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| Pipe Related Formulas | Steel Pipe Glossary | Hardness Conversion

Pipe Related Formulas

1. CROSS SECTIONAL AREA (A): The cross sectional area expressed in square inches is used in various tubular goods equations. The formulas described below are based on full sections, exclusive of corner radii.

{1a} Round Tube: A = p/4 (D5 - d5)

Where:

D = Outside Diameter, inches d = Inside Diameter, inches

Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a 7" O.D. x .500" wall tube.

D = 7.000 d = 7.000 - 2(.500) = 6.000 inches

A = p/4 (D5 - d5)

A = 3.1415/4 (7.0005 - 6.0005)

A = 10.210 inches

{1b} Square Tube: A = D5 - d5

Where:

D = Outside Length, inches d = Inside Length, inches

Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a 7" O.D. x .500" wall tube.

D = 7.000 d = 7.000 - 2(.500) = 6.000 inches

A = D5 - d5

A = 49 - 36 = 13

A = 13.00 inches5

{1c} Rectangular Tube: A = D1D - d1d

Where:

D = Outside Length, long side, inches

D1= Outside Length, short side, inches

d = Inside Length, long side, inches

d1= Inside Length, short side, inches

Example: Calculate the cross sectional area of a

4" x 6" rectangular tube with .500" wall thickness.

D = 6.00" D1= 4.00" d = 5.00" d1= 3.00"

A = D1D - d1d

A = 4.00 (6.00) - 3.00 (5.00) = 9.00

A = 9.00 inches5

2. PLAIN END WEIGHT (Wpe):The plain end weight expressed in pounds per foot is used in connection with pipe to describe the nominal or specified weight per foot. This weight does not account for adjustments in weight due to end finishing such as upsetting or threading.

{2} Wpe = 10.68 (D - t)t

Where:

Wpe = plain end weight, calculated to 4 decimal places and rounded to 2 decimals, pounds/foot

D = Specified Outside Diameter of the Pipe, inches

t = Specified Wall Thickness, inches

Example: Calculate the plain end weight of pipe having a specified O.D. of 7 inches and a wall thickness of .540 inches.

Wpe = 10.68 (7.000 - .540) .540

Wpe = 37.2561

Wpe = 37.26 pounds/foot

3. INTERNAL YIELD PRESSURE BURST-RESISTANCE (P):

The internal yield pressure or burst resistance of pressure bearing pipe is expressed in pounds/square inch (psi). The .875 factor is to allow for minimum permissible wall based on API criteria for OCTG and line pipe. This factor can be changed based on other applicable specifications regarding minimum permissible wall thickness.

{3} P = 0.875 [ 2 Yp t/D]

Where:

P = Minimum Internal Yield Pressure (Burst Resistance) in pounds per square inch, rounded to the nearest 10 psi.

Yp= Specified Minimum Yield Strength, pounds per square inch.

t = Nominal (specified) Wall Thickness, inches

D = Nominal (specified) Outside Diameter, inches

Example: Calculate the burst resistance of 7" O.D. x .540" wall API L80 casing.

P = 0.875 [ 2 Yp t/D]

P = 0.875 [ (2)(80,000)(.540)/7]

P = 10,800 psi

4. PIPE SPECIFICATIONS BASICS

Pressure Determinations:Barlow's Formula is commonly used to determine:

1. Internal Pressure at Minimum Yield

2. Ultimate Bursting Pressure

3. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure

4. Mill Hydrostatic Test Pressure

This formula is expressed as P = 2St where:

P = Pressure, psig

I = Nominal wall thickness, inches

D = Outside Diameter, inches

S = Allowable Stress, psi, which depends on the pressure being determined

To illustrate, assume a piping systems 8 5/8" O.D. x .375" wall has a specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of 35,000 psi and a specified minimum tensile strength of 80,000 psi.

For 1. Internal Pressure of Minimum Yield

S = SMYS (35,000) psi and

P = 2St = (2)(35,000)(0.375)

D 8.625 = 3043 or 3040 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)

For 2. Ultimate Bursting Pressure

S = Specified Minimum Tensite Strength (60,000 psi) and

P = 2St = (2)(60,000)(0.375)

D 8.625 = 5217 or 5220 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)

For 3. Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAOP)

S = SMYS (35,000 psi) reduced by a design factor, usually 0.72 and

P = 2St = (2)(35,000 x 2)(0.375)

D 8.625 = 2191 or 2190 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)

For 4. Mill Hydrostatic Test Pressure

S = SMYS (35,000 psi) reduced by a factor depending on O.D. grade (0.60 for 8 5/8" O.D. grade B) and

P = 2St = (2)(35,000 x 0.60)(0.375)

D 8.625 = 1826 or 1830 psig (rounded to nearest 10 psig)

Wall Thickness

Barlow's Formula is also useful in determining the wall thickness required for a piping system. To illustrate, assume a piping system has been designed with the following criteria:

1. A working pressure of 2,000 psi (P)

2. The pipe to be used is 8 5/8" O.D. (D) specified to ASTM A53 grade B (SMYS - 35,000 psi)

Rearranging Barlow's Formula to solve for wall thickness gives:

t = PD = (2,000) (8.625) = 0.246" wall

2S (2) (35,000)

Wall thickness has no relation to outside diameter - only the inside diameter is affected. For example, the outside diameter of a one-inch extra- strong piece of pipe compared with a one-inch standard weight piece of pipe is identical; however, the inside diameter of the extra-strong is smaller than the inside diameter of the standard weight because the wall thickness is greater in the extra-strong pipe.

5. WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS: To calculate the volume being displaced through a pipe or the amount of volume of an irrigation well, the following formula is applicable:

Q = 3.61 A H %Y

Where:

Q = Discharge in Gallons per minutes

A = Area of the pipe, inches squared

H = Horizontal measurement, inches

Y = vertical measurement, inches

Example:Calculate the discharge of a 10" pipe which has an area of 78.50 in2, a horizontal measurement of 12" and a vertical measurement of 12".

Q = 3.61 A H

%Y

Q = 3.61 (78.50) (12)

%12

Q = 3400.62

3.464

Q = 981.70 gallons per minute

This formula is a close approximation of the actual measurement of the volume being displaced. The simplest method is to measure a 12 inch vertical measurement as a standard procedure, then measure the distance horizontally to the point of the 12" vertical measurement.

GENERAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION

WATER

One miner's inch: 1 1/2 cubic feet per minute = 11.25 U.S. gallons per minute = flow per minute through 1 inch square opening in 2 inch thick plank under a head of 6 1/2 inches to center of orifice in Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada and Oregon. 9 U.S. gallons per minute in Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota and Utah.

One horse-power: 33,000 ft. pounds per minute

Cubic feet per second:Gallons per minute 449

Theoretical water US GPM x head in feet x Sp. Gr.

horse-power: 3960

Theoretical waterUS GPM x head in pounds

horse-power: 1714

Brake horse-power:Theoretical water horse-power

Pump efficiency

Velocity in feet.408 x US Gal Per Min = .32 x GPM

per second: Pipe diameter in inches2 pipe area

One acre-foot: 325,850 US gallons

1,000,000 US gallons per day: 695 US gallons per minute

500 pounds per hour: 1 US gallon per minute

Doubling the diameter of a pipe or cylinder increases its capacity four times

Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocity.

Velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water, in a given time =

Cubic Feet of water x 144

area of pipe in sq. inches

Area of required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given = No. cubic feet water x 144

Velocity in feet per min.

From this area the size pipe required may be selected from the table of standard pipe dimensions.

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch. This pressure with a perfect vacuum will maintain a column of mercury 29.9 inches or a column of water 33.9 feet high. This is the theoretical distance that water manu be drawn by suction. In practice, however, pumps should not have a total dynamic suction lift greater that 25 feet.

CRUDE OIL

One gallon: 58,310 grains

One barrel oil: 42 US gallons

One barrel per hour: .7 US gallons per minute

Gallons per minute: bbls. per day x .02917

Bbls. per hour: gallons per minute x .7

One barrel per day: .02917 gallons per minute

Gallons per minute: bbls. per day x .02917

Bbls. per day: gallons per minute x .02917

Velocity in feet per second: .0119 x bbls. per day x pipe dia. in inches2 x .2856 x bbls. per hour x pipe dia. in inches2

Net horse-power: The theoretical horse-power necessary to do the work

Net horse-power: Barrels per day x pressure x .000017

Net horse-power: Barrels per hour x pressure x .000408

Net horse-power: Gallons per min. x pressure x .000583

The customary method of indicating specific gravity of petroleum oils in this country is by means of the Baume scale. Since the Baume scale, for specific gravities of liquids lighter than

water, increases inversely as the true gravity, the heaviest oil, i.e., that which has the highest true specific gravity, is expressed by the lowest figure of the Baume scale; the lightest by the highest figure.

MISCELLANEOUS

Areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diameters.

Circumference diameter of circle x 3.1416

Area circle diameter squared x .7854

Diameter circle circumference x .31831

Volume of sphere cube of diameter x .5236

Square feet square inches x .00695

Cubic feet cubic inches x .00058

Cubic yard cubic feet x .03704

Statute miles lineal feet x .00019

Statute miles lineal yards x .000568

1 gallon 8.33 pounds

1 liter .2642 gallons

1 cubic feet 7.48 gallons and/or 62.35 pounds

1 meter 3.28 feet

STATIC HEAD

Static head is the vertical distance between the free level of the source of supply and the point of free discharge, or to the level of the free surface of the discharged liquid.

TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD

Total dynamic head is the vertical distance between source of supply and point of discharge when pumping at required capacity, plus velocity head friction, entrance and exit losses.

Total dynamic head as determined on test where suction lift exists, is the reading of the mercury column connected to the suction nozzle of the pump, plus reading of a pressure gage connected

to discharge nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column and center of gage, plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head of suction, as measured at points where the instruments are attached, plus head of water resting on mercury column, if any.

Total dynamic head, as determined on tests where suction head exists, is the reading of the gage attached to the discharge nozzle of pump, minus the reading of a gage connected to the suction nozzle of pump, plus or minus vertical distance between centers of gages (depending upon whether suction gage is below or above discharge gage), plus excess, if any, of the velocity head of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where instruments are attached.

Total dynamic discharge head is the total dynamic head minus dynamic suction lift, of plus dynamic suction head.

SUCTION LIFT

Suction lift exists when the suction measured at the pump nozzle and corrected to the centerline of the pump is below atmospheric pressure.

Static suction lift is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to centerline of pump.

Dynamic suction lift is the vertical distance from the source of supply when pumping at required capacity, to centerline of pump, plus velocity head, entrance and friction loss, but not including internal pump losses, where static suction head exists but where the losses exceed the static suction head the dynamic suction lift is the sum of the velocity head, entrance, friction, minus the static suction head, but not including internal pump losses.

Dynamic suction lift as determined on test, is the reading of the mercury column connected to suction nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column to centerline of pump, plus bead of water resting on mercury column, if any.

SUCTION HEAD

Suction head (sometimes called head of suction) exists when the pressure measured at the suction nozzle and corrected to the centerline of the pump is above atmospheric pressure.

Static suction head is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to centerline of pump.

Dynamic suction head is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping at required capacity, to centerline of pump, minus velocity head, entrance, friction, but not minus internal pump losses.

Dynamic suction head, as determined on test, is the reading of a gage connected to suction nozzle of pump, minus vertical distance from center of gage to center line of pump. Suction

head, after deducting the various losses, many be a negative quantity, in which case a condition equivalent to suction lift will prevail.

VELOCITY HEAD

The velocity head (sometimes called "head due to velocity") of water moving with a given velocity, is the equivalent head through which it would have to fall to acquire the same velocity: or the head necessary merely to accelerate the water. Knowing the velocity, we can readily figure the velocity head from the simple formula:

h = V 2

2g

in which "g" is acceleration due to gravity, or 32.16 feet per second; or knowing the head, we can transpose the formula to:

V = %2 gh

and thus obtain the velocity.

The velocity head is a factor in figuring the total dynamic head, but the value is usually small, and in most cases negligible; however, it should be considered when the total head is low and also when the suction lift is high.

Where the suction and discharge pipes are the same size, it is only necessary to include in the total head the velocity head generated in the suction piping. If the discharge piping is of different size than the suction piping, which is often the case, then it will be necessary to use the velocity in the discharge pipe for computing the velocity head rather than the velocity in the suction pipe.

Velocity head should be considered in accurate testing also, as it is part of the total dynamic head and consequently affects the duty accomplished.

In testing a pump, a vacuum gage or a mercury column is generally used for obtained dynamic suction lift. The mercury column or vacuum gage will show the velocity head combined with entrance head, friction head, and static suction lift. On the discharge side, a pressure gage is usually used, but a pressure gage will not indicate velocity head and this must, therefore, be obtained either by calculating the velocity or taking reading with a Pitometer. Inasmuch as the velocity varies considerably at different points in the cross section of a stream it is important, in using the Pitometer, to take a number of readings at different points in the cross section.

A table, giving the relation between velocity and velocity head is printed below:

Velocity in feet per second

Velocity head in feet Velocity in feet per second

Velocity head in feet

1 .02 9.5 1.40

2 .06 10 1.553 .14 10.5 1.704 .25 11 1.875 .39 11.5 2.056 .56 12 2.247 .76 13 2.628 1.00 14 3.05

8.5 1.12 15 3.509 1.25    

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD

NPSH stands for "Net Positive Suction Head". It is defined as the suction gage reading in feet absolute taken on the suction nozzle corrected to pump centerline, minus the vapor pressure in feet absolute corresponding to the temperature of the liquid, plus velocity head at this point. When boiling liquids are being pumped from a closed vessel NPSH is the static liquid head in the vessel above the pump centerline minus entrance and friction losses.

VISCOSITY

Viscosity is the internal friction of a liquid tending to reduce flow.

Viscosity is ascertained by an instrument termed a Viscosimeter, of which there are several makes, viz. Saybolt Universal; Tangliabue; Engler (used chiefly in Continental countries); Redwood (used in British Isles and Colonies). In the United States the Saybolt and Tangliabue instruments are in general use. With few exceptions. Viscosity is expressed as the number of seconds required for a definite volume of fluid under a arbitrary head to flow through a standardized aperture at constant temperature.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of any volume to the weight of an equal volume of some other substance taken as a standard at stated temperatures. For solids or liquids, the standard is usually water, and for gasses the standard is air or hydrogen.

Foot pounds: Unit of work

Horse Power (H.P.): (33,000 ft. pounds per minute - 746 watts - .746 kilowatts) Unit for measurement of power or rate of work

Volt-amperes: Product of volts and amperes

Kilovolt-Amperes (KVA): 1000 volt-amperes

Watt-hour: Small unit of electrical work - watts times hours

Kilowatt-hour (KWHr): Large unit of electrical work - 1000 watt-hours

Horse Power-hour (HPHr): Unit of mechanical work

To determine the cost of power, for any specific period of time - working hours per day, week, month or year:

No. of working hrs, x .746 x H.P. motor = KWHr consumed

Efficiency of motor at Motor Terminal

KWHr consumed at Motor Terminal x Rate per KWHr = Total cost current for time specified

Torque is that force which produces or tends to produce torsion (around an axis). Turning effort. It may be thought of as a twist applied to turn a shaft. It can be defined as the push or pull in pounds, along an imaginary circle of one foot radius which surrounds the shaft, or, in an electric motor, as the pull or drag at the surface of the armature multiplied by the radius of the armature, the term being usually expressed in foot-pounds (or pounds at 1 foot radius).

Starting torque is the torque which a motor exerts when starting. It can be measured directly by fastening a piece of belt to 24" diameter pulley, wrapping it part way round and measuring the pounds pull the motor can exert, with a spring balance. In practice, any pulley can be used for torque = lbs. pull x pulley radius in feet. A motor that has a heavy starting torque is one that starts up easily with a heavy load.

Running torque is the pull in pounds a motor exerts on a belt running over a pulley 24" in diameter.

Full load torque is the turning moment required to develop normal horse-power output at normal speed.

The torque of any motor at any output with a known speed may be determined by the formula:

T = Brake H.P. x 5250

R.P.M.

With a known foot-pounds torque, the horse-power at any given speed can be determined by the formula:

H.P. = T x R.P.M.

5250

H.P. = T x speed of belt on 24"pulley in feet per minute 33000

COST OF PUMPING WATER

Cost per 1000 gallons pumped: .189 x power cost per KWHr x head in feet

Pump eff. x Motor eff. x 60

Example: Power costs .01 per k.w.-hour; pump efficiency is 75%; motor efficiency is 85%; total head is 50 feet.

.189 x .01 x 50 = $ .0025 or 1/4 of a cent

.75 x .85 x 60

Cost per hour of pumping:

.000189 x g.p.m. x head in ft x power cost per KWHr

Pump efficiency x Motor efficiency

Cost per acre foot of water:

1.032 x head in ft x power per KWHr

Pump efficiency x Motor efficiency

Pump efficiency: g.p.m. x head in feet

3960 x b.h.p. (to pump)

Head: 3960 x Pump eff. x b.h.p x g.p.m.

b.h.p. (Brake horse-power) to pump: Motor efficiency x h.p. at motor

b.h.p.: g.p.m. x head in feet x 3960 x Pump eff.

g.p.m.: 3960 x Pump eff. x b.h.p. x head in feet

COMPUTING H.P. INPUT FROM REVOLVING WATT HOUR METERS

(Disk Constant Method)

Kilowatts Input = KW in = K x R x 3.60 x t

HP Input = HP in = K x R x 3600 = 4.83 x K x R x t x 746 t

K - constant representing number os watt-hours through meter for on revolution of the disk. (Usually found on meter nameplate or face of disk)

R - number of revolutions of the disk

t - seconds for R revolutions

Cost per 1000 gallons of water:

C = 746 x r x HP in x GPH

C - cost in dollars per 1000 gallons

r - power rate per kilowatt hour (dollars)

HP in - HP input measured at the meter (see above)

H - total pumping head

GPH - gallons per hour discharged by pump

Cost per 1000 gallons of water

For each foot of head:

C = 746 x r x HP in x H x GPH

Cost per hour:

C = .746 x r x HP in

Alloy seamless steel pipes

Seamless steel tube is a strip steel material with hollow section and no seam around. Steel tube with hollow section, is widely used as the pipes for fluid conveying, e.g.: the running pipes for oil, nature gas, coal gas, water and some solid material etc. We can porduce alloy steel tubes, stainless steel pipes, carbon steel pipes.

Size and weight deviation

Allowable deviation of pipe diameter (inch(mm)

（ACC.TO：ASTM A450）

Diameter  (mm) Allowable deviation，in（mm）hot finished steel seamless pipes

≤4 （101.6）

＞4-7.5（101.6-190.5）

＞7.5-9（190.5-228.6）

1/64(0.4)

1/64(0.4)

1/64(0.4)

1/32（0.8）

3/64（1.2）

1/61（1.cold finished steel seamless pipelines

＜1（25.4）

1-1.5（25.4-38.1）

＞1.5-＜2.5（50.8-63.5）

2-＜2.5（50.8-63.5

2.5-＜3（63.5-76.2）

3-4（76.2-101.6）

＞4-7.5（101.6-190.5

＞7.5（＞228.6）

0.004（0.1）

0.006（0.15）

0.008（0.2）

0.101（0.25）

0.012（0.3）

0.0150（0.38）

0.0150（0.38）

0.0150（0.38）

0.004（0.1）

0.006（0.15）

0.008（0.2）

0.101（0.25）

0.012（0.3

0.0150（0.38）

0.025（0.64）

0.045（1.14）

1010

    Allowable deviation of  pipe wall thickness（ACC.TO：ASTM A450）

diameter

In.(mm)

Allowable  thickness deviation，%≤0.095（2.4）

0.095-0.150（2.4-3.8）

0.150-0.180

（3.8-4.6）

＞0.180（4.6）

+ — + — + — + —hot finished steel seamless pipes

≤4（101.6）

＞4（101.6）

40 0 35

35

0

0

33

33

0

0

28

28

0

0cold finished steel seamless pipelines

≤1.5（38.1）

＞1.5（38.1）

   20

22

0

0

    Allowable deviation of pipe weight per inch（ACC.TO：ASTM A450）

Processing art Allowable deviation per inch  + _ Finished steel 16 0Outside Diameter≤1.5（38.1mm）

Outside Diameter≥1.5（38.1mm）

12

13

0

0

Select All

Product Name:

Alloy Steel Pipes

Model:

Alloy Steel Pipes ASTM A213-83 T

ASTM A213-83 T12

Description:

Product Name:

Alloy Steel Pipes

Model:

ASTM A335 P22

Description:

Product Name:

Carbon Steel Pipes

Model:

DIN 17175-79 15Mo3

Description:

Product Name:

Alloy tubes

Alloy Steel Pipes ASTM A335 P22

Carbon Steel Pipe DIN 17175-79 15

Alloy tubes Alloy tubes

Model:

Alloy tubes

Description:

Product Name:

carbon steel pipe

Model:

Description:

Product Name:

Stainless steel pipe

Stainless Steel Pipes And Tubes

carbon steel pipe

Stainless steel pip

Stainless & Duplex Steel

Stainless Steel Pipes And Tubes

ASTM / ASME SA 312 GR. TP 304, 304L, 304H, 309S, 309H, 310S, 310H, 316, 316TI, 316H, 316LN, 317, 317L, 321, 321H, 347, 347H, 904L.

ASTM / ASME SA 358 CL 1 & CL 3 GR . 304, 304L, 304H, 309S, 309H, 310S, 310H, 316, 316H, 321, 321H, 47.

Duplex Steel Pipes And Tubes

ASTM / ASME SA 790 UNS NO S 31803, S 32205, S 32550, S 32750, S 32760.

Hardness Conversion

Brinell Hardness

Rockwell HardnessTensile

Strength

Tungsten CarbideBall 3000

KG

A Scale 60KG

B Scale 100KG

C Scale 150KG

(Approx.)

- 85.6 - 68.0 -

- 85.3 - 67.5 -

- 85.0 - 67.0 -

767 84.7 - 66.4 -

757 84.4 - 65.9 -

745 84.1 - 65.3 -

733 83.8 - 64.7 -

722 83.4 - 64.0 -

712 - - - -

710 83.0 - 63.3 -

698 82.6 - 62.5 -

684 82.2 - 61.8 -

Brinell Hardnes

sRockwell Hardness

Tensile Strength

Tungsten

Carbide Ball 3000 KG

A Scale 60KG

B Scale 100K

G

C Scale 150K

G

(Approx.)

331 68.1 - 35.5 166,000

321 67.5 - 34.3 160,000

311 66.9 - 33.1 155,000

302 66.3 - 32.1 150,000

293 65.7 - 30.9 145,000

285 65.3 - 29.9 141,000

277 64.6 - 28.8 137,000

269 64.1 - 27.6 133,000

262 63.6 - 26.6 129,000

682 82.2 - 61.7 -

670 81.8 - 61.0 -

656 81.3 - 60.1 -

653 81.2 - 60.0 -

647 81.1 - 59.7 -

638 80.8 - 59.2 329,000

630 80.6 - 58.8 324,000

627 80.5 - 58.7 323,000

601 79.8 - 57.3 309,000

578 79.1 - 56.0 297,000

555 78.4 - 54.7 285,000

534 77.8 - 53.5 274,000

514 76.9 - 52.1 263,000

495 76.3 - 51.0 253,000

477 75.6 - 49.6 243,000

461 74.9 - 48.5 235,000

444 74.2 - 47.1 225,000

429 73.4 - 45.7 217,000

415 72.8 - 44.5 210,000

401 72.0 - 43.1 202,000

388 71.4 - 41.8 195,000

375 70.6 - 40.4 188,000

363 70.0 - 39.1 182,000

352 69.3 - 37.9 176,000

341 68.7 - 36.6 170,000

255 63.0 - 25.4 126,000

248 62.5 - 24.2 122,000

241 61.8 100.0 22.8 118,000

235 61.4 99.0 21.7 115,000

229 60.8 98.2 20.5 111,000

223 - 97.3 20.0 -

217 - 96.4 18.0 105,000

212 - 95.5 17.0 102,000

207 - 94.6 16.0 100,000

201 - 93.8 15.0 98,000

197 - 92.8 - 95,000

192 - 91.9 - 93,000

187 - 90.7 - 90,000

183 - 90.0 - 89,000

179 - 89.0 - 87,000

174 - 87.8 - 85,000

170 - 86.8 - 83,000

167 - 86.0 - 81,000

163 - 85.0 - 79,000

156 - 82.9 - 76,000

149 - 80.8 - 73,000

143 - 78.7 - 71,000

137 - 76.4 - 67,000

131 - 74.0 - 65,000

126 - 72.0 - 63,000

121 - 69.8 - 60,000

116 - 67.6 - 58,000

111 - 65.7 - 56,000

Steel Pipe Glossary

AGA American Gas Association.AISI American Iron and Steel Institute.

ANSI American National Standards Institute. Formerly the ASA

American Standards Assoc.API American Petroleum Institute.

ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers.ASTM American Society of Testing Materials.

AWWA American Water Works Association.Bales Term associated with banded lifts of pipe.

Barlow's Formula An equation which shows the relationship of internal pressure to

allowable stress, nominal thickness and diameter.

Bevel The angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of the pipe

and a plane perpendicular to the surface of the member. The standard bevel for line pipe is 30o to facilitate welding.

Billet A solid semi finished round or square product that has been hot worked by forging, rolling or extrusion. For seamless tubular

products, the billet is heated and pierced to form a tube hollow.

Black Bare Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe will not be

coated with mill spray oil and grease spots and cutting oil will not be removed.

Black Dry Term associated with pipe surface whereby the pipe will not only be coated with mill spray oil and all grease spots and cutting oil

will be removed by washing.

Black Oiled

Term associated with pipe surface whereby material ordered in this manner is protected with a varnish type oil on the O.D. for

temporary corrosion protection during transit and in short term storage.

Black Pipe Denotes lacquered OD finish (as opposed to bare or galvanized)Box Internal (female) threaded end

Brinell Hardness testing system which measures indentation of the subject

using a standard weight, shaped point BTC Buttress threaded and coupled

Bundles Term associated with practice of packaging NPS 1 1/2" and smaller

pipe. Pieces per bundle vary depending upon size.

Burst Test A destructive hydraulic test employed to determine actual yield strength and ultimate strength of both seamless and welded pipe.

Butt-weld Pipe See Continuous Weld.Casing Pipe used as a structural retainer for the walls of a drilled hole

CFT Hundred foot (sometimes used in pricing, i.e. $425.97/cft vs.

$4.2597/ft.) Chamfer A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner.

Chemical Properties

Normally associated with a limited number of chemical elements; however, depending upon the specification, practically a full analysis may be required. Minimum or maximum limits are

established in Standards.

Cold Drawn Pipe or tubing which is pulled through a die to reduce diameter and

wall. This process usually produces closer tolerances and higher strength.

Cold Work Deforming metal plastically at a temperature lower than the

recrystallization temperature. Mechanical or hydraulic expansion employed to achieve higher mechanical properties.

Conduit Pipe serving as a duct for electrical wiring.

Continuous Weld

In common usage, a phrase for continuous butt weld. Furnace welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and

subsequently cut into individual lengths, having its longitudinal butt joint forge welded by the mechanical pressure developed in

rolling the hot formed skelp through a series of round pass welding rolls.

Coupling Threaded sleeve used to connect two lengths of pipe.Cut Lengths Pipe cut to a specific length as ordered.

CW Continuous Weld a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2 -

4")

CWT Hundred Weight. Often used in handling or trucking pricing,

i.e. .30/cwt load out charge or $1.65/cwt (freight) with a minimum such as 30,000#.

Die Stamping Permanent marking placed on pipe as required by some

specifications.

Double Extra Standard pipe weight designation (XXS). Sometimes described as

XXH (double extra heavy).

Drift Minimum ID clearance verified by pulling a mandrel of known size

through a length of pipe

DRL Double Random Length (35' minimum average or as defined in

specifications).DSAW Double Submerged Arc Weld.

Ductility The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing, being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test

or by other means.

Eddy Current Testing

Non destructive testing method in which eddy current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent

analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.

ElongationIn tensile testing, the increase in the gage length, measured after

fracture of the specimen within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.

EMI Electromagnetic inspection a method of determining wall thickness

and detecting imperfections in steel tubesERW Electric Resistance Weld. See High Frequency Welding.

EUE External upset ends forging of ends on (API) tubing and drill pipe

to provide additional thickness for strengthening connections EW Electric Weld. See High Frequency Weld.

Expanded Pipe Pipe which has been enlarged circumferentially by mechanical or

hydraulic pressure.Extra Strong Standard pipe weight designation (XS). Sometimes described as

XH (extra heavy).

Flattening Test A quality test for pipe in which a specimen is flattened between

parallel plates that are closed to a specified height.

FLD Full Length Drift (as opposed to "end drift") usually performed as

part of used tubing or casing (OCTG) inspection

Flush Joint Connection with male and female threads cut directly into the pipe (as opposed to T&C). This provides the same ID and OD clearance

as in the middle of the tube, once lengths are joined.

FOB Free On Board used to denote where pipe is to be provided to the

buyer

Galvanizing Covering of iron or steel surfaces with a protective layer of zinc

(weight defined in specifications).

Hardfacing Abrasion resistant metal applied by welding (usually in strips) on

the surface of softer material to increase wear properties

High Frequency Welding A technique employed in the manufacture of electric resistance

weld pipe. Typical radio frequency power for welding is supplied at 450,000 cycles/sec.

Hot Stamp Permanent marking placed on pipe as employed by manufacturer

or as established by specification.

Hydrostatic Test Normal mill test as required by specifications. The pipe ends are

sealed and high pressure water is introduced to predetermined pressures as required by specifications.

I.D. Inside Diameter.

Impact Test

A test performed at a specified temperature (usually lower than ambient) to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The

quantity measured is the energy absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in a Charpy Test.

Ink Mark Continuous printing identification associated with NPS 1 1/2 and

smaller pipe. Detail is normally limited to the trademark and "Made in USA".

Joint One length of pipe

Kip A unit of weight equal to 1,000 pounds used to express dead

weight.

Lifts Term associated with separated segments of pipe (banded or

unbanded for ease of handling).

LS Limited Service pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at

the mill

LT Loaded Trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller pays for

handling LTC Long Thread and Coupling (OCTG casing connection)

Magnetic Particle One of several methods of non destructive testing. A non destructive method of inspection for determining the existence and

extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic materials. Finely

divided magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized part, are attracted to and outline the pattern of and magnetic leakage fields

created by discontinuities.

Magnetic Properties

The properties of a material that reveal its elastic and inelastic behavior where force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability

for mechanical application; for example, tensile strength, elongation, hardness and fatigue limit.

Mid Weld Two or more joints welded to form a longer one Nipple Short length of pipe (<12") threaded on both ends

Nominal Pipe size or wall thickness as specified (not actual). Sizes refer to

approximate ID, even though OD is the fixed dimension.

Normalizing Heating a ferrous material to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling in air to a temperature

substantially below the transformation range.

NPS A dimensionless designator for such traditional terms as "nominal

diameter", "size", and "nominal size". Corresponds to actual outside diameter only in sizes 14 inches and over.

NUE Non upset end OCTG tubing description (not as common as EUE)O.D. Outside Diameter.

OCTG Oil Country Tubular Goods pipe made to API specifications Oiled See Black Oiled.

PE Plain EndPEB Plain End Beveled

Pickling Pipe immersed into acid bath for removal of scale, oil, dirt, etc.Pin External (male) threaded end

Protector Plastic, steel or composite cap to protect threads from handling

damagePSI Pounds per square inch.

PSIG Pounds per square inch gage.

R & D Reamed and Drifted. Pipe commonly used in water wells which

has a special, heavy duty coupling and a guaranteed I.D. clearance.

Range(R1, R2, R3) lengths of OCTG (Range 1 casing 16-25') (Range 2 casing 25-34') (Range 3 casing 34-48') (Range 1 tubing 20-24')

(Range 2 tubing 28-32')

Rockwell Hardness Relative resistance of a metal to indentation by a diamond cone, as

expressed in hardness scale units (A, B, C or G)SAW Submerged arc weld a method of producing very large OD pipe SC Square cut plain end pipe.

Schedule Numbers assigned to different wall thicknesses of pipe (i.e. sch.

40)

SEA Special End Area inspection to check for defects at either end of a

steel tube which is also being inspected electronically. (EMI misses the ends.)

Shoe Sub sometimes run on bottom of casing string with special metallurgy or design to help pipe to bottom through tight or

bridged spots in drill hole

Skelp A piece or strip of metal produced to a suitable thickness, width

and edge configuration, from which welded pipe is made.SMLS Seamless.Spec Specification

SRL Single Random Length (16-22 ft. for standard weight ASTM pipe

or as defined in specifications).STC Short Thread and Coupling (OCTG casing connection)

STD Standard reference to wall thickness of line pipe (=sch. 40 for 1/8 -

10")

Stencil

Paint spray identification placed on pipe. Specification size, wall, grade, test pressure, method of manufacture and normal mill

characters and mill identification are usually included; however, detail varies by specification. "Country of Origin" is included.

Stretch Reduction

A technique employed in the manufacture of continuous weld pipe and in certain instances in the manufacture of seamless and electric

resistance weld pipe. It involves one or several "master" sizes which are stretch reduced or rolled under tension through a number of stands to achieve a variety of standard pipe diameters and walls.

Strip A sheet of metal in which the length is many times the width.Sub A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends

T&C Threaded and Coupled.

T&D

Tested and Drifted one method of verifying integrity of used tubing and casing (OCTG). "Test" refers to hydrostatic: ends are sealed

and water pumped inside to a predetermined pressure. See drift def. above.

TBE Threaded Both Ends.

Tensile Strength In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross

sectional area. Also, called ultimate strength. Usually expressed in pounds per square inch.

TO Threads Only.

Tolerance

Specified allowance (plus or minus) of the given dimension of a finished product due to inaccuracies in manufacturing; usually

quite small (thousandths of an inch or very small percentage) and often part of a standard such as ASTM or API.

Tool Joint Threaded tube, usually thicker and harder, welded onto pipe to

provide joint strength and durability exceeding that of flush joint or T&C connections

Tube Round See Billet.

Ultrasonic An electronic method of non destructive testing utilizing sound

waves.Victaulic Joint grooves in the ends of pipe to accommodate a coupling

XHY Extra Heavy pipe about 50% thicker than standard (=sch. 80 for 1/8

- 8") XXHY Double Extra Heavy twice as thick as xhy for ½ - 6"

Yield Strength The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for

many metals including steels.