Piloting Course (Inland Navigation) Chapter 1 Introduction to Navigation SEO – Dave West [email protected] - 651-429-3840 Instructor – Art Mollica [email protected] - 651-777-0277 United States Power Squadrons ®
Jan 04, 2016
Piloting Course (Inland Navigation)
Chapter 1
Introduction to Navigation
SEO – Dave [email protected] - 651-429-3840
Instructor – Art [email protected] - 651-777-0277
United States Power Squadrons®
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n
Food – Water – Shelter – Warmth
Stability – Freedom from Fear
Family – Friends – Spouse – Lover
Achievement – Mastery Recognition
– Respect
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
USPS Education Program
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n
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Cruise Planning, Engine Maintenance, Marine Communications, Marine Electronics, Sail, Weather
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Junior Navigatio
n
Slide 5
The Piloting Course
A pilot is a mariner who guides ships through dangerous or
congested waters, such as harbors or river mouths.
Pilots specifically use pilotage techniques relying on
nearby visual reference points and local knowledge of
tides, swells, currents, depths and shoals that might not be
readily identifiable on nautical charts without first hand
experience in the waters in question.
Why are we worrying about
piloting when we don’t fly
airplanes?
Slide 6
The Piloting Course
Based on Electronic Navigation• Know where you are!• Emphasis planning & how to use
Aimed at the Recreational boater• Must know basics• Electronics failure
Open book examination• Homework Practice Cruise
The art of Navigation with the aid of landmarks and navigation aids (AtoN’s) performed near land (coastal & inland), where
navigation is most challenging.
website – msi.nga.mil
Maritime Safety Information at National Geospatial Intelligence
Agency
select “Publications”
Slide 7
Course Content
Piloting• Local waters• Emphasis on Planning,
Plotting, Tools• Electronic Navigation -
GPS primary• Compass as key
navigation tool• Pre-plan, following the
plan• Staying on course• Checking• Navigating in the event of
a failure• Overview – digital charting
Advanced Piloting• Extended Coastal/Inland Cruising• Advanced positioning techniques
Accuracy, Cross-checking• Electronic Navigation
Chart plotters, Computers, Digital Charts, Radar, Sonar
• Tidal and Currents Depth, Clearance, Effects
• Adjusting for winds or currents
Junior Navigation/Navigation• Off-shore/Ocean cruising• Use of marine sextant
Sun sights Star/Moon/Planet sights
Slide 8
Basic Terms
Course (track)• The line that your boat should follow (line of motion)• Intended – expected direction• Made Good – resultant direction• Over Ground – actual direction relative to ground• Dead Reckoning – intended course as plotted
Cross Track Error• Distance off course (XTE, TKE)
Bearing• A horizontal line of direction (line of position) from
an observer to a known charted object expressed as an angle from a reference direction, e.g. compass bearing, magnetic bearing, true bearing, relative bearing and ball bearing.
Slide 9
Boaters Kuma SatraBasic Terms
Positions• DR – dead reckoning position (60D = ST)• Fix - a known position
The intersection of 2 or more bearings Waypoint or Navigational Aid (close arrival) GPS coordinates
(Charting Symbol – identify how fix was obtained)
(Charting Symbol)
Radar (or other electronic means)
GPS (based on GPS reading)
Visual (close aboard charted NavAid)
(intersection of two or more bearings)
RFix (running fix, based on two or more bearings taken at difference times)
(arrival at waypoint)
Slide 10
Navigation Tools & Techniques Charts
• Scaled representations Chapter 2
Plotting Tool• Many devices available• USPS 4x15 Rectangular
Plotter Plot & Measure Courses & Bearings
(direction)
Calculator• Scientific type
Pencil• Sharp point – med softness• Eraser, smudge free• Eraser shield
Dividers• Many types available
Measure Coordinates Measure Distance
Labeling• Hand-off to others
Accuracy• Courses, Bearings nearest 1°
+/- 1º
• Distance to nearest 0.1nm +/- 0.1nm
• Speed to one decimal point (3.0 Knots, 22.6 Knots)
• Time, 24-hr clock, nearest minute
• Coordinates nearest 0.1’ +/- 0.1’
Slide 11
Navigational Checker
Download from: www.usps.org/national/eddept/n/tools.htm#celtools
© 2003, R J Sweet, “GPS for Mariners.” Reprinted with permission© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 12
Three Steps in Navigation
planning
navigating
checking
chart
compassGPS
NOTE
Hand bearing compass
Slide 13
Labeling – Planning Step
1. Label waypoints, use unique symbol when not charted AtoN.
2. Draw and measure course lines (length & direction).
3. Qualify course.
4. Label course and reciprocal.
5. Label distance near midpoint.
6. Enter in GPS.
Start
End
(Symbol when not NavAid)
Slide 14
Labeling – Underway Step
1. Once underway, label speed for each leg and times for each position.
2. Hourly or when needed, plot GPS position and when possible check with bearing.
3. If GPS is suspect, determine position from bearings or last know good position.
4. Proceed using DR navigation.
?
Slide 15
Labeling – DR plotting
DR formulas: 60D=ST
1. D = ST / 60 (known speed and time, find distance)
2. S = 60D / T (known distance and time, find speed)
3. T = 60D / S (known distance and speed, find time)
S = 6.0T = 1400 – 1300 = 60minD = 6.0 x 60 / 60Distance = 6.0nmWhat is Distance to 1421?What is Distance to 1500?
T = 1549 – 1500 = 49minD = 5.3nmS = 60 x 5.3 / 49SMG = 6.49 = 6.5knD = 6.2nmS = 5.0ktsT = 60 x 6.2 / 5.0T = 74.4 = 74minETA = 1549 + 74 = 1703
Slide 16
“Seaman’s Eye”
Informal concepts
Means of staying in touch
Used to crosscheck navigation
Simple tools to help you out
Supplement, NOT substitute
Slide 17
Sense of Direction
N
E
S
W
Charts are orientated with NORTH at top (except USACE)
0 - 90º
90 - 180º
180 - 270º
270 - 360º
Abeam to
Starboard
Abeam to Port
Relative (to boat) Bearings – “Seaman’s Eye”
Slide 18
Cardinal Points:
North
East
South
West
Intracardinal Points:
Northeast
Southeast
Southwest
Northwest
Points of the Compass
Can you name the other 24 points?
East by South (EbS)
East by South (EbS)East Southeast (ESE)
East Southeast (ESE)
NORTH
NORTH
No
rth
by
Eas
t (N
bE
)
No
rth
by
Eas
t (N
bE
)N
orth
east
by
Nor
th (N
EbN
Nor
thea
st b
y N
orth
(NE
bN
Northea
st (N
E)
Northea
st (N
E)
Northeast b
y East (NEbE)
Northeast b
y East (NEbE)
East North
east (ENE)
East North
east (ENE)
East by North (EbN)
East by North (EbN)
EASTEAST
Southeast by East (SEbE)
Southeast by East (SEbE)
Southeast (SE)
Southeast (SE)
Southeast by South (SEbS)
Southeast by South (SEbS)
So
uth
So
uth
east (SS
E)
So
uth
So
uth
east (SS
E)
So
uth
by E
ast (Sb
E)
So
uth
by E
ast (Sb
E)
SOUTH
SOUTH
No
rth
No
rth
east
(N
NE
)
No
rth
No
rth
east
(N
NE
)No
rth b
y West (N
bW
)
No
rth b
y West (N
bW
)
Northw
est by North (N
WbN
)
Northw
est by North (N
WbN
)
Northwest (NW
)
Northwest (NW
)
Northwest by North (NWbN)
Northwest by North (NWbN)
West Northwest (WNW)
West Northwest (WNW)West by North (WbN)
West by North (WbN)
WESTWEST
West by South (WbS)West by South (WbS)
West Southwest (WSW)
West Southwest (WSW)
Southwest by W
est (SWbW)
Southwest by W
est (SWbW)
Southwes
t (SW
)
Southwes
t (SW
)
Sout
hwes
t by
Sout
h (S
WbS
)
Sout
hwes
t by
Sout
h (S
WbS
)
So
uth
So
uth
wes
t (S
SW
)
So
uth
So
uth
wes
t (S
SW
)S
ou
th b
y W
est
(Sb
W)
So
uth
by
Wes
t (S
bW
)
No
rth N
orth
west (N
NW
)
No
rth N
orth
west (N
NW
)
Slide 19
1 point abaft stbd beam
1 point abaft stbd beam2 points abaft stbd beam
2 points abaft stbd beam
DEAD
AHEAD
DEAD
AHEAD
1 p
oin
t o
n s
tbd
bo
w
1 p
oin
t o
n s
tbd
bo
w3
poin
ts o
n st
bd b
ow
3 po
ints
on
stbd
bow
Broad
on s
tbd b
ow
Broad
on s
tbd b
ow
3 points fwd stbd beam
3 points fwd stbd beam
2 points fwd stbd beam
2 points fwd stbd beam
1 point fwd stbd beam
1 point fwd stbd beam
ON STARBOARD BEAMON STARBOARD BEAM
3 points abaft stbd beam
3 points abaft stbd beam
Broad on stbd quarter
Broad on stbd quarter
3 points on stbd quarter
3 points on stbd quarter
2 po
ints o
n stb
d q
uarter
2 po
ints o
n stb
d q
uarter
1 po
int o
n stb
d q
uarter
1 po
int o
n stb
d q
uarter
ASTERN
ASTERN
2 p
oin
ts o
n s
tbd
bo
w
2 p
oin
ts o
n s
tbd
bo
w1 po
int o
n p
ort b
ow
1 po
int o
n p
ort b
ow
3 points on port bow
3 points on port bow
Broad on port bow
Broad on port bow
3 points fwd port beam
3 points fwd port beam
2 points fwd port beam
2 points fwd port beam1 point fwd port beam
1 point fwd port beam
ON PORT BEAMON PORT BEAM
1 point abaft port beam1 point abaft port beam
2 points abaft port b
eam
2 points abaft port b
eam
3 points abaft port b
eam
3 points abaft port b
eam
Broad
on p
ort quar
ter
Broad
on p
ort quar
ter
3 po
ints
on
port
qua
rter
3 po
ints
on
port
qua
rter
2 p
oin
ts o
n p
ort
qu
arte
r
2 p
oin
ts o
n p
ort
qu
arte
r1
po
int
on
po
rt q
uar
ter
1 p
oin
t o
n p
ort
qu
arte
r
2 po
ints o
n p
ort b
ow
2 po
ints o
n p
ort b
ow
Relative Sense of Direction
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 MINUTE BREAK
PLEASE TAKE YOUR SEATS
Slide 21
Latitude & Longitude
Your ‘street address’ – location• Latitude & Longitude provided by GPS
• Must relate this to a Chart To see where you are and… to see what is around and beneath you and… to see what is between you and your
destination
• Grid on Chart must match grid in GPS Most Charts WGS 84
Equator - 0º
Parallels of Latitude
Mer
idia
ns o
f L
ongi
tude
Nort
hern
Hem
isp
here
Sou
thern
Hem
isp
here
0 –
90º
Nor
th0
– 90
º S
outh
Pri
me
Mer
idia
n -
0º
South Pole - 90º
0 - 180º West 0 - 180º East
1º = 60 minutes (‘) 1’ = 1 nautical mile (nm) 1nm = 6076 feet
Statue mile = 5280 feet
nm = 1.15 sm
ALWAYS measure
distance using Latitude scale
Terrestrial Coordinate
System
North Pole - 90º
Terrestrial Coordinate
System
Labeling Latitude
and Longitude
Latitude 45º Longitude 90º
L 45ºN Lo 90ºW L 45ºN Lo 90ºE
L 45ºS Lo 90ºW L 45ºS Lo 90ºE
USPS Standards
L 45º 00.0’N
Lo 90º 00.0’W
Arctic Circle L 66º 33’ 44”N
Tropic of Cancer L 23º 26’ 16”N
Tropic of Capricorn L 23º 26’ 16”S
Antarctic Circle L 66º 33’ 44”S
Equator
Terrestrial Coordinate
System
North Temperate Zone (mid latitudes)
South Temperate Zone (mid latitudes)
Torrid Zone
North Frigid Zone
South Frigid Zone
Terrestrial Coordinate
System
Rot
atio
nal
Axe
l
23º 26’ 16”
24hrs daylight
24hrs darkness
Summer
Solstice
Winter Solstic
e
Celestial Coordinate
System
Pn
Celestial Equator
Hour Circle
Cele
sti
al
Sphe
re
Parallel of Declinatio
n
Observers
Celestial Meridian
Declination
Ps
West
Greenw
ic
h
Celestial
Meridian
Slide 27
SKILL – Measure Coordinates
84º 30’35’40’
32º
55’
North Latitude & West Longitude• Latitude value increases from bottom to top • Longitude value increases from right to left
North Latitude & East Longitude• Latitude value increases from bottom to top• Longitude value increases from left to right
South Latitude & West Longitude• Latitude value increases from top to bottom • Longitude value increases from right to left
South Latitude & East Longitude• Latitude value increases from top to bottom• Longitude value increases from left to right
84º 30’25’20’
32º
55’
84º 30’35’40’
32º
05’
84º 30’25’20’
32º
05’
00’32º
© 2003, R J Sweet, “GPS for Mariners.” Reprinted with permission© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Slide 28
Using Dividers
31’
31.5’
31.8’
41°
Slide 29
Measuring Long Distances
When the dividers cannot reach from start to destination
Select a convenient distance on dividers
Start at one end of the course line…
Pivot the dividers and count the # of pivots
For the final increment, set the dividers to reach the end…
Measure the final distance and add the prior increments.
Slide 30
41º 36.2’N
41º 44.2’N
72º 04.4’W
71º 58.7’W
72º 06.5’W
41º 43.2’N
1. Estimate the course (at least to 0-90, 90-180, etc).
2. Put a pencil or divider tip on one of the course points.
3. Bring the top edge of the plotter around so it goes between the two points.
4. Slide the plotter along the course line until the plotter bulls-eye is on a horizontal or vertical grid line. (Having the pencil or divider on one of the course points makes it easier to slide the plotter while keeping it aligned with the course line.)
5. Read your direction on the compass where it crosses the grid line. Look at the four possible course readings, pick the one that fits your estimate of the course.
How to use the plotter.
THE OUTER SCALE IS
READ FROM A
090
270
180
000
080070 060 050 040
030020
010
000
260250 240 230 220
210209
190180
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
170 160 150 140 130
350 340 330 320 310
190
200
210
220
230
010
020
030
040
050
0º-0
90º
090º-180º
270º-360º
180º
-270
º
060
240
150
0570
330
230250056º
236º 146º326º
Slide 32
TH
E O
UT
ER
SC
AL
E IS
RE
AD
FR
OM
A
ME
RID
IAN
OF
LO
NG
ITU
DE
. TH
E
INN
ER
SC
AL
E F
RO
M A
PA
RA
LL
EL
OF
LA
TIT
UD
E.
090270180000 080
070
060050
040
030
020010
000
260
250
240230
220210
209190
180
100
110
120
130
140150
160170180
280
290
300
310
320330
340350360
170
160
150140
13035
034
0330
320310
190
200
210
220
230
010
020
030
040
050
THE OUTER SCALE IS READ FROM A
MERIDIAN OF LONGITUDE. THE
INNER SCALE FROM A PARALLEL
OF LATITUDE.
090
270
180
000
080 070060
050
040
030
020010
000
260 250240
230220
210209
190180
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
170 160 150140
130
350 340 330 320310
190200
210
220
230
010020
030
040
050
THE
OU
TER
SC
ALE
IS R
EA
D F
RO
M A
ME
RID
IAN
OF
LON
GIT
UD
E. T
HE
INN
ER
SC
ALE
FR
OM
A P
AR
ALL
EL
OF
LATI
TUD
E.
090
270
180
000
080
070
060050
040 030 020 010000
260
250
240230
220 210 209 190180
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
170
160
150140
130
350
340
330 320 310
190
200
210
220
230
010
020
030
040
050
THE OUTER SCALE IS READ FROM A
MERIDIAN OF LONGITUDE. THE
INNER SCALE FROM A PARALLEL
OF LATITUDE.
090
270
180
000
080 070060
050
040
030
020010
000
260 250 240230
220
210209
190180
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
170 160 150 140130
350 340 330 320310
190
200
210
220
230
010
020
030
040
050
TH
E O
UT
ER
SC
AL
E IS
RE
AD
FR
OM
A
ME
RID
IAN
OF
LO
NG
ITU
DE
. TH
E
INN
ER
SC
AL
E F
RO
M A
PA
RA
LL
EL
OF
LA
TIT
UD
E.
090270180
000
080
070060
050040
030
020010
000
260
250240
230220
210209
190180
100
110
120
130
140
150160170
180280
290
300
310
320
330340350
360
170
160150
140130
350
340330
320310
190
200
210
220
230
010
020
030
040
050
Measure and label course and
distance A to B
B to C
C to A
from A, 085º
from C, 164º
C 347
D 7.2
C 080D 5.7
C 2
06
D 9
.0
C 085
C 164
Slide 33
Questions ? … Comments
C 149M
C 329M
D 2.0
C 2
13M
C 0
33M
D 2
.0
BEACH
Slide 34
Homework
Read Chapters 1 & 2 – Student Guide
Read Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 – Weekend Navigator
Do Chapter 1 Homework
Next Class – 31 January (2 weeks)