crude/central_asian/cpc_blend_tengiz.aspx

Pipeline design for Compressible Fluid Flow

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