PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES INTERNATIONAL
LAW (IL) -Traditional concept- a body of rules and
principlesofactionwhicharebinding
uponcivilizedstatesintheirrelations with another.
-Schwarzenberger-isthebodyoflegal ruleswhichapplybetweensovereign
statesandsuchotherentitiesashave been granted international
personality. DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
1.Lawsofpeace-governthenormal relations of states.
2.Lawsofwar-whenwarbreaksout betweenoramongsomeofthem,the
relationofthesestatesceasetobe regulatedunderthelawsofpeaceand come
under the laws of war.3.Lawsofneutrality-thosestatesnot
involvedinthewarcontinuetobe regulatedunderthelawsofpeacein
theirrelationsinterse.however,their relations with the
belligerents,or those involvedinthewar,aregovernedby the laws of
neutrality. INTERNATIONAL LAW V. MUNICIPAL LAW
1.Monists-Thereisnosubstantial distinctionbetweeninternationallaw
and municipal law because they believe in the oneness or unity of
all law 2.Dualists-whobelieveinthedichotomy
ofthelaw,therearecertainwell establisheddifferencebetween
international law and municipal law. MUNICIPAL LAWINTERNATIONAL LAW
Issuedbya politicalsuperior forobservanceby thoseunderits authority
Isnotimposed uponbutsimply adoptedbystates asacommonrule
ofactionamong themselves Consists mainly of enactmentsfrom
thelaw-making authority of each Derivednotfrom anyparticular
legislationbut fromsourcesas international custom, international
conventionsand thegeneral principles of law Regulatesthe
relationsof individuals among themselvesor withtheirown states
Appliestothe relations inter se of statesandother international
persons Violationsofthe municipallaware redressed throughlocal
administration andjudicial process Questionsof internationallaw
areresolved throughstate-to-statetransactions rangingfrom
peacefulmethods likenegotiations andarbitrationto thehostile
arbitramentoflike reprisalsandeven war Breachesof municipallaw
generallyentail onlyindividual responsibility Responsibilityof
infractionof internationallawis usually collective in
thesensethatit attaches directly ot thestateandnot PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO to its
nationals. Itispossibleforaprincipleofmunicipallawto
becomepartofinternationallaw,aswhenthe principle is embodied in a
treaty or convention.TWO THEORIES AS TO MANNER OFADOPTING
INTERNATIONAL LAW AS PART OF THE LAW OF THE LOCAL STATE 1.DOCTRINE
OF INCORPORATION -Internationallawsareadoptedaspart
ofastatesmunicipallaw,byaffirming theirrecognitionoftheprinciplesof
international law in their constitutions. 2.DOCTRINE OF
TRANSPORMATION -Generallyacceptedrulesof international law are not
per se binding uponthestatebutmustfirstbe
embodiedinlegislationenactedbythe law-makingbodyandsotransformed
into municipal law. CRITERIATOBEAPPLIESINRESOLVING
CONFLICTSBETWEENINTERNATIONALLAW AND MUNICIPAL LAW
-Toattempttoreconciletheapparent contradiction and thereby give
effect, if possible, to both systems of law.
Itshouldbepresumedthatmunicipallawis
alwaysenactedbyeachstatewithduerespect
forandneverindefianceofthegenerally accepted principles of
international law. CONSTITUTION V. TREATY
Generally,thetreatyisrejectedinthelocal forum but is upheld by
international tribunals as demandable obligation of the signatories
under the maxim pacta sunt servanda.
ThepositionofthePhilippinesregardingthis
matterisclearenough.Therecanbenodoubt
astothemeaningofourconstitutionwhenit
authorizestheSCtodecide,amongothers,all
casesinvolvingtheconstitutionalityofany
treaty,internationalorexecutiveagreement, law BASIS OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Naturalist school of thought- thereis a
naturalanduniversalprincipleofright andwrong,independentofanymutual
intercourseorcompact,whichis supposedtobediscoveredand
recognizedbyeveryindividualthrough theuseofhisreasonandhis
conscience. 2.Positivists-whothatthebindingforce
ofinternationallawisderivedfromthe agreementofsovereignstatestobe
bound by it. 3.EclecticsorGrotians-boththelawof natureand the
consentof states as the basis of international law. SANCTIONS OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW 1.Beliefsharedbymanystatesinthe
inherentreasonablenessof internationallawandtheircommon
convictionthatitsobservancewill redoundtothewelfareofthewhole
society of nations. 2.Butregardlessoftheintrinsicmeritof the rules
of international law, they may stillbeobservedbystatesbecauseof
thenormalhabitsofobedience ingrained in the nature of man as social
being. 3.Respectfortheworldopinionheldby
moststates,ortheirdesiretoproject anagreeablepublicimageinorderto
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
maintainthegoodwillandfavourable regardoftherestofthefamilyof
nations. 4.Theconstantandreasonablefear,
presenteveninthemostpowerful states,thatviolationofinternational
lawmightvisitupontheculpritthe retaliation of other states. 5.There
is the machinery of the UN which, within the sphere of its limited
powers, has on many occasions proved to be an
effectivedeterrenttointernational disputes caused be disregard of
the law of nations. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
1.Toestablishpeaceandorderinthe communityofnationsandtoprevent the
employment of force, including war, in all international relations
2.Itstrivesaswelltopromoteworld friendship by levelling the
barriers, as of colororcreed,thathavesofar
obstructedthefosteringofacloser understanding in the family of
nations. 3.Toencourageandensuregreater
internationalcooperationinthe solutionofcertaincommonproblems
ofapolitical,economic,culturalor humanitarian character
4.Aimstoprovidefortheorderly managementoftherelationsofstates
onthebasisofthesubstantiverules theyhaveagreedtoobserveas
membersoftheinternational community. DISTINCTION WITH OHERS
CONCEPTS 1.Internationalmoralityorethics-those
principleswhichgovernstherelations
ofstatesfromthehigherstandpointof conscience,morality,justiceand
humanity. 2.Internationalcomity-thoserulesof
courtesyobservedbystatesintheir mutual relations, in that
violations of its preceptsarenotregardedas constituting grounds for
legal claims. 3.Internationaldiplomacy-relatestothe
objectsofnationalorinternational policy and the conduct of foreign
affairs or international relations.
4.Internationaladministrativelaw-that bodyoflawsandregulations,now
highly developed, created by the action ofinternationalconferenceor
commissionswhichregulatethe relationsandactivitiesofnationaland
internationalagencieswithrespectto those material and intellectual
interests whichreceivedanauthoritative universal recognition.
CHAPTER 2 SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW KINDS OF SOURCES 1.Primary/
direct sources a.Treaties/conventions, whether general or
particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the
contesting states b.Internationalcustoms-apractice which has grown
up between states andhascometobeacceptedas
bindingthemerefactofpersistent usageoveralongperiodoftime.
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
c.Generalprinciplesoflaw recognized by civilized nations- the
general principles of law are mostly derivedfromthelawofnatureand
observedbythemajorityofstates becausetheybelievedtobegood and just.
2.Secondary/ indirect sources a.Decisionsofcourts-art38ofthe
statuteofICJdoesnotdistinguish betweenthoserenderedby
internationaltribunalsandthose promulgatedonlybynational courts
b.Writingofpublicists-mustalsobe, toqualifyassuch,afairand
unbiasedrepresentationof internationallaw,andbyan acknowledged
authority in the field. NOTE:Thedoctrineofstaredecisisisnot
applicableininternationallaw,andsothe decision of a subsequent
case. CHAPTER 3 THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
-thebodyofjuridicalentitieswhichare governed by law of nation.
-Modernconcept-itiscomposednot onlyofstatesbutalsoofsuchother
international persons. SUBJECT V. OBJECT SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW- is the entity thathasrightsandresponsibilitiesunderthat law.
It has an international personality in that it
candirectlyassertrightsandbehelddirectly responsible under the law
of nations. OBJECTOFTHEINTERNATIONALLAW-isthe
personorthinginrespectofwhichrightsare held and obligations assumed
by the subject. STATES -Agroupofpeoplelivingtogetherina
definiteterritoryunderthe independentgovernmentorganizedfor
politicalendsandcapableofentering into international relations.
ELEMENTS: 1.A permanent population- Human being living within its
territory 2.Definedterritory-fixedportionofthe surface of the earth
in which the people of the state reside 3.Government- agency
through which the willofthestateisformulated, expressed and
realized. 4.Sovereigntyorindependence-external
aspectormanifestationofsovereignty, that is, the power of the
stateto direct itsownexternalaffairswithout
interferenceordictationfromother states. CLASSIFICATION OF STATES
INDEPENDENT STATES onewhichisnotsubjecttodictation from others in
this respecta.SimpleStates-onewhichisplaced
underasingleandcentralized PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO governmentexercisingpowerover both its
internal and external affairs b.CompositesStates-twoormore
states,eachwithitsownseparate governmentbutboundundera
centralauthorityexercising,toa greater orlessdegree,controlover
their external relations. 1.Realunion-createdwhentwo
ormorestatesaremerged underaunifiedauthorityso thattheyformasingle
internationalpersonthrough which they act as one entity. 2.Federal
union- is a combination of two or more sovereign states which upon
merger cease to be states,resultinginthecreation
ofanewstatewithfull internationalpersonalityto represent them in
their external relationsaswellasacertain degreeofpowerovertheir
domesticaffairsandtheir inhabitants. i.e. US 3.Confederation-isan
organizationofstateswhich retain their internal sovereignty
and,tosomedegree,their externalsovereignty,while
delegatingtothecollective bodypowertorepresentthem
asawholeforcertainlimited and specified purposes.
4.Personalunion-comesinto beingwhentwoormore independent states are
brought togetherundertheruleofthe samemonarch,who
neverthelessdoesnotbecome oneinternationalpersonsfor the purpose of
representing any or all of them. 5.Incorporateunion-twoor
morestatesunderacentral authorityempoweredtodirect both their
external and internal affairsandpossessedofa separateinternational
personality. NEUTRALIZED STATES Anindependentstate,whetheritbe
simpleorcomposite,maybeneutralized
throughtheagreementwithotherstatesby
virtueofwhichthelatterwillguaranteeits
integrityandindependenceprovideditrefrains from taking any act that
will involve it in war or otherhostileactivityexceptfordefensive
purposes. DEPENDENT STATES Anentitywhich,althoughtheoretically
astate,doesnothavefullfreedominthe
directionofitsexternalaffairs.Itfallintotwo general categories:
a.Protectorate-whichisestablishedat therequestofthe weakerstatefor
the protection by string power b.Suzerainty-whichisaresultofa
concessionfromastatestoaformer colonythatisallowedtobe independent
subject to the retention by theformersovereignofcertainpower over
the external affairs of the latter. UNITED NATIONS UN is not is
state or a super state but a mere organization of states, it is
regarded as an international person for certain purposes. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE VATICAN
CITY Theholyseehasalltheconstituentelementof
statehood(people,territory:108.7acres;
governmentwiththepopeashead;and independence by virtue of the
Lateran Treaty of February 11,1929, which constitutes the Vatican
as a territoryunder the sovereignty of theHoly
See.Ithasalltherightofastate,including
diplomaticintercourse,immunityfromforeign jurisdiction. COLONIES
AND DEPENDENCIES A colony or a dependency is part and parcel of
theparentstate,throughwhichallitsexternal
relationsaretransactedwithotherstates.As
such,therefore,ithasnolegalstandinginthe
familyofnations.Nevertheless,suchentities have been allowed on
occasion to participate in their own right in international
undertaking and grantedpracticallythestatusofasovereign state.
MANDATES AND TRUST TERRITORIES
Thesystemofmandateswasestablishedafter
theWorldWarIinordertoavoidoutright
annexationoftheunderdevelopedterritories
takenfromthedefeatedpowersandtoplace
theiradministrationundersomeformsof international supervision.
Kinds of trust territories: 1.Thoseheldunderthemandateunder the
league of nations 2.Thoseterritoriesdetachedfromthe defeated states
after world war II 3.Thosevoluntarilyplacedunderthe
systembythestatesresponsiblefor their administration. BELLIGERENT
COMMUNITIES Whenaportionofthepopulationrisesupin
armsagainstthelegitimategovernmentofthe
states.Theupheavalisordinarilyregardedasa
merelyinternalaffair,atleastduringitsinitial
stages.Thestateisheldresponsibleforall
injuriescauseduponthirdstates.Forthe
purposeoftheconflict,andpending determination of whether or not the
belligerent community should fully recognized as a state, it
istreatedasaninternationalpersonsand
becomesdirectlysubjectstothelawsofwar and neutrality. A inchoative
state- it is vested with full rights of
visitation,searchandseizureofcontraband articles on high seas,
blockade and the like. INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTTATIVE BODIES
Createdbyagreementamongstates
maybevestedwithinternationalpersonality
whentwoconditionsconcur,towit,thattheir
purposesaremainlynon-political and thatthey are autonomous.
Examples:internationallabor organization, food and agricultural
organization, world health organization INDIVIDUALS
Individualonlyasanobjectof internationallaw whocanactonlythroughthe
instrumentalityofhisownstateinmatters involving others states.
CHAPTER 4 THE UNITED NATIONS DelegateoffiftynationsmetattheSan
Francisco conferencefromApril25,toJune26, 1945, and prepared and
unanimously approved thecharteroftheUnitedNations.Thiscame into
force on October 24, 1945. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE U.N. CHARTER -Is a lengthy document
consisting of 111 articlesbesidesthepreambleandthe concluding
provisions.-Maybeconsideredatreatybecauseit
derivesitsbindingforcefromthe agreement of the parties to it.
-Intendedtoapplynotonlytothe membersoftheorganizationsbutalso to
non-member states so far as maybe necessaryforthemaintenanceof
international peace and security. AMENDMENTS
-Whentheyhavebeenadoptedbythe voteof2/3ofthemembersofthe
generalassemblyandratified accordancewiththeirrespective
constitutionalprocessesby2/3ofthe membersoftheU.N.,includingallthe
permanentmembersoftheSecurity Council. -a GENERAL CONFERENCE
maybecalled bymajorityvoteofthegeneral assemblyand any ninemembers
of the securitycouncilforthepurposeof
reviewingthecharter.Amendments maybeproposedbythevoteof2/3of
themembersofthegeneralassembly andratifiedaccordancewiththeir
respectiveconstitutionalprocessesby the2/3ofthemembersoftheU.N.,
including all the permanent members of the Security Council. THE
PREAMBLE OF THE CHARTER -introducesthecharterandsetsthe
commonintentionsthatmovedthe original members to unite their will
and effortstoachievetheircommon purpose. PRINCIPAL PURPOSES OF U.N.
1.tomaintaininternationalpeaceand security
2.todevelopfriendlyrelationsamong nations
3.toachieveinternationalcooperationin
solvinginternationalproblemsandin promotingandencouragingrespectfor
humanrightsandfundamental freedoms. 4.Tobeacenterforharmonizingthe
actionsofnationsintheattainmentof these common ends PRINCIPLES
1.Theorganizationsisbasedonthe principlesofthesovereignequalityof
all its members 2.All members, in order to ensure to all of
themtherightsandbenefitsresulting frommembership,shallfulfilingood
faiththeobligationsassumesbythem in accordance with the present
charter. 3.AllMembersshallsettletheir
internationaldisputesbypeaceful meansinsuchamannerthat
internationalpeaceandsecurity,and justice, are not endangered.
4.AllMembersshallrefrainintheir internationalrelationsfromthethreat
oruseofforceagainsttheterritorial
integrityorpoliticalindependenceof anystate,orinanyothermanner
inconsistentwiththePurposeofthe United Nations.
5.AllMembersshallgivetheUnited Nationsveryassistanceinanyactionit
takesinaccordancewiththepresent PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ)
|2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Charter,andshallrefrainfromgiving
assistancetoanystateagainstwhich theUnitedNationsistakingpreventive
or enforcement action. 6.TheOrganizationshallensurethat
stateswhicharenotMembersofthe UnitesNationsactinaccordancewith
thesePrinciplessofarasmaybe necessaryforthemaintenanceof
international peace and security. 7.Nothingcontainedinthepresent
ChartershallauthorizetheUnited nationstointerveneinmatterswhich
areessentiallywithinthedomestic jurisdiction ofanystate
orshallrequire the Members to submit such matters to
settlementunderthepresentCharter;
butthisprinciplesshallnotprejudice theapplicationofenforcement
measure under Chapter VII MEMBERSHIP KINDS:
1.Original-thosestateswhich,having participatedintheU.Nconferenceon
internationalorganizationatSan Franciscoorhavingpreviouslysigned
thedeclarationbyU.NofJanuary1, 1942,signedandratifiesthecharterof
the U.N. 2.Elective Thedistinctionbetweenthetwoisbasedonly on the
manner of their admission and doesnot
involveanydifferenceintheenjoymentof rights or the discharge of
obligations. QUALIFICATIONS: 1.It must be a state 2.It must be
peace-loving 3.Itmustaccepttheobligationsofthe Charter
4.Itmustbeabletocarryoutthese obligations
5.Itmustbewillingtocarryoutthese obligations ADMISSION
Decisionof2/3ofthosepresentand votinginthegeneralassemblyuponthe
recommendationofatleastnine(includingall
thepermanent)membersoftheSecurity Council
SUSPENSIONEffectedby2/3ofthosepresentand voting in the general
assembly upon favourable recommendationofatleastninemembersof
theSecurityCouncilincludingthepermanent members
Thesuspensionmaybeliftedaloneby the Security Council, also by a
qualified majority vote. Suspendedmemberswillpreventit from
participating in the meeting of the general assembly or from being
elected to or continuing toserveintheSecurityCouncil,theeconomic
andsocialcouncilofthetrusteeshipcouncil.
Nationalofthesuspendedmembers,may
however,continueservingintheSecretariat
andtheICJastheyregardedasinternational
officialsorcivilservantsactingforthe Organization itself. EXPLUSION
2/3 vote of thosepresentand voting in the general assembly, upon
recommendation of aqualifiedmajorityofthesecurityCouncil,on PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
groundsofpersistentlyviolatingtheprinciples contained in the
Charter. WITHDRAWAL Noprovisiononwithdrawalfrommembership
wasincludesin the Charter becauseof the fear
thatitmightencouragesuccessivewithdrawals that would weaken the
organization. A member might withdraw from the U.N if:
1.Theorganizationwasrevealedtobe unable to maintain peace or could
do so only at the expense of law and justice
2.Themembersrightandobligationsas suchwerechangedbyacharter
amendmentinwhichithadnot concurred or which it finds itself unable
to accept 3.Anamendmentdulyacceptedbythe necessary majority either
in the general assemblyorinageneralconferenceis not ratified.
ORGANS OF THE UNITED STATES PRINCIPAL ORGANS 1.General assembly
(G.A) - Consistsofallthemembersofthe
organization,eachofwhichisentitled tosendnotmorethan5
representatives and 5 alternates -Each member of the G.A has one
vote Functions of the General Assembly
a.Deliberative-initiatingstudies andmakingrecommendations
towardtheprogressive developmentofinternational
lawanditscodificationand recommending measure for the
peacefuladjustmentofany situation b.Supervisory-receivingand
consideringannualandspecial reportsfromtheotherorgans of the U.N
c.Financial-theconsideration andapprovalofthebudgetof
theorganization,the apportionmentofexpenses amongitsmembersandthe
approvaloffinancial arrangementswithspecialized agencies.
d.Elective-theelectionofnon- permanentmembersofthe Security Council
e.Constituent-admissionofthe membersandtheamendment of the Charter
of the U.N 2.Security council -KeyorganoftheU.Ninthe
maintenanceoftheinternalpeaceand security council-5 permanent
members oChina oFrance oUnited kingdom oRussia oUnited states-10
elective members o5 African and Asian states o2 latin American
states o2westernEuropeanandother states o1 eastern European states
-Thenon-permanentmembersareNOT eligible for immediate re-election
-Thepermanentmembersweregive preferredpositionbecauseofthe
feelingthattheywerethestatesthat PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ)
|2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO wouldbecalledupontoprovidethe
leadership and physical force that might be needed to preserve the
peace of the world
-Thegeographicaldistributionofnon-permanentmemberswasarecognition
oftherelativeimportanceofthe affectedinthemaintenanceof
international order. -Chairmanship-rotatedeverycalendar
monthonabasisofEnglishalphabet order of names
-YALTAFORMULA-devisedatthe crimea conference
oEachmembershallhaveone vote,butthedistinctionis made between the
Big Five and the non-permanent members in
theresolutionofsubstantive questions oPROCEDURALMATTERSareto
bedecidedbytheaffirmative voteofanynineormore members.
oNON-PROCEDURALMATTERS requiretheconcurrenceofalso
atleastninemembersbut includedallthepermanent
members,butincludingthe permanent members. oNo members, permanent
or not isallowedtovoteonquestion concerningthepacific
settlementofadisputeto which it is a party.
-PROCEDURALMATTERSinclude questionsrelatingtotheorganization and
meeting of the security council, the
establishmentofsubsidiaryorgansand
theparticipationofstatespartiesin disputes in the discussion of the
organ. -NON-PROCEDURALMATTERSarethose
thatmayrequirethesecuritycouncil
underitsresponsibilityofmaintenance orresortingworldpeacetoinvoke
measures of enforcement -PERMENENTMEMBERSmaycasta VETO an thereby
prevent agreement on anon-proceduralquestionevenifitis
supportedbyalltheothermembersof the Security Council
-PERMENENTMEMBERSmayalso exercise the so called DOUBLE VETO, by
meansofwhichitcandisapproveany proposaltoconsideraquestionmerely
proceduralandthereaftervoteagainst the question itself on the
merits -Abstentionorabsenceofany permanentmemberinconnectionwith
avotingonanon-proceduralquestion is not connection with a voting ,
and the proposalisdeemedadoptedif approvedbyatleastninemembersof
theSecurityCouncilincludingtherest of the permanent members.
-PurposeoftheYALTAFORMULAisto ensuretheunity(?)ofthepermanent
membersinthemeasurestobetaken inthepursuitofitsprimaryfunctionof
maintaininginternationalpeaceand security. 3.Economic and social
council -Elected by G.A for 3 year terms and may be re-elected
immediately -Eachmemberhasonevoteand
decisionsarereachedbyamajorityof those present and voting -Organs
should exert efforts toward: oHigherstandardsofliving,full
employment,andconditionsof economicandsocialprogress and
development PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO oSolutionsofinternational economic,socialhealthand
relatedproblemsand international,culturaland educational
cooperation; and oUniversalrespectforand observanceof,humanrights
andfundamentalfreedomsfor allwithoutdistinctionasto race, sex
language or religion. 4.Trusteeship council
-Chargedwiththedutyofassistingthe SecurityCouncilandthegeneral
assemblyintheadministrationofthe international trusteeship system.
-Composed of : oThemembersoftheU.N administering trust territories
oThe permanent members of the securitycouncilnot administering
tryst territories oAsmanyothermembers electedfor3yeartermby
generalassemblyasmaybe necessarytoensurethatthe
totalnumberofmembersof thetrusteeshipcouncilis
equallydividedbetweenthose members of the United Nations
whichadministertrust territoriesandthosewhichdo not.
-Eachmemberhasonevoteand decisionsarereachedbyamajorityof those
present and voting -Under its authority, it may:
oConsideredreportssubmitted by the administering authorities
oAcceptpetitionsandexamine theminconsultationwiththe administering
authorities oProvideforperiodicvisitsto
trustterritoriesattimesagrees uponwiththeadministering authorities
oTakesuchotheractionsin conformitywiththetermsof
thequestionnaireonthe political,economic,socialand
educationaladvancementof theinhabitantofthetrust territories
-Trusteeshipcouncilislargelybecome obsoletewiththeconversionof
practicallyalltrustterritoriesintofull-fledged miniature states.
5.International court of justice -Judicial organ of the U.N which
function in accordance with the statute. -Composedof15memberswhoare
electedbyabsolutemajorityintheG.A and the security council -The
judges must: obe of high moral characteropossessthequalifications
requiredintheirrespective countriesforappointmentto
theircompetencein international law -No two of them may be
nationals of the samestateandintheeventthatmore
thanonenationalofthesamestate obtain the required majorities,
onlythe eldest shall be considered elected
-Membershaveatermof9yearsand may be re-elected. -No judge can be
removed unless, in the unanimousopinionoftheother
members,hehasceasedtofulfilthe required conditions. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
-Courtmayelectitspresidentandvice pres.Whoshallservefor3yearsand
may be re-elected 6.Secretariat -Chief administrative organ of the
U.N-Headed by SECRETARY GENERAL oChosebytheG.Aupon
recommendationofthe security council oFixed 5 years term by
resolution oftheG.Aandmaybere-elected oHighestrepresentativeofthe
U.Nandisauthorizedtoactin itself oWhenactinginhiscapacity,he
isentitlestofulldiplomatic immunities and privileges which
onlythesecuritycouncilmay waive oTheimmunitiesandprivileges
ofotherkeyofficialofthe united nation may be waived by the
secretary generaloHisdutyistobringtothe attention of the security
council may matter which in his opinion maythreateninternational
peace and security oActsassecretaryinallthe meetingsoftheG.A,the
securitycouncil,theeconomic andsocialcouncilandthe
trusteeshipcounciland performssuchotherfunctions
asmaybeassignedtohimby these organs. oHepreparesthebudgetofthe
U.NforsubmissiontotheG.A, providestechnicalfacilitiesto
bedifferentorgansofthe organizationandingeneral coordinatesitsvast
administrative machinery -Secretarygeneralandthemembersof
hisstaffareinternalofficerssolely responsible to the Organization
and are prohibitedfromseekingorreceiving instruction from any
government or any authority external to the U.N
SECONDARYORGANS-thosewhichhavebeen
createdbyorinaccordancewiththecharter
suchasthemilitarystaffcommittee,the
internationallawcommissionandthe commission on human rights.
CHAPTER 5 THE CONCEPT OF THE STATE CREATION OF STATES -By
revolution -By unification -By secession -By assertion of
independence -By agreement and attainment of civilization
EXTINCTION OF STATES -By extinction or emigration en masse of its
population -By loss of territory -By overthrow of government
resulting in anarchy PRINCIPLES OF STATE CONTINUITY
-Thestatecontinuesasjuristicbeing notwithstandingchangesinits
circumstances,providedonlythatthey PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ)
|2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO donotresultinlossofanyofits essential
elements. -Thisprincipleappliedinthesapphire
casewhere,afterEmperorLouis napoleonfiledadamagesuitonbehalf
ofFranceinanAmericancourt,hewas deposed.Nonetheless,theactionwas
notabatedandcouldcontinueupon recognitionofthedulyauthorized
representativeofthenewgovernment of France. SUCCESSION OF STATES
-Takesplacewhenonestateassumes therightsandsomeoftheobligations
ofanotherbecauseofcertainchanges in the condition of the latter.
-May be either: oUniversalsuccession-whena stateisannexedtoanother
stateoristotallydismembered or merges with another state to form a
new state oPartialsuccession-takeplace whenaportionoftheterritory
ofthestatesoriscededto anotherorwhenan independentstatebecomesa
protectorateorasuzeraintyor whenadependentstate acquires full
sovereignty. CONSEQUENCES OF STATE SUCCESSION
-Allegianceoftheinhabitantsofthe predecessorstateintheterritory
affectedistransferredtothesuccessor state.Theyarealsonaturalizeden
masse -Politicallawoftheformerare automaticallyabrogatedandmaybe
restoredonlybyapositiveactonthe
partofthenewsovereign.Butnon-politicallaws,suchasthosedealing
withfamiliarrelations,aredeemed continuedunlesstheyarechangedby
thenewsovereignorarecontraryto the institution of the successor
state. -Treatiesofapoliticalandeven
commercialnature,aswellastreaties
ofextradition,arealsodiscontinued,
exceptthosedealingwithlocalrights andduties,suchasthoseestablishing
easement and servitudes. -Alltherightsofthepredecessorstate are
inherited by the successor state but thisisnotsowhereliabilitiesare
concerned. SUCCESSION OF GOVERNMENT -Wherethegovernmentreplaces
anothereitherpeacefullyorbyviolent methods.Inbothinstances,the
integrity of the state is not affected; the statecontinuesasthesame
international person except only that its lawful representative is
changed. -Therightsofthepredecessor governmentareconcerned;theyare
inheritedintoobythesuccessor government. -Wherethenewgovernmentwas
organizedbyvirtueofaconstitutional
reformdulyratifiedinplebiscite,the obligations of the replaced
government are completely by the former. -Wherethenewgovernmentwas
establishedthroughviolenceasbya revolution,itmaylawfullyrejectthe
purelypersonalorpoliticalobligations of thepredecessor government
butnot PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
contractedbyitintheordinarycourse of official business. CHAPTER
6RECOGNITION BASIC RULES IN RECOGNITION OS STATES -It is political
actand mainly a matter of policy on the part of each state. -
itisdiscretionaryonthepartofthe recognizing authority.
-itisexercisedbythepolitical (executive) department of the
state.-Thelegalityandwisdomofrecognition is not subject to judicial
review. THEORIES ON RECOGNITION 1.Declaratory (majority
view)-merely affirms the pre-existing fact that
theentitybeingrecognizedalready possessthestatusofaninternational
persons. -Political and discretionary 2.Constitutive (minority
view) -Itislastindispensableelementthat converts or constitutesthe
entity being recognized into an international person. -Mandatory
and legal OBJECTS OF RECOGNITION 1.Recognition of a state- held
irrevocable andimportstherecognitionofthe government
2.Recognitionofagovernment-maybe withdrawnanddoesnotnecessary
signifytheexistenceofastateasthe governmentmaybethatofamere colony.
3.Recognitionofbelligerency-doesnot producethesameeffectasthe
recognitionofstatesandgovernment becausetherebelsareaccorded
internationalpersonalityonlyin connectionwiththehostilitiestheyare
waging. KIND OF RECOGNITION 1.Express-maybeverbalorinwriting.It
maybeextendedthroughaformal proclamationorannouncement,a
stipulationinatreaty,aletteror telegram,orontheoccasionofan
official call or conference. 2.Implied-whentherecognizingstate
enters into officials intercourse with the
newmemberbyexchangingdiplomatic representatives with it.
Theactconstitutingrecognitionshallgivea clear indication of an
intention: 1.To treat with the new state as such
2.Toacceptthenewgovernmentas havingauthoritytorepresentthestate
itpurportstogovernandtomaintain diplomatic relations with it
3.Torecognizeinthecaseofinsurgent thattheyareentitledtoexercise
belligerent rights RECOGNITION OF STATES
-heldirrevocableandimportsthe recognition of the government
EFFECTSOFTHERECOGNITIONOFTHE STATE AND GOVERNMENT PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
1.fulldiplomaticrelationsareestablished except where the government
2.therecognizedstateorgovernment acquiretherighttosueincourtsof
recognizing state 3.the recognized state or government has
arighttopossessionofpropertiesof predecessorintheterritoryofthe
recognizing state 4.allactsoftherecognizedstateor
governmentarevalidated retroactively,
preventingtherecognizingstatefrom passingupontheirlegalityinitsown
courts RECOGNITIONOFASTATEV. RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT
-recognitionofthestatecarrieswithit recognition of the government
-recognition states is irrevocable RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENT
-maybewithdrawnanddoesnot necessarysignifytheexistenceofa state as
the government may be that of a mere colony. REQUISITES:
1.governmentisstableandeffective (objective test) 2.no substantial
resistance to its authority 3.thegovernmentmustshowwillingness and
ability to discharge its international obligations (subjective
test) 4. governmentmustenjoypopular consent or approval of the
people. KINDS OF THE DE FACTO GOVERNMENT
1.Thatwhichisestablishedbythe inhabitantswhoriseinrevoltagainst and
depose the legitimate regime. 2.Thatwhichisestablishedinthecourse
ofwarbytheinvadingforcesofone belligerentintheterritoryoftheother
belligerent,thegovernmentof whichis also displaced.
3.Thatwhichisestablishedbythe inhabitantsofastatewhosecede
therefromwithoutoverthrowingits government. LANDMARK CASE DOCTRINE
1.WILSON/ TOBAR DOCTRINE -Thisprecludesrecognitionofthe
governmentestablishedbyrevolution, civilwar,coupdetatorotherformof
internal violence until the freely elected
representativesofthepeoplehave recognized a constitutional
government 2.KELSEN DOCTRINE -Astatesviolatesinternationallawand
thusinfringesupontherightsofother statesifitrecognizesasastatea
communitywhichdoesnotfulfilthe requirements of international law
3.BETANCOURT DOCTRINE -This came as a reflection of Venezuelan
presidentRomuloBetancourts antipathyfornon-democraticrule,
whichdenieddiplomaticrecognitionto any regime, right or left, which
came to power by military force. 4.LAUTERPACHT DOCTRINE -It is the
recognition of an entity which is notlegallyastateiswrongbecauseit
constitutesasabuseofthepowerof PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ)
|2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO recognition.Itacknowledgesa
communitywhichisnotinlaw, independentandwhichdoesnot
thereforefulfiltheessentialconditions of statehood as an
independent state. It is,accordingly,arecognitionwhichan
internationaltribunaldeclarenotonly to constitute a wrong but
probably also to be itself invalid. 5.STIMSON DOCTRINE
-Thisprecludesrecognitionofany governmentestablishedasaresultof
external aggression 6.ESTRADA DOCTRINE
-Thisreferstodealingornotdealing withthegovernmentestablished
throughapoliticalupheavalisnota judgement on the legitimacy of the
said government. RECOGNITIONDE JURE RECOGNITIONDE FACTO Relatively
permanentProvisional Veststitleinthe governmenttoits properties
abroad Does NOT vests title in thegovernmenttoits properties abroad
Bringsaboutfull diplomatic relations Limitedtocertain juridical
relations EFFECTSOFTHERECOGNITIONOFTHE STATE AND GOVERNMENT
1.fulldiplomaticrelationsareestablished except where the government
2.therecognizedstateorgovernment acquiretherighttosueincourtsof
recognizing state 3.the recognized state or government has
arighttopossessionofpropertiesof predecessorintheterritoryofthe
recognizing state 4.allactsoftherecognizedstateor
governmentarevalidated retroactively,
preventingtherecognizingstatefrom passingupontheirlegalityinitsown
courts RCOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY -Doesnotproducethesameeffectas
therecognitionofstatesand governmentbecausetherebelsare
accordedinternationalpersonalityonly
inconnectionwiththehostilitiesthey are waging.
CONDITIONFORRECOGNITIONOF BELLIGERENCY
1.theremustbeanorganizedcivil government directing the rebel forces
2.therebelsmustoccupyasubstantial portion of the territory of the
state 3.theconflictbetweenthelegitimate
governmentandtherebelsmustbe serious, making the outcome uncertain.
4.Therebelsmustbewillingandableto observe the laws of war. EFFECTS
OF RECOGNITION OF BELLIGERENCY 1.Responsibilityforactsofrebels
resultingtoinjurytonationalsof recognizingstateshallbeshiftedto
rebel government 2.Thelegitimategovernmentrecognizing
therebelsasbelligerentsshallobserve lawsorcustomsofwarinconducting
hostilities 3.Thirdstatesrecognizingbelligerency should maintain
neutrality; 4.Recognition is onlyprovisional and only for purposes
of hostilities. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO CHAPTER 7 THE RIGHT OF EXISTENCE AND SELF-DEFENSE
Onceastatecomesintobeing.Itis invested with certain rights
described as fundamental. Most important of these rights: oRight of
existenceoSelf-defence *Itisimportantbecauseallitsotherrightsare
supposed to flow or be derived from it.
ThepresenceofanArmedAttackto
justifytheexerciseoftherightofself-defence may be taken by a state
only in thefaceofanecessityofself-defense
thatisinstant,overwhelmingand leavingnochoiceofmeansandno moment
for deliberation Rightmayberesortedonlyuponclean showing of a grave
and actual danger to the security of the state The best defense is
offense Grotius One might well argue now that the very
stateofarmedpreparednessofa nuclearpowerisperseapotent,if latent.
THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Thepeaceoftheworldandthe
securityoftheUS(hadbeen) endangeredbyreasonofthe
establishmentbytheSino-Soviet powersofanOFFENSIVEMILITARY
CAPABILITYin Cuba, including basesfor
ballisticmissileswithapotentialrange coveringmostofNorthandSouth
America. REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Nothinginthepresentcharter
precludestheexistenceofregional arrangements.
REGIONALARRANGEMENTSAgenciesfor dealingwithsuchmattersrelatingtothe
maintenanceofinternationalpeaceand security as are appropriate for
regional action. ExampleofRegionalAgency:
OrganizationofAmericanStates Whose organ of consultation authorized
or ratified the action taken by the US. THE BALANCE OF POWER
Onereasonfortheorganizationof regionalarrangementsistoprovidefor
the balance of power Anarrangementofaffairsothatno
stateshallbeinapositiontohave absolutemasteryanddominionover
others. Vattel AGGRESSIONUseofarmedforcebyastate against:
Sovereignty Territorial Integrity Political independence of other
state Firstuseofarmedforcesshall constituteprimafacieevidenceof
aggression QUALIFY AS AN ACT OF AGGRESSION
1.Invasion/attackbyarmedforcesofa state of the territory of another
state 2.Bombardment of armed forces
3.Theblockadeofparts/coastsofastate by the armed forces of another
state 4.Attack of sea, air forces, land etc. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO 5.Use of armed forces within
the territory of another Statewith the agreement of
thereceivingState,incontraventionof theconditionsprovidedforinthe
agreementoranyextensionoftheir presenceinsuchterritorybeyondthe
termination of the agreement 6.TheactionofaStateinallowingits
territory,whichithasplacedatthe disposal of another State, to be
used by that otherStateforperpetratinganact of aggression against a
3rd state 7.ThesendingbyoronbehalfofaState of armed force against
another State of suchgravityastoamounttotheacts
listedabove,oritssubstantial involvement therein. CHAPTER 8 THE
RIGHT OF INDEPENDENCE SOVEREIGNTY
Supreme,uncontrollablepowerinherentina
state,thesupremepowerofthestateto command and enforce obedience
Enablesthestatetomakeitsown decision vis--visotherstatesandvests
itwithcompetencetoenterinto relation and agreements with them. 2
ASPECTS 1.INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY Power of the state to direct its
domestic affairs 2.EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY The freedom
ofthestatetocontrolitsownforeign affairs.
oExternalsovereigntyismore oftenreferredtoas independence. NATURE
OF INDEPENDENCE Freedomfromcontrolbyanyother
stateorgroupofstatesandnot freedomfromtherestrictionsthatare
bindingonallstatesformingthefamily of nations.
Mustsubmittolimitations, independenceofastateisofnecessity
restricted. INTERVENTION State must abstain from intervention. It
expectsitsindependencetobe respectedbyotherstates,sotoomust
itbepreparedtorespecttheirown independence.
Rightsofindependencecarrieswithit duty of non-intervention.
2INSTANCESWHENTHEUSEOFFORCEIS ALLOWED UNDER THE CHARTER OF THE UN:
1.Whensuchactionisagreeduponina treaty
2.Whenrequestedfromsisterstatesor from the UN
Recenteventshavecalledforare-examination of the law on
intervention, especiallywhereinterventionisbased on humanitarian
grounds Revoltedby theinhumaneplightofthe
innocentvictims,theUNsenta contingentofmilitarytroopsfrom several
countries, primarily the US. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO THE DRAGO DOCTRINE
Thecontractingpowersagreenotto haverecoursetoarmedforceforthe
recovery of contract debts claimed from
thegovernmentofonecountrybythe governmentofanothercountryas being
due to its nationals. CHAPTER 9: THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY
Art.2ofCharteroftheUN:The organization is based on the principle of
thesovereignequalityofallits members.
Statesarejuridicallyequal,enjoythe samerights,
andhaveequalcapacityin their exercise. The rights of each one do
notdependuponthepowerwhichit possessestoassureitsexercise,but
uponthesimplefactofitsexistenceas a person under international law.
ESSENCE OF EQUALITY Doesnotsignifyparityinphysical
power,politicalinfluenceoreconomic status or prestige
Equalitydoesnotevenrequireequality in the number of rights
AlltherightsofaState,regardlessof theirnumber,mustbeobservedand
respected AllStates,bigorsmallhaveanequal
righttotheenjoymentofalltheir respective attributes as members of
the family of nations Allmembers ofUNhaveeachonevote
intheGeneralAssembly,allvotes havingequalweightandaregenerally
eligibleforpositionsinthevarious organs of the UN
Parinparemnonhabetimperium Even the strongest state cannot assume
jurisdictionoveranotherstate,no matter how weak etc.. LEGAL
EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY Notallstateshaveequal
eligibilitywith regardtoelectivemembershipofthe Security Council
5ofthemmustbeelectedfromthe AfricanandAsianstatesandonly1can come
from the Eastern European State. InGeneralAssembly,all membershave
onvoteregardlessofthenumberof people they separately
represent.CHAPTER 9 THE RIGHT OF EQUALITY Art.2ofCharteroftheUNThe
organization is based on the principle of
thesovereignequalityofallits members
Statesarejuridicallyequal,enjoythe
samerights,andhaveequalcapacityin their exercise. The rights of
each one do notdependuponthepowerwhichit
possessestoassureitsexercise,but uponthesimplefactofitsexistenceas
a person under international law. ESSENCE OF EQUALITY
Doesnotsignifyparityinphysical power,politicalinfluenceoreconomics
status or prestige Equalitydoesnotevenrequireequality in the number
of rights. PRINCIPLE:Alltherightsofastate,
regardlessoftheirnumber,mustbe observed and respected PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
Allstates,bigorsmallhaveanequal righttotheenjoymentofalltheir
respective attributes as members of the family of nations.
Allmembers ofUNhaveeachonevote intheGeneralAssembly,allvotes
havingequalweight,andaregenerally eligibleforpositionsinthevarious
organs of the UN Parinparennonhabetimperium even the strongest
state cannot assume jurisdictionoveranotherstate,no matter how wake
etc.. LEGAL EQUALITY VS. FACTUAL INEQUALITY
Notallstateshaveequaleligibility with regard to elective membership
of the Security Council5 of them must be elected from the
AfricanandAsianstatesandonly1 cancomefromtheEastern European State.
CHAPTER 10 TERRITORY TERRITORY Fixed portion of the surface of the
earth inhabited by the people of the state.
Mustbepermanentandindicatedwith precision
Bigenoughtoprovidefortheneedsof thepopulationbutnotbesoextensive
astobedifficulttoadminister/defend from external aggression.
ThePhilippinesiscommittedtothe renunciationofthewarforterritorial
aggrandizement but like other states,is not precluded from
acquiring additional territoriesthroughanyofthemethods permitted
under the law of nations. ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF TERRITORY
Territory may be acquired by: Discovery Occupation Subjugation
Prescription Cession Accretion Territory may be lost by:
Abandonment Dereliction Cession Revolution Subjugation Prescription
Erosion Naturalcauses DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION
Originalmodeoftheacquisitionby whichterritorynotbelongingtoany
state is placed under the sovereignty of the discovering state.
Territory need not be to be uninhabited
provideditcanbeestablishedthatthe
nativesarenotsufficientcivilizedand canbeconsideredaspossessingnot
rightsofsovereigntybutonlyrightsof habitation
Openseasandouterspacearenot susceptibletodiscoveryand occupation.
2REQUISITESOFAVALIDDISCOVERYAND OCCUPATION 1.Possession PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
2.Administration Possessionmustbeclaimedonbehalf
ofthestate.Beeffectedthrougha formalproclamationandthesymbolic
actofraisingthenationalflaginthe territory. Mere possession will
not suffice INCHOATE TITLE OF DISCOVERY
Performsthefunctionofbarringother
statesfromenteringtheterritoryuntil thelapseofaperiodwithinwhichthe
discoveringstatemayestablishas settlementthereonandcommenceto
administer it. ISLAND OF PALMAS CASE Discoveryalone,withoutany
subsequentact,cannotatthepresent timesufficetoprovesovereigntyof
Island of Palmas. Aninchoatetitlecouldnotprevailover
thecontinuousandpeacefuldisplayof authoritybyanotherstateforsuch
displaymayprevailevenoveraprior, definitivetitleputforwardbyanother
state. CLIPPERTONE ISLAND CASE TitlewasdeemedacquiredbyFrance
overanislandithadformallyclaimed buthadneveradministered.He
proclaimedanddeclaredthatthe sovereignty of the said island
beginning fromthatdatebelongedinperpetuity to his majesty. If a
territory, by virtue of the fact that it
wascompletelyuninhabited,fromthe firstmomentwhenthe occupyingstate
makesitsappearancethere,atthe absoluteandundisputedpossessionof
thatState,fromthatmomentthe takingofpossessionisconsidered
accomplishedandtheoccupationis formally completed.
DERELICTIONTerritoryislostbydereliction
whenthestateexercisingsovereigntyoverit
physicallywithdrawsfromitwiththeintention of abandoning it
altogether. conditions must concur: 1.Acts of withdrawal
2.Intention to abandon PRESCRIPTIONPrescriptionininternational
lawrequireslongcontinuedandadverse
possessiontovestacquisitivetitleinthe claimant.
CESSIONMethodbywhichterritoryis transferredfromonestatetoanotherby
agreementbetweenthem.Acquisitionof
territorybycessionisusuallyeffectedbysuch familiar transactions as
sale, donation, barter or exchange,andevenbytestamentary
disposition. Examples are the purchase by the US of
AlaskafromRussiain1867,thegiftby Austria of Lombardy to France in
1859 SUBJUGATIONTerritoryisdeemedacquired
bysubjugationwhen,havingbeenpreviously
conqueredoroccupiedinthecourseofwarby
theenemy,itisformallyannexedtoitatthe end of that war.
Conquestaloneconfersonlyan inchoaterightontheoccupyingstate;
itistheformalactofannexationthat completes the acquisition. PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO ACCRETION Mode
of acquiring territory based ontheprinciple
ofaccessioncedatprincipali.It isaccomplishedthroughbothnaturalor
artificialprocesses,asbythegradualand
imperceptibledepositofsoilonthecoastsof the country through the
action of the water or, moreeffectively,byreclamationprojectslike
those undertaken in Manila Bat and the polders of Holland.
COMPONENT OF TERRITORY 1.Terrestrial domain 2.Maritime domain
3.Fluvial domain 4.Aerial domain THE TERRESTRIAL DOMAIN Land mass
THE MARITIME AND FLUVIAL DOMAIN Bodiesofwaterwithinthelandmass
andthewatersadjacenttothecoasts of the state up to a specified
limit. RIVERS MAY BE CLASSIFIED INTO: 1.National Rivers situated
completely in the territory of one state
2.Multi-nationalRiversFlowthrough the territories of several states
3.InternationalRiversisnavigablefrom theopenseaandisopentotheuseof
vessels from all states 4.BoundaryRiversdividedthe territories of
the riparian states THALWEGDOCTRINEIntheabsenceofa
specificagreementbetweensuchstates,
theboundarylineislaidontheriver.That
is,onthecenter,notoftheriveritself,but of its main channel.
BAYSWell-markedindentationwhose
penetrationisinsuchproportiontothewidth of its mouth as t contain
land-locked waters and constitutemorethanamerecurvatureofthe coast.
THE TERRITORIAL SEA Belt of waters adjacent to the coasts of the
state, excluding the internal
watersinbaysandgulfs,overwhichthestate claims sovereignty and
jurisdiction THE UN Conference on the Law of the Sea
3internationalconferenceshavebeen called to formulate a new of the
sea. The1stconferencewasheldin1958at
Geneva,Switzerland,andresultedin theadoptionoftheConventiononthe
TerritorialSeaandtheContiguous Zone, the Convention on the High
Seas, andtheConvention ontheFishingand
theLivingResourcesoftheHighSeas, and the Convention on the
Continental Shelf. ThenewConventionprovidesamong
othersforauniformbreadthof12 milesfortheterritorialsea,a
contiguouszoneof12milesfromthe outerlimitsoftheterritorialsea,and
aneconomiczoneorpatrimonialsea extending200milesfromthelow-water
mark of the coastal state. THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL SEA
TheclaimofthePhilippinestoits territorialseawasbasedonhistoric
rightortitleorasitoftencalled,the TREATY LIMITS THEORY.
ThenewConventionontheLawofthe Seanowlimitsourterritorialsea12
milesfromthelowwatermarkofour coasts, as in the case of other
states. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
METHODS OF DEFINING THE TERRITORIAL SEA 1.NORMALBASELINEMETHODThe
territorialseaissimplydrawnfromthe low-watermarkofthecoast,tothe
breadthclaimed,followingits sinuosities and curvatures but
excluding the internal waters in bays and gulfs. 2.STRAIGHT
BASELINE METHOD Straight linesaremadetoconnectappropriate
pointsonthecoastwithoutdeparting radically from its general
direction. FISHERIES CASE UnitedKingdomquestionedtheuseby Norway of
the straight baseline method defining its territorial waters. THE
AERIAL DOMAIN Theairspaceabovetheterrestrial
domainandthemaritimeandfluvial domainofthestate,toanunlimited
altitude but not including outer space. CHAPTER 11 JURISDICTION
JURISDICTIONAuthorityexercisedbyastate
overpersonsandthingswithinorsometimes
outsideitsterritory,subjecttocertain exceptions. JURISDICTION IS
CLASSIFIED AS: 1.Personal 2.Territorial
JURISDICTIONMAYBEEXERCISEDBYASTATE OVER: 1.Its nationals
2.Terrestrial domain 3.Maritime and fluvial domain 4.Continental
shelf 5.Open seas 6.Aerial domain 7.Outer space 8.Other territories
PERSONALJURISDICTIONPowerexercisedby a state over its nationals.
Based on theory that a national is entitled to the protection of
his state whereverhemaybeandis(Doctrineof indelible allegiance)
JOYCE VS. DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC
PROSECTIONDefendantLordHawHaw,challenged
hisconvictioninGreatBritainforhigh treason,contendingthathewasnota
Britishsubject.Itappearedthathehad livedinthecountryfor18yearsand
misrepresentedhimselfasitsnational forthepurposeofobtainingaBritish
passportthatenabledhimtogoto Germanywherehewasbroadcastanti-Allied
propaganda.oAlthoughnotaBritishsubject, hehasbyhisownact
maintainedthebondwhich whilehewaswithintherealm bound him to his
Sovereign TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION Gen. Rule: state has
jurisdiction over all persons and property within its territory
STATECANNOTEXERCISEJURISDICTIONEVEN WITHIN ITS OWN TERRITORY OVER:
1.Foreignstates,headsofstates, diplomaticrepresentatives,andconsuls
to a certain degree. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA|
MENOR |REAMICO 2.Foreignstateproperty:embassies,
consulates,andpublicvesselsengaged in non-commercial activities
3.Acts of state oUNDERHILLVS.HERNANDEZ Everysovereignstateisbound
torespecttheindependenceof everyothersovereignstate,
andthecourtsofonecountry will notsitin judgement on the
actsofthegovernmentof another,donewithinitsown territory. 4.Foreign
merchant vessels exercising the rightsofinnocentpassageorarrival
under stress. oINNOCENTPASSAGE Navigationthroughthe
territorialseaofastateforthe purposeoftraversingthatsea
w/oenteringinternalwaters etc.aslongasitisnot
prejudicialtothepeace,good orderorsecurityofthecoastal sea.
oARRIVALUNDERSTRESS Involuntaryentrancemaybe duetolackofprovisions,
unseaworthinessofthevessel, inclementweather,orother
casesofforcemajeure,like pursuit by pirates.
5.Foreignarmiespassingthroughor stationedinitsterritorieswithits
permission. 6.Suchotherpersonsorproperty,
includingorganizationsliketheUN,by agreement, waive jurisdiction.
LAND JURSIDICTION Everythingfoundwithintheterrestrial
domainofthestateisunderits jurisdiction.
Nationalsandaliens,includingnon-residents, are bound by its laws.
Thelocalstatehasexclusivetitletoall property within its territory.
MARITIME AND FLUVIAL JURISDICTION Internalwatersofastateare
assimilatedtothelandmassand subjectedtothesamedegreeof
jurisdictionexercisedoverthe terrestrial domain.
Civil,criminalandadministrative jurisdiction is exercised by the
flag state overitspublicvesselswhereverthey may be, provided they
are not engaged in commerce. THE SCHOONER EXCHANGE VS. MCFADDON
National ships of war entering the port
ofafriendlypoweropenfortheir receptionaretobeconsideredas exempted
by the consent of that power from its jurisdiction
ENGLISHRULEThecoastalstateshallhave
jurisdictionoveralloffensescommittedon
boardsuchvessels,exceptonlywheretheydo not compromise the peace of
the port. FRENCH RULE Flag state shall have jurisdiction
overalloffensescommittedonboardsuch vessels, except only where the
compromise the peace of the port. ANTONI
CASEMurderofaFrenchmanbyanother Frenchman on board a French
merchant PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO vessel in a Mexican port did not disturb the peace of the
port. WINDENHUS CASE ThemurderofaBelgianbyanother
BelgianonboardaBelgianmerchant steamerintheportofNewJerseywas
ofsuchanatureastodisturb tranquillity and public order on shore or
in the port OurownSChasheldthattheEnglish rule is applicable in
this country. Itistherightofthecoastalstateto
enforceallitslawstothefullextentin its territorial waters. U.S.S.
PUEBLOINCIDENT An American vessel was seized and its crew interned
by North Korea forallegedinfringementofitsterritorial waters.
ARCHIPELAGICSEALANESWatersoverwhich foreign ships will have the
right of passage as if they were open seas. A foreign vessel need
not goaroundourinternalwatersbutmayuse
thesearchipelagicsealanesinnegotiatingthe
distancefromonepointoftheopenseato another. THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE In
a zone of the high seas contiguous to
itsterritorialsea,thecoastalstatemay exercisethecontrolto:a)prevent
infringementofitscustoms,fiscal, immigrationorsanitaryregulations
withinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.B) Punishinfringementoftheabove
regulationswithinitsterritoryor territorial sea.
Contiguouszone,maynot,however, extendmorethan12milesfromthe coast
of the state 1982CONVENTIONONTHELAWOD THE SEA Contiguous zone also
extends 12miles,butfromtheouterlimitsof the territorial sea. THE
CONTINENTAL SHELF a)Totheseabedandsubsoilofsimilar areas adjacent
to the coasts if islands Thecoastalstatehasthesovereign
righttoexplorethecontinentalshelf and to exploit its natural
resources. It may erect on it such installations and equipment as
may be necessary. THE PATRIMONIAL SEA Theexclusiveeconomiczoneorthe
patrimonialseaextends200nautical milesfromthecoastorthebaselines.
All living and non-living resources found therein belong
exclusively to the coastal state. OPEN SEAS
Availabletotheuseofallstatesfor purposesofnavigation,flyingover
them,layingsubmarinecablesor fishing.Intimesofwar,hostilitiesmay be
waged on the open seas. THE LOTUS CASE
AcollisionoccurredonthehighseasbetweenaFrench vessel Lotus and a
Turkish vessel Boz-Kourt. The Boz-Kourt
sankandkilledeightTurkishnationalsonboardthe Turkish vessel. The 10
survivors of the Boz-Kourt (including itscaptain)weretaken
toTurkeyonboardtheLotus.In
Turkey,theofficeronwatchoftheLotus(Demons),and
thecaptainoftheTurkishshipwerecharged with PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
(CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
manslaughter.Demons,aFrenchnational,was sentenced
to80daysofimprisonmentandafine.The
Frenchgovernmentprotested,demandingthereleaseof
DemonsorthetransferofhiscasetotheFrenchCourts.
TurkeyandFranceagreedtoreferthisdisputeonthe jurisdiction to the
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ).
HELD:ThefirstprincipleoftheLotuscasesaidthat
jurisdictionisterritorial:AStatecannotexerciseits jurisdiction
outsideitsterritory unlessitaninternational
treatyorcustomarylawpermitsit todoso.Thisiswhat we called the first
Lotus Principle. ASTATEMAYEXERCISEJURISDICTIONONTHE OPEN SEAS IN
THE FOLLOWING INSTANCES: 1.Over its vessels 2.Over pirates
3.Intheexerciseoftherightofvisitand search 4.Under the doctrine of
hot suits AERIAL JURISDICTION Theconsensusappearstobethatthe
localstatehasjurisdictionoverthe airspaceaboveittoanunlimited
height,oratthemostuptowhere outer space begins. 5 AIR FREEDOMS
1.Thefreedomtoflyacrossforeign territory without landing
2.Thefreedomtolandfornon-traffic purposes
3.Thefreedomtoputdowntraffic originating in the state of the
aircraft 4.The freedom to embark traffic destined for the state of
the aircraft 5.The freedom to embark traffic destined
forortoputdowntrafficoriginatingin a 3rd state.
CONVENTIONONOFFENSESANDCERTAIN OTHER ACTS COMMITTED ON BOARD
AIRCRAFT Itisthestateofregistrationoftheaircraft
thathasjurisdictionoveroffensesandacts committed
onboardwhileitisinflightorover thehighseasoranyotherareaoutsidethe
territory of any state OUTER SPACE Outerspace,ortheregionbeyondthe
earthsatmosphere,isnotsubjectto the jurisdiction of any state.
Outerspaceshallbefreefor explorationandusebyallstates without
discrimination of any kind. Astronautsshallberegardedasenvoys of
mankind. CHAPTER 12 THE RIGHT OF LEGATION THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT
OF LEGATIONOneofthemosteffectivewaysof
facilitatingandpromotingintercourse among states.
Donethroughactiverightofreceiving them,statesareabletodealmore
directlyandcloselywitheachotherin theimprovementofthemutual
interests. AGENTS OF DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE
Diplomaticrelationsarenormally conductedthroughtheheadofstate,
theforeignsecretaryorministerand the members of the diplomatic
service. Headofstatemayalsoappointspecial
diplomaticagentschargedwithspecific ceremonial or political duties.
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
ENVOYCEREMONIALSenttoattendstate functions like a coronation or a
jubilee ENVOY POLITICAL Commissioned to negotiate
withaparticularstateortoparticipateinan international conference or
congress. HEAD OF STATERepresents the sovereignty of his state He
is entitled to certain immunities and honours befitting his status
MIGHELLVS.SULTANOFJOHORESuitwas broughtforbreachofapromisetomarry
allegedlymadebythedefendantwehad represented himself as a private
individual. The action wasdismissed when herevealed his real
identity as head of an independent state. THE FOREIGN SECRETARY
Immediaterepresentativeofthehead of state and directly under his
control. Hecanmakebindingdeclarationson behalf of his state on any
matter falling within his authority The foreign secretary is also
the head of theforeignofficeandhasdirectionof
allambassadorsandotherdiplomatic representatives of his government.
DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS Towhomtheregularorday-to-day
conductofinternationalaffairsis entrusted.
Whoareaccreditedbythesending stateasitspermanentenvoysto represent
it in the states with which it is maintaining diplomatic relations
THEHEADSOFTHESEDIPLOMATICMISSIONS ARECLASSIFIEDASFOLLOWSBYTHE
CONVENTIONONDIPLOMATICRELATIONS, WHICH WAS SIGNED AT VIENNA IN
1961: 1.Ambassadors 2.Envoys 3.Charges daffaires
DIPLOMATICCORPSBodyconsistingofthe
differentdiplomaticrepresentativeswhohave
beenaccreditedtothesamelocalreceiving
state.Thediplomaticcorpsdoesnotpossess any legal powers or
attributes. Functions of Diplomatic Missions: 1. Representing
sending state in receiving state
2.Protectinginreceivingstateinterestsof sending state and its
nationals 3.Negotiatingwithgovernmentofreceiving state 4. Promoting
friendly relations between sending
andreceivingstatesanddevelopingtheir economic, cultural and
scientific relations 5.Ascertainingbyalllawfulmeansconditions
anddevelopmentsinreceivingstateand
reportingthereontogovernmentofsending state
6.Insomecases,representingfriendly governments at their request
CONDUCT OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION Thediplomaticagent mustexercisethe
utmostdiscretionandtact,takingcare alwaystopreservethegoodwillofthe
sendingstateandtoavoidinterference with its internal affairs.
Hismissionisalsounderno circumstancetobeusedforespionage,
thedisseminationofpropaganda againstthereceivingstate,or subversion
of its government. PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA|
MENOR |REAMICO DIPLOMATIC IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES
Hisprivilegesandimmunitiesare necessarytogivetheenvoythefullest
freedomorlatitudeintheexerciseof his official functions. PERSONAL
INVIOLABILITY The envoy is regarded as sacrosanct and
isentitledtothespecialprotectionof his person, honor and liberty.
DIPLOMATICCONVENTION:The personofadiplomaticagentshallbe
inviolable.Heshallnotbeliabletoany formofarrestordetention.The
receivingstateshalltreathimwithdue
respectandshalltakeallappropriate stepstopreventanyattackonhis
person, freedom or dignity Theenvoycannotcomplainifheis
injuredbecausehehimselfcausedthe initial aggression.
Thelocalauthoritiesmayalso,in exceptionalcases,layhandsonhimif
hehascommittedanactofviolence anditisnecessarytoplacehimin
preventive restraint. IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION Diplomatic agent
shall be immune from thecivil,criminalandadministrative
jurisdiction of the receiving state except in a few specified
cases. HESHALLALSOENJOYIMMUNITYFROMITS
CIVILANDADMINISTRATIVEJURISDICTION, EXCEPT IN THE CASE OF:
a.Arealactionrelatingtoprivate immovablepropertysituatedinthe
territoryofthereceivingstate,unless heholdsitonbehalfofthesending
state for the purposes of the mission.
b.Anactionrelatingtosuccessionin whichthediplomaticagentisinvolved
asexecutor,administrator,heiror legateeasaprivatepersonandnoton
behalf of the sending state. c.An action relating to any
professional or commercialactivityexercisedbythe
diplomaticagentinthereceivingstate outside his official functions.
Immunityfromjurisdictionmaybe waived expressly by the sending state
WHO VS. AQUINO Diplomaticimmunityisessentiallyapolitical
questionandcourtsshouldrefusetolook
beyondadeterminationbytheexecutive
branchofthegovernment,andwheretheplea
ofdiplomaticimmunityisrecognizedand
affirmedbytheexecutivebranchofthe governmentasinthecaseatbar,itis
thenthe dutyofthecourtstoaccepttheclaimof
immunityuponappropriatesuggestionbythe
principallawofficerofthegovernment,the
SolicitorGeneralinthiscase,orotherofficer acting under his
direction. INVIOLABILITY OF DIPLOMATIC PREMISES
Thepremisesofthemissionshallbe inviolable.Theagentsofthereceiving
statemaynotenterthemexceptwith the consent of the head of mission.
INVIOLABILITY OF ARCHIVES Thereceivingstatehasnorighttopry into the
official papers and records of a foreign diplomatic mission.
thearchivesanddocumentsofthe missionshallbeinviolableatanytime and
wherever they may be INVIOLABILITY OF COMMUNICATION PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
Thereceivingstateshallpermitand protect free communication on the
part ofthemissionforallofficialpurposes. In communicating with the
government andothermissionsandconsulatesof
thesendingstate,whereversituated, the mission may employ all
appropriate meansincludingdiplomaticcouriers and messages in code
or cipher. EXEMPTION FROM TESTIMONIAL DUTIES
Adiplomaticagentisnotobligedto give evidence as a witness
Heisnotprohibitedbyinternational lawfromdoingsoandmaywaivethis
privilegewhenauthorizedbyhis government. TheDutchenvoytoWashington
invokedthisright1856whenhe rejectedarequesttotestifyin
connectionwithahomicidecommitted inhispresenceandfor theprosecution
of which his testimony we necessary. EXEMPTIONS FROM TAXATION
Alsofromsocialsecurityrequirements under certain conditions.
Personalbaggageisalsofreefrom inspectionunlessthereareserious
ground THE DIPLOMATIC SUITE OR RETINUE
Immunitiesandprivilegesareavailable notonlyto the head of
missionand his family but also to the other members of the
diplomatic retinue, albeit not in the same degree. DURATION
Everypersonentitledtodiplomatic privilegesandimmunitiesshallenjoy
themfromthemomentheentersthe territoryofthereceivingstateon
proceedingtotakeuphispostor,if alreadythere,fromthemomenthis
appointmentisnotifiedtotheforeign ministry. When his functions
haveto cometo an end,hisprivilegesandimmunitiesshall normally cease
from moment heleaves the country or on expiry of a reasonable time
in which to do so, but shall subsist untilsuchtimeevenincaseofarmed
conflict. Intheexerciseofhisofficialfunctions,
immunityshallcontinueindefinitelyas itissupposedtohaveattachedtohim
personallybuttothestatehewas representing TERMINATION OF DIPLOMATIC
MISSION Usualmethodsofterminatingofficial
relations:death,resignation,removal,
abolitionoftheoffice,etc.theseare governed by municipal law.
ThemoreimportantmodesareRECALL and DISMISSAL RECALL May demanded by
the receiving state whentheforeigndiplomatbecomespersona non grata
to it for any person. DISMISSALTheoffendingdiplomatissimply asked
to leave the country. Theoutbreakofwarbetweenthe sending and
receiving states terminates their diplomatic relations.
Asforthechangeofthegovt., diplomatic relations are not disturbed if
thechangeispeacefulbutmaybe PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO suspendedwhereitiseffectedby means of
violence CHAPTER 13 CONSULS *CONSULSstateagentsresidingabroadfor
variouspurposesbutmainlyintheinterestof COMMERCE and NAVIGATION
*Consulsarenotchargedwiththedutyof representing their states in
political matters nor are they accredited to the state where they
are supposed to discharge their functions
*consulsdonotordinarilyenjoyallthe traditional diplomatic
immunities and privileges although they are to a certain extent
entitled to special treatment under the law of nations Kinds and
Grades *CONSULES MISSI professional or career consuls who are
nationals of the appointing state and are required to devote their
full time to the discharge of their consular duties *CONSULES
ELECTI may or may not be nationals of the appointing state and
perform their consular functions only in addition to their regular
callings Appointment Consuls derive their authority from two
principal sources: *LETTER PATENT / LETTRE DE PROVISION commission
issued by the sending state *EXEQUATUR authority given to them by
the receiving state to exercise their duties therein 8consuls are
public officers not only of the sending state but of the receiving
state as well and are governed by the laws of both *states may
refuse to receive consuls and to withhold the exequatur from them
without explanation Functions *commerce and navigation *issuance of
passports and visas *duties of protection of nationals
*PRINCIPALDUTYOFCONSULS:promotethe
commercialinterestsoftheircountryinthe
receivingstateandtoobservethecommercial
trendsanddevelopmentsthereinforreportto their home government
*alsoperformdutiesrelatingtonavigation
visitingandinspectingvesselsoftheirown
stateswhichmaybeintheconsulardistrict;
exercisingameasureofsupervisionoversuch
vessels;adjustingmatterspertainingtotheir internal order and
discipline Immunities and Privileges *consulshavearightto
officialcommunication andmaycorrespondwiththeirhome
governmentorotherofficialbodiesbyany
meansincludingcipherorcodewithoutbeing
subjectedtocensorshiporunreasonable
restraint.However,thisrightmayberestricted whenever itis exercised
to the prejudice of the receiving state *Consuls enjoy the
inviolability of their archives, whichmaynotbeexaminedorseizedbythe
receivingstateunderanycircumstance,nor
maytheirproductionortestimonyconcerning
thembecompelledinofficialproceedings.But
thisimmunitydoesnotextendtotheconsular
premisesthemselves,wherethelegalprocess
maybeservedandarrestsmadewithout
violationofinternationallaw,exceptonlyin
thatpartwhereconsularworkisbeing performed *consular
officesmayevenbeexpropriatedfor purposes of national defense or
public utility *criminaloffenses:consulsareexemptfrom local
jurisdiction for crimes committedby them in the discharge of their
official functions. Other offenses:fullysubjecttolocallawandmaybe
arrested,prosecutedandpunishedinproper proceedings PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
*consulsarenotprosecutedformminor offensesand,whenarrested,aregiven
adequate opportunity to secure their release on bail at the
earliest possible time *civilsuits:institutedagainstconsulspersonal
orprivatecapacitybutnotinmatters connected with their official
duties *consuls are generally exempted from taxation,
customduties,serviceinthemilitia,andsocial security rules and are
privileged to display their nationalflagandinsigniaintheconsulate
althoughtheseconcessionsareconsidered non-essential to the proper
discharge of their official duties
*theseimmunitiesandprivilegesarealso
availabletothemembersoftheconsularpost,
theirrespectivefamilies,andtheprivatestaff. Waiver may in general
bemadeby the sending state. Termination of Consular Mission
*removal, resignation, death, expiration of term
*theexequaturmayalsobewithdrawnbythe
receivingstate,eitheroftheappointingor receiving state may be
extinguished or war may break out between them.
*intheeventofwar,theconsulateisclosed
andthearchivesaresealedandleftinthe
custodyofacaretakerusuallyaconsulfroma neutral state.
*theconsulfromthebelligerentstateis
allowedtodepartforhisowncountryassoon
aspossibleandwithoutunnecessary molestation CHAPTER 14 TREATIES
TREATYformalagreement,usuallybutnot
necessarilyinwriting,whichisenteredintoby
statesorentitiespossessingthetreaty-making
capacityforthepurposeofregulatingtheir mutual relations under the
law of nations. *an executive agreement is NOT a treaty Functions
of Treaties 1.Treatiesenablepartiestosettlefinally actual and
potential conflicts 2.Treatiesmakepossiblefortheparties
tomodifytherulesofinternational customarylawbymeansofoptional
principle or standards 3.Theymayleadtoatransformationof
unorganizedinternationalsocietyinto onewhichmaybeorganizedonany
chosen level of social integration 4.They providethe humus for the
growth of international customary law Essential Requisites of a
Valid Treaty 1.Enteredintobypartieswiththetreaty-making capacity
2.Throughtheirauthorized representatives
3.Withouttheattendanceofduress, fraud, mistake, or other vice of
consent 4.On any lawful subject-matter
5.Inaccordancewiththeirrespective constitutional processes
Treaty-making process NEGOTIATION, SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, AND
EXCHANGEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOF RATIFICATION
NEGOTIATIONoneofthepartiestosubmita
draftoftheproposedtreatywhich,together
withthecounter-proposals,becomesthebasis of the subsequent
negotiations.*undertaken directly by the head of the
stateorassignsthistasktohisauthorized representatives
*ifandwhenthenegotiatorsfinallydecideon the terms of the treaty,
the same is opened for SIGNATURE.*signaturemeansofauthenticating
theinstrumentandforthepurposeof symbolizing the good faith of the
parties; butit does not indicate the final consent of the state
*thedocumentisordinarilysignedin
accordancewiththealternat,thatis,eachof
theseveralnegotiatorsisallowedtosignfirst
onthecopywhichhewillbringhometohis own state PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
RATIFICATIONformalactbywhichastate
confirmsandacceptstheprovisionsofatreaty concluded by its
representatives. *Purpose; enable the contracting states
toexaminethetreatymorecloselyandtogive them an opportunity to
refuse to be bound by it should they find it inimical to their
interests *EXCHANGEOFTHEINSTRUMENTSOF
RATIFICATIONsignifiestheeffectivityofthe
treatyunlessadifferentdatehasbeenagreed upon by the parties Binding
Effect of Treaties *Atreatyisbindingonlyonthecontracting
parties,includingnotonlytheoriginal
signatoriesbutalsootherstateswhich, although they may
nothaveparticipated in the negotiationoftheagreement,havebeen
allowedbythetermstosignitlaterbya process known as ACCESSION
*Instanceswhen3rdstatesmaybevalidlyheld
totheobservanceoforbenefitfromthe provisions of a treaty.
*treatymaybemerelyaformal expressionofcustomaryinternationallaw
whichisenforceableonallcivilizedstates
becauseoftheirmembershipinthefamilyof nations
*forthemaintenanceofinternational peace and security
*partiestoapparentlyunrelated
treatiesmayalsobelinkedbythemost-favored-nationclause,underwhicha
contractingstateentitledtomost-favored-nation treatment from the
other may claim the benefits extended by the latter to another
state in a separate agreement Observance of Treaties
*Fundamentalrulesofinternationallawis
PACTASUNTSERVANDA,whichrequiresthe performance in good faith of
treaty obligations *partiesmustcomplywiththeircommitments
underatreatyandcannotignoreormodifyits
provisionswithouttheconsentoftheother signatories
*atreatyengagementisnotameremoral
obligationbutcreatesalegallybinding obligation
*treatiesreallylimitofrestrictthe
absolutenessofsovereignty.Bytheirvoluntary
act,nationsmaysurrendersomeaspectsof
theirstatepowersinexchangeforgreater
benefitsgrantedbyorderivedfroma convention or pact * the
sovereignty of a state therefore cannot in fact and in realitybe
considered absolute * restrictions:1.limitationsimposedbythevery
nature of membership in the family of nations
2.limitationsimposedbytreaty stipulations
*DOCTRINEOFREBUSSICSTANTIBUS constitutesanattempttoformulatealegal
principlewhichwouldjustifynonperformance
ofatreatyobligationiftheconditionswith
relationtowhichthepartiescontractedhave
changedsomateriallyandsounexpectedlyas
tocreateasituationinwhichtheexactionof performance would be
unreasonable. *Limitations: 1.appliesonlytotreatiesofindefinite
duration 2.thevitalchangemusthavebeen
unforeseenorunforeseeableandshouldnot
havebeencausedbythepartyinvokingthe doctrine
3.thedoctrinemustbeinvokedwithin a reasonable time
4.itcannotoperateretroactivelyupon
theprovisionsofthetreatyalreadyexecuted prior to the change of
circumstances Treaty Interpretation
*Thebasicruleintheinterpretationoftreaties
istogiveeffecttotheintentionoftheparties.
Thisshouldbediscoverableinthetermsof the treaty itself *theusual
canons of statutory construction are employed in the interpretation
of treaties *readinthelightofthewhole
instrumentandespeciallyforthepurposesof the treaty PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
*wordsusedaregiventheirnatural meaning unless a technical sense was
intended, and* when they have different meanings in
thecontractingstates,shouldbeinterpretedin
accordancewiththeusageofthestatewhere they are supposed to take
effect * doubts should be resolved against the
impositionofobligationsandinfavoroftheof the freedom and
sovereignty of the contracting parties
*conflictsintreatyinterpretationsbe resolved only by agreement of
the parties Termination of Treaties 1.Expiration of the
term2.Accomplishment of the purpose 3.Impossibility of performance
4.Loss of the subject-matter 5.Desistance of the parties 6.Novation
7.Extinctionofoneofthepartiesifthe treaty is bipartite 8.Vital
change of the circumstances under the doctrine of rebus sic
stantibus 9.Outbreak of war between the parties
10.Voidanceofthetreatybecauseof defects in its conclusion CHAPTER
15 NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS *individualismerelyanobjectandnota
subjectofinternationallawandisthusnot directly governed by its
rules *NATIONALITY tiethat binds an individual to
hisstate,fromwhichhecanclaimprotection
andwhoselawsheisobligedtoobey. Nationalityismembershipinapolitical
communitywithallitsconcomitantrightsand obligations
*CITIZENSHIPappliesonlytocertain members of the state accorded more
privileges thantherestofthepeoplewhoalsooweit allegiance
*SUBJECTparticularreferencetothe nationals of monarchical regimes
Acquisition of naturality * By BIRTH or By NATURALIZATION
*anindividualacquiresthenationalityofthe
statewhereheisborn(jussoli)orthe nationality of his parents (jure
sanguinis)*NATURALIZATIONprocessbywhicha
foreigneracquires,voluntarilyorbyoperation of law, the nationality
of another state *DIRECT
NATURALIZATION:a.byindividualproceedings,usually judicial under
general naturalization laws b. by special act of the
legislaturec.bycollectivechangeofnationalityas a result of cession
or subjugation d.adoptionoforphanminorsas nationals of the state
where they are born * DERIVATIVE NATURALIZATION:
a.onthewifeofthenaturalized husband b.ontheminorchildrenofthe
naturalized parent c. on the alien woman upon marriage to a
national * on our own laws, an alien woman married to a
Filipinoshallacquirehiscitizenshiponlyifshe herself might be
lawfully naturalized Multiple Nationality
*DOCTRINEOFINDELIBLEALLEGIANCEan
individualmaybecompelledtoretainhis original nationality
notwithstanding that hehas already renounced or forfeited it under
the laws ofasecondstatewhosenationalityhehas acquired
*astatemayallowanyofitsnationalsto
remainassuchevenifhemayhaveacquired another nationality as where he
is conferred an honorary citizenship by a foreign government Loss
of Nationality *voluntary methods renunciation, expressor
implied,andrequestforrelease,bothofwhich
usuallyprecedetheacquisitionofanew nationality * involuntary
methods forfeiture as a result of
somedisqualificationorprohibitedactlie
enlistmentinaforeignarmyorlongcontinued residence in a foreign
state,and substitution of PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014
BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO onenationalityforanotherfollowingachange of
sovereignty Statelessness *statelessnessistheconditionorstatusofan
individualwhoisbornwithoutanynationality or who loses his
nationality without retaining or acquiring another * individual is
powerless to assert any right that
otherwisewouldbeavailabletohimunder
internationallaw.*Anyinjurytotheindividualbyaforeign jurisdiction
is not a violation of his own right but
oftherightofthestatetotheprotection ofits
nationals;therighttocomplainbelongsnotto him but to the state of
which he is a national. CHAPTER 16 TREATMENT OF ALIENS
*everystatehastheright,asinherentin
sovereigntyandessentialtoitsownsecurity
andexistence,todetermineinwhatcasesand
underwhatconditionsforeignersmaybe admitted to its territory
*onceitdecidestoacceptthem,its
competenceasterritorialsoveriegnaslimited
bytherequirementthattheybetreatedjustly, in accordance with the law
of nations *thealiencanotasaruleclaimapreferred position vis-a-vis
the national of the state where he is at best only a guest * the
foreigner may not enjoy the right to vote,
torunforpublicoffice,toexploitnatural
resourcesortoengageincertainbusinesses
regardedasvitaltotheinterestsofthelocal state
*theforeignermustaccepttheinstitutionsof the local state * state is
not an insurerof the life or property of the alien, whe he is
within its territory *theforeignerisexpectedtotakethe customary
precautions for the protection of his
ownrightsandtoavailhimselfoftheusual remedies when these rights are
violated THE DOCTRINE OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY
*instanceswhenanaliencanclaimamore
favoredpositionthanthenationalofthelocal
stateandholdthestateliableforinjuries committed against him while
within its territory * a state may be held responsible for: a.
international deliquency b. directly or indirectly imputable to it
c. which causesinjuryto thenatonal of another state
*liabiltywillattachtothestatewhereits
treatmentofalienfallsbelowtheinternational
standardofjusticeorwgereitremissin
accordinghimtheprotectionorredressthatis warranted by the
circumstances *FUNCTION:assurethetravelerthatwhenhis rights are
violated in a foreign state, he will not be denied any remedy
simply because he is not one of its nationals
*encouragemoreintercourseamong
thepeoplesoftheworldthroughinter-visitation of their respective
countries THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD OF JUSTICE PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO
*Standardofthreasonablestate,thatis,as
referringtotheordinarynormsofofficial conduct observed in civilized
jurisdictions. *DOCTRINEOFEQUALITYOFTREATMENT
wherethelawsofstatefallbelowthe
internationalstandardofjustice,itisno
defensethattheyareapplicablenotinlyto
aliensbutaswell,andequally,tothenationals of that state. The
relations of that state with ots ownnationalsarepurelymunicipal;
international law is involved in its relations with the nationals
of other states.FAILURE OF PROTECTION OR REDRESS
*statemaybeheldliableifitdoesnotmake reasonable efforts to prevent
injury to the alien or,havingdonesounsuccesfully,failstorepair such
injury.* degree of diligence required
*responsibilitydoesnotimmediatelyattachto the state upon a showing
of a failure to prevent or redress an injury to aliens *
distinction must be made between direct and inirect state
responsibility a. wherethe imternational delinquency
wascommittedbysuperiorgovernment
officialsororgans,liabilitywillattach immediately as their acts may
not be effectively preventedorreversedundertheconstitution and laws
of the state b.wheretheoffenseiscommittedby
inferiorgovernmentofficialsor,moreso,by
privateindividuals,thestatewillbeheldliable
onlyif,byreasonofitsindifferencein preventing or pushing it, it can
be considered to have conived in effect in its commission
EXHAUSTION OF LOCAL REMEDIES
*theliabilityofthestateforaninternational delinquency, its
enforcemnet cannot be claimed by the injured foreigner unless, he
first exhausts all available local remedies for the protection or
vindication of his rights *statemustbegivenanopportunitytodo
justiceinitsownregularwayandwithout
unwarrantedinterferencewithitssovereignty by other states
*thisrequirementmaybedispensedwith,
however,iftherearenoremediestoexhaust,
aswherethelawsareintrinsicallydefectiveor
thereislaxityorarbitrarinessintheir enforcement or where the courts
are corrupt or wherethereisnoadeqautemachineryforthe administration
of justice *therewouldbeNOremedyavailablefrom
actsofstatewhicharenotsubjecttojudicial review RESORT TO DIPLOMATIC
PROTECTION *iftheinjuredforeignerhasexhaustedallthe
localremediesbutwithoutsuccess,hemay then avail himself of the
assistance of his states butonlyifhehasastate.Otherwise,hewill
havenopartytorepresenthim,andheby
himself,beingamereindividual,cannot institute his claim in his own
name.*anyinjurytoanalienisaviolationnotofhis own personal rght but
of the right of his state to hacve its nationals protected but of
the right of hisstatetohaveitsnationalsprotected whenever they are
in a foreign country*wheretheinjuredalienisstateless,hiscase
willbeoneofDANNUMABSQUEINJURIAand cannot be subject of diplomatic
protectionPUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR
|REAMICO *tieofnationalityrequiredtoexistfromthe
timeoftheinjuryuntilthetimethe
internationalclaimisfinallysettled.Oncethe
tieisbroken,theclaimitselfisdeemed
automaticallyabated.If,theinjurednational dieswhilethe
claimisunderconsiderationand it should happen that his hers are not
nationals of the claimant state, the claim will lapse ENFORCEMENT
OF CLAIM *aninternationalclaimfordamagesmaybe resolved through
negotiation or, if this fails, any of the other methods of settling
disputes*intheeventthattheresponsibilityofthe
stateisestablishedoracknowledged,theduty
tomakereaparationwillarise.Suchreparation
maytaketheformofRESTITUTIONor SATISFACTION or COMPENSATION.
AVOIDANCE OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY * to avoid the intervention of
the alien's state in contracts,thelocalstatesometimes
incorporatesthereinwhatisknownasthe CALVO CLAUSE
*CalvoClausestipulationbywhich
thealienwaivesorrestrictshisrighttoappeal
tohisownstateinconnectionwithanyclaim
arisingfromthecontractandagreestolimit
himselftotheremediesavailableunderthe laws of the local state.
*calvoclausemaybeenforcedasa lawfulconditionofthecontract.However,
may not be interpreted to deprive the alien's state of
therighttoprotectorvindicatehisinterestsin
casetheyareinjuredinanotherstateassuch
waivercanlegallybemadenotbyhimbutby his own state EXCLUSION OF
ALIENS *thestatemayalsoavoidliabilitytoaliensby
refusingtheiradmission,butthisisnot regarded as sound policy since
it would provoke retaliationinkindandultimatelyisolateits
nationalsfromtherestoftheinternational community
*DEPORTATION:theremovalofan alienoutofthecountry,simplybecausehis
presence is deemed inconsistent with the public
welfareandwithoutanypunishmentbeing
imposedorcontemplated,eitherunderthe
lawsofthecountryoutofwhichheissent,or under those of the country to
which he is taken * EXCLUSION: denial of entry to an alien
DEPORTATIONEXTRADITION Unilateralactifthe local state Effectedatthe
request of the state of origin Basedoncauses arisinginthelocal
state Basedonoffenses generallycommitted in the state of
originUndesirablealienmay bedeported toastate otherthanhisownor the
state of origin Callsforthereturnof thefugitivetothe state of
origin Basis of Extradition *The extradition of a person is
required onlyif thereisatreatybetweenthestateofrefuge and the state
of origin *intheabsenceofatreatylocalstatehas
everyrighttograntasylumtothefugitiveand to refuseto deliverhim
backto the latter state even if he is a national PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW (CRUZ) |2014 BETIA| MENOR |REAMICO Fundamental
Principles of Extradtition 1.extraditionisbasedontheconsentofthe
state of asylum 2.Principleofspecialtyafugitivewhois
extraditedmaybetriedonlyforthecrime
specifiedintherequestforextraditionand included in the list of
offenses in the extradition treaty 3. any person may be extradited
4. political and religious offenders are generally not subject to
extradition 5.intheabsenceofaspecialagreement,the
offensemusthavebeencommittedwithinthe
territoryoragainsttheinterestsofthe demanding state 6. Rule of
double criminality- the actfor which theextradition is sought must
be punishable in both the requestingand requested states Procedure
of Extradition *ifthesurrenderofafugitiveissought,a request for his
extradition is presented through diplomatic channels to the state
of refuge *thisrequestwillbeaccompaniedbythe
necessarypapersrelativetotheidentityofthe
wantedpersonandthecrimeheisallegedto
havecommittedorofwhichhehasalready been convicted
*uponreceiptofrequest,thestateofrefuge will conducta judicial
investigation to ascertain if the crime is covered by the
extradition treaty andifthereisaprimafaciecaseagainstthe fugitive
according to its own laws CHAPTER 17 SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL
DISPUTES *DISPUTEexistswhenonestateclaimsthat
anotherstateshouldhavebehaveinacertain manner and that claim is
rejected by the latter *actualdisagreementbetweenstates
regardingtheconducttobetakenbyoneof
themfortheprotectionorvindicationofthe interests of the other *
SITUATION initial stage of a dispute * Dispute is LEGAL involves a
justiciable rights based on law or fact susceptible of adjudication
by a judicial or arbitral tribunal.*Disputeis POLITICAL if it
cannotbedecided bylegalprocessesonthebasisofthe
substantiverulesofinternationallawbecause
thedifferencesofthepartiesspringfrom animosities in their mutual
attitudes rather than from an antagonism of legal rights
*thesolution tosuchadisputesliesnotinthe
councilsofthecourtsbutinthecorridorsof diplomacy Methods of
settling disputes *disputesarerequiredtobesettled, conformably to
one of the basic principle of the
UN,bypeacefulmeansinsuchamannerthat international peace and
security, and justice are not endangered Amicable Methods 1.
Negotiation generally the first step taken in the settlement of an
international dispute is the discussionundertakenbytheparties
themselvesoftheirrespectiveclaimsand PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
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counterclaimswithaviewtotheirjustand orderly adjustment.
*wherethetalksprosperand agreement is reached, it is usually
formalized in atreatyormoredirectlyeffectedthroughthe rectification
of the injury caused to the claimant state
2.Inquiryinvestigationofthepointsin question, on the theory that
their education will contributetothesolutionofthedifferences
between the parties. 3. Good Offices method by which a third party
attemptstobringthedisputingstatestogether in order to enable them
to discuss the issues in contention and arrive at an agreement
4.Mediationthirdpartydoesnotmerely
providetheopportunityfortheantagoniststo
negotiatebutalsoactivelyparticipatesintheir discussions in order to
reconcile their conflicting claims and appease their feelings of
resentment 5.Conciliationactiveparticipationofathird
partyintheattemptofthedisputantstosettle
theirconflict,andtherecommendationsmade by it are likewise not
binding. 6.Arbitrationsolutionofadisputebyan
impartialthirdparty,usuallyatribunalcreated
bythepartiesthemselvesunderacharter known as the COMPROMIS
7.JudicialSettlementthenatureofits
proceedingsandthebindingcharacterofthe
decisionsbutalsointhefactthatthedisputes submitted for adjudication
are legal rather than political ARBITRATIONJUDICIAL SETTLEMENT
Arbitraltribunalisan adhocbodycreated andfilledbythe
partiestothedispute themselves Judicialtribunalisa pre-existingand
permanent bodySubmissionto arbitration is voluntary Jurisdiction-
compulsary Arbitration proceedings - limited The law applied by the
tribunalinjudicial settlementis independentofthe will of the
parties * the jurisdiction of the court is not compulsory but
dependent on the agreement of the parties to submit to and be bound
by its decisions. Such consentmaybemanifestedinatreaty
containingwhatiscalledthecompromissary clause
8.ACTIONBYREGIONALORGANIZATIONS
resortedtobythepartiesattheirownvolition or taken by the body
itself at its own instance if allowed by agreement of the members
Hostile Methods 1. INTERVENTION 2.RETORSIONSretaliationwheretheacts
complainedofdonotconstitutealegalground
ofoffensebutareratherinthenatureof
unfriendlyactsbutindirectlyhurtfultoother states
3.REPRISALSactofself-helponthepartof
theinjuredstate,respondingafteran unsatisfieddemandtoactcontraryto
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internationallawonthepartoftheoffending
state*theyaimtoimposeontheoffending state reparation for the
offense or the return to legality in avoidance of new offenses
*Common forms of reprisals 1. display of force 2. occupation of
territory 3. pacific blockade The United Nations
*Unitednationsmaybeaskedormaydecide
onitsownauthoritytotakeahandinits settlement. * the security
councilshall have the jurisdiction to intervene in;
a.alldisputesaffectinginternational peace and
securityb.alldisputeswhich,havebeen submitted to it by the parties
for settlement * such disputes may be brought to it
by:a.thesecuritycouncil,onitsown motion b. the general assembly c.
any member of the united nations d. the secretary general e.