PICKFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . BARAGA TOWNSHIP SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . ONTONAGON AREA SCHOOLS . . . BARK RIVER HARRIS SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . CHATFIELD SCHOOL . . . COVERT PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . MARION PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . VESTABURG COMMUNITY SCHOOLS . . . ST. IGNACE CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . L'ANSE AREA SCHOOLS . . . FOREST AREA COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . POTTERVILLE PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . HENRY FORD ACADEMY . . . HANCOCK PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . GENESEE SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . INKSTER CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . BUENA VISTA SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . CESAR CHAVEZ ACADEMY . . . HOUGHTON-PORTAGE TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS . . . FULTON SCHOOLS . . . WESTWOOD HEIGHTS SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . ECORSE PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . BLOOMINGDALE PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . NEGAUNEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . RIVERSIDE ACADEMY . . . HARTFORD PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . HURON VALLEY SCHOOLS . . . TRAVERSE CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . WATERFORD SCHOOLS. . . TROY PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . FARMINGTON PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . CHIPPEWA VALLEY SCHOOLS. . . ROCHESTER COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . WALLED LAKE CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . WARREN CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS. . . ANN ARBOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. . . PLYMOUTH CANTON COMMUNITY SCHOOLS. . . LIVONIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS. . . UTICA COMMUNITY SCHOOLS . . . CONCORD ANTRIM ACADEMY . . . MARSHALL ACADEMY . . . AGBU ALEX & MARIE MANOOGIAN SCHOOL . . . WESTERN MICH ACADEMY OF ENVIRON. SCIENCE . . . BLISSFIELD COMMUNITY SCHOOLS . . . SPRINGPORT PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . MCBAIN AGRICULTURAL Why DOES Michigan have over 700 School Districts? Should it? Learning Team: Bob Balwinski, Bob Cipriano, Dan Hanrahan, Dan Schab, Joann Neuroth, Kathy Weller
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PICKFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS... BARAGA TOWNSHIP SCHOOL DISTRICT... ONTONAGON AREA SCHOOLS... BARK RIVER HARRIS SCHOOL DISTRICT... CHATFIELD SCHOOL... COVERT.
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PICKFORD PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . BARAGA TOWNSHIP SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . ONTONAGON AREA SCHOOLS . . . BARK RIVER HARRIS SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . CHATFIELD SCHOOL . . . COVERT PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . MARION PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . VESTABURG COMMUNITY SCHOOLS . . . ST. IGNACE CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . L'ANSE AREA SCHOOLS . . . FOREST AREA COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . POTTERVILLE PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . HENRY FORD ACADEMY . . . HANCOCK PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . GENESEE SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . INKSTER CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . BUENA VISTA SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . CESAR CHAVEZ ACADEMY . . . HOUGHTON-PORTAGE TOWNSHIP SCHOOLS . . . FULTON SCHOOLS . . . WESTWOOD HEIGHTS SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . ECORSE PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . BLOOMINGDALE PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . NEGAUNEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . RIVERSIDE ACADEMY . . . HARTFORD PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . HURON VALLEY SCHOOLS . . . TRAVERSE CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . WATERFORD SCHOOLS. . . TROY PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . FARMINGTON PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . CHIPPEWA VALLEY SCHOOLS. . . ROCHESTER COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . WALLED LAKE CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL DISTRICT. . . WARREN CONSOLIDATED SCHOOLS. . . ANN ARBOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. . . PLYMOUTH CANTON COMMUNITY SCHOOLS. . . LIVONIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS. . . UTICA COMMUNITY SCHOOLS . . . CONCORD ANTRIM ACADEMY . . . MARSHALL ACADEMY . . . AGBU ALEX & MARIE MANOOGIAN SCHOOL . . . WESTERN MICH ACADEMY OF ENVIRON. SCIENCE . . . BLISSFIELD COMMUNITY SCHOOLS . . . SPRINGPORT PUBLIC SCHOOLS . . . MCBAIN AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . TAHQUAMENON AREA SCHOOLS . . . MANISTIQUE AREA SCHOOLS . . . MAYVILLE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT . . . HOLTON PUBLIC
Why DOES Michigan have over 700 School Districts?
Should it?
Learning Team: Bob Balwinski, Bob Cipriano, Dan Hanrahan, Dan Schab, Joann Neuroth, Kathy Weller
The Challenge
Governor Granholm has asked the Education Policy Fellowship Program to prepare a recommendation as to whether her next four-year agenda should include a campaign to consolidate Michigan into fewer school districts.
We’ve all taken a week’s vacation to work on this high-paying consulting job. So let’s get started . . .
Our Research Program
• 1:15 Explore Michigan history• 1:30 Explore assumptions/make projections• 2:00 Analyze current financial/performance data• 2:20 Check public opinion data• 2:35 10 minute break--• 2:45 Look at a recent case study• 3:45 15 minute break• 4:00 Michigan Association of School Boards
How many districts now?
• 552 Local Districts
• 57 Intermediate Districts
• 225 Public School Academies (Charter Schools)
Historical Perspective
Year # of Districts # of Pupils
1880 6,352 362,196
1915 7,337 598,159
1950 4,918 1,043,566
1965 1,227 1,917,890
Number of Districts since 1840
Michigan Districts and Pupils Since 1840
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
18
40
18
50
18
60
18
70
18
80
18
90
18
95
19
00
19
05
19
10
19
12
19
15
19
20
19
25
19
30
19
35
19
40
19
45
19
50
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
# Districts
Avg Students/District
How did we get so many Districts?
• April 27, 1827 First Public School Law• Education is a Public Responsibility
• Legislative Council of Michigan Territory
• Began the Practice of Organizing Districts Within Township
• Townships with 50 or More Families Must Provide Schoolmaster
• No School Could be Larger than 9 Sections• Desire of Families to be Close to School House• Local Control
• Michigan Abhors Centralization
• No Plan (Educators v Local Citizens)
Why did The Number Decline?• Primary District/Secondary Districts• Union Schools – Formed by Two or More Graded Schools• 1917 Rural Agricultural School Act• 1944 Michigan Public Education Study Commission
– Suggested minimum Enrollment– Recommended a Reorganization Commission be Named in Each
County– Legislature Took No Action
• School District Reorganization Act of 1964• Each of 60 ISD’s Submit Reorganization Plan• Every District Would be Part of K-12 District• State Committees• Districts With Changing Boundaries Could Vote
How did the Reduction Occur?
• Consolidation
• Annexation
• Dissolution
Barriers to Further Reductions
• Consolidation Requires Vote of Both Districts• Annexation Requires Vote of Annexed District• Local Control• No Monetary Incentives
What might vary with # of Districts?
Michigan Districts and Pupils Since 1840
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1912
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
# Districts
Predict what might happen to:
• Student achievement
• % of overhead
• Local sense of ownership/engagement/pride
• Drop out rates
• Number/variety of course offerings
• Fund balances/fiscal stability
•
What does data say: Are there “Economies of Scale?”
• One definition of “Economies of Scale” suggests that larger districts can minimize non-instructional expenses relative to those directly involved in teaching and learning.
• The next slide shows how we divided Current Operating Expenses into those which should be maximized and those an “economy of scale” would hope to minimize.
Instruction Support
Basic Classroom
Added(includes Special Ed)
Adult Ed
Instructional Support
(includes counselors, therapists,
librarians etc)
Bus/Administration
Op/Maintenance
Transportation
Current Operating Expenses
Community Service
Capital Outlay
General Fund
School Finances: An Overview
Michigan Districts Sorted by Size
Traditional PSAs (04-05)
Metro DPS (152,199 students)
Top Quartile Utica (29,106)
to
Lakeview (2,383) n = 137
Second Quartile Hastings (3,281)
to
Swan Valley (1,714) n = 138
Detroit Academy of Arts and Sciences (2246) n = 1
Third Quartile Mason County (1,705)
to
Unionville (901) n=138
Academy of Oak Park (1470)
to
Star International (976) n= 7
Bottom Quartile Eau Claire (897)
to
Bois Blanc Pines (2) n=138
Plymouth Ed Center (887)
to
Outlook Academy (15) n = 182
Instruction (including support) as % of COE for Each Quartile
Traditional PSAs
Metro 67.1% Avg
Top Quartile 72.4%Highest: xxx% Lowest: xxx
Second Quartile 71.7%Highest: xxx% Lowest: xxx
56.2%
Third Quartile 71.2%Highest: xxx% Lowest: xxx
49.4%(55.8% w/out 2 CSAS schools at 37%)
Bottom Quartile 69.1%Highest: xxx% Lowest: xxx
55.2%
Does data suggest other definitions of “Economies of Scale”?
• We examined the most recent consolidation (Wakefield – Marenisco)
Wakefield Marenisco Combined 2003-2004
2003-04 2003-04 2003-04 Percent
Instruction 1,711,611 688,045 2,399,656 70
Non-instruction 596,290 427,939 1,024,229 30
Total 2,307,901 1,115,984 3,423,885
And after consolidation?
Wakefield-Maranesco 2004-200 Cost
2004-2005 Percent Reduction
Instruction 2,004,261 71 395,395
Non-instruction 836,699 29 187,560
Total 2,840,930 582,955
And how about student achievement? Does district size matter?
• We sorted first by SEV into wealth quartiles (to equalize comparisons)
• Then we arranged each quartile by SIZE• Within each quartile, we separated PSAs (their finances
are so different)• We compared % Instruction and MEAP scores in