Pick up: Protein Synthesis notepage DNA Coloring – Transcription & Translation Protein Synthesis wkst Agenda: 1.Protein Synthesis notes: Transcription.

Pick up:Protein Synthesis notepageDNA Coloring – Transcription & TranslationProtein Synthesis wkst

Agenda:1. Protein Synthesis notes: Transcription2. Coloring & Protein Synthesis wkst

Homework:1. DNA Extraction

Lab Applications Write-up – Thurs, 12/12

2. DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test – Fri, 12/13

Biology Fun Fact:There are thousands of different proteins within each organism, but they are built from only 22 amino acids. Amino acids are called “building blocks of life” & are constructed in the protein-building factory of the cell - the ribosome.

Week #9 (12/9-12/13)Warm Up – Mon, 12/9:- Review of DNA Base pairing (1, 7, 11 & 21)

Unit Learning Goal: I will understand the workings of DNA & RNA Replication & Protein Synthesis.

Applications- What are the applications or uses of DNA Extraction? Identify & explain at least 2 uses for this lab.- Research a case (study or scenario) in which DNA was used.

- MUST include a “Works Cited” page (last page of report) to cite your source!!!

-IF NO WORKS CITED, IT IS PLAGAIRISM = “0”!!!

This APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP is DUE Tues, 12/12 & falls into the Assignment Category of LABS/LAB REPORTS which is worth 30% of your overall grade!!!

L? – DNA Extraction Applications Write-up

DUE Thurs, 12/12

On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction #1. Complete questions #1, 7, 11 & 21.

Pg. 65 – DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation

DNA

RNA

Protein

Replication

Transcription

Translation

How DNA determines everything in our body?

Pg. 46 – How DNA Determines Everything! Concept Map

• A gene, is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.

• The protein coded for in each gene determines how a characteristic of an organism will develop…• Regulating cell processes,

• Constructing muscle & bone,

• Fighting diseases…

• & lots more!!!

Pg. 49 – “Protein Synthesis notes”

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

So, how does DNA’s message travel out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm of the cell, where the message gets expressed as a protein? This process is known as:



RNA!!!Ribose Nucleic AcidSimilar to DNA but:

Smaller & single-stranded Sugar = ribose (not

deoxyribose) Contains all the same

bases except Thymine Replaced with Uracil RNA has G, C, A, U


Used in Protein Synthesis:• mRNA (messenger RNA)• rRNA (ribosomal RNA)• tRNA (transfer RNA)

Now that we know about DNA & RNA, we can learn Protein Synthesis!!!

Protein Synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA.

It has 2 parts: Transcription & Translation


Transcription video (5:30)

Analogy: Imagine that you have a large, old &

valuable cookbook that's been in the family for generations.

Obviously, you don't want to get it soiled with tomato sauce & olive oil, so when you want to make use of a recipe you might copy a page by hand onto a piece of paper to use at stove-side.

The process of transcription is like making a handwritten copy of a page from the original text for actual use.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3b9ArupXZg

Analogy: In this analogy, the cookbook is the DNA. It carries many recipes (for DNA, the recipes contain

information on how to construct proteins; the recipes are the genes).

The handwritten copy is a transcription of the text (a copy in the same language but in a different form) that is being used for a specific recipe (a certain protein).

It is possible to make many copies of a single recipe (it is possible to transcribe many copies of the gene).

It is possible to copy more than one recipe -- for example, for a vegetable side dish & dessert, as well as the main dish -- in preparing a meal.


•What does it mean to “transcribe” something?•The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA blueprint.•This occurs in the nucleus, then the mRNA travels out of the nucleus.



Visualizing Transcription!


Get in to your lab groups & use colored pencils of the following colors: Orange, dark green, purple, yellow, brown,

dark blue, light blue & gray

Read through the information about “Transcription” & follow the directions to color-code the picture on back properly!!!

Have out:Protein Synthesis notepageDNA Coloring – T & T wkstProtein Synthesis wkst

Agenda:1. Protein Synthesis notes: Translation2. Coloring activity & PS wkst

Homework:1. DNA Extraction

Lab Applications Write-up – Thurs, 12/12


Biology Fun Fact:Of the 22 amino acids, 8 are called “essential amino acids”. These cannot be synthesized by the human body; we get them from the food we eat. This is why a balanced diet is SO important!

Week #9 (12/9-12/13)Warm Up – Tues, 12/10:- Review of Transcription (T & T wkst)


Applications- What are the applications or uses of DNA Extraction? Identify & explain at least 2 uses for this lab.- Research a case (study or scenario) in which DNA was used.

- MUST include a “Works Cited” page (last page of report) to cite your source!!!

-IF NO WORKS CITED, IT IS PLAGAIRISM = “0”!!!

This APPLICATIONS WRITE-UP is DUE Tues, 12/12 & falls into the Assignment Category of LABS/LAB REPORTS which is worth 30% of your overall grade!!!

L? – DNA Extraction Applications Write-up

DUE Thurs, 12/12

Using your notes on Transcription of mRNA & your color-coded wkst, answer questions #1, 2 & 6 at the bottom of the DNA Coloring: Transcription & Translation wkst.

On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction #2. Complete questions #2, 5, 8, 12 & 22.


Translation video (after 5:30) In translation, the information contained the

sequence of nucleotides is transformed into a sequence of amino acids (building blocks of proteins).

When you are just beginning to learn a foreign language & you need to translate a word or phrase from English, you need a dictionary.

Organisms carry around a dictionary that they use when translating RNA sequences into protein sequences. This dictionary exists in the

form of a series of molecules called tRNA's.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3b9ArupXZg

oThe information in the mRNA is translated by a ribosome (made of rRNA), who “reads” it.o Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off (“transfer”) an amino acid (building blocks of proteins).oA chain of amino acids (“polypeptide”) then exits the ribosome & folds into a protein.


CODON: 3 consecutive nucleotides in mRNA. Each codon codes for

a single amino acid

ANTICODON: 3 consecutive nucleotides in tRNA that pair to a codon.



How do you use (read) the Codon Table? Example: tRNA anticodon = UCA

What is the 1st base? 2nd base?3rd base?

What amino acid did “UCA” anticodon code for?

Amino Acids

How does tRNA know when to begin & end “translating” amino acids?

Start Codon: Tells the tRNA to start translating the mRNA

AUG (mRNA) – methionine (Met) or start codon

Stop Codon: Tells the tRNA to stop translating the mRNA

UAA, UAG or AGA (tRNA) – stop codons


Per. 6 start, Fri

Protein Synthesis



Get in to your lab groups & use colored pencils of the following colors: Orange, dark green, purple, yellow, brown,

light green & red

Read through the information about “Translation” & follow the directions to color-code the picture on back properly!!!

Turn in:DNA Extraction Lab Applications Write-upHave out:DNA Coloring: T & T wkst Protein Synthesis wkstPick up:Codon Table

Agenda:1. Protein Synthesis notes: Making

Proteins2. What happens when T & T goes wrong3. Practice Test: Protein Synthesis Quiz

Homework:1. AIMS Review (Pg. 5

– Protein Synthesis) – Fri, 12/13


Biology Fun Fact:Proteins are one of the important constituents of the red blood cells, hemoglobin (which comes from heme meaning iron & globin meaning proteins). About 97% of the dry content of RBCs is made of proteins.

Week #9 (12/9-12/13)Warm Up – Thurs, 12/12:- Review of Translation (3, 4, 5, 7 & 8)



Glue your Codon Table in to Pg. 66.

DNA Coloring: T & T:Now answer questions #3, 4, 5, 7 & 8 at the bottom.

Amino Acids

On the Protein Synthesis wkst, read direction #3. Complete questions #3, 9, 13 &

23. Let’s discuss correct answers!

Now, read direction #4. Complete questions #4, 10, 14 &

24. Let’s discuss correct answers!

Finally, read direction #5. Complete questions #6 & 15-20. Let’s discuss correct answers!

Pg. 66 – Protein Synthesis wkst & Codon Table


Easy as 1,2,3,4 & 5!1. A section of DNA opens

2. Free-floating nucleotides connect up to 1 side of the DNA making mRNA. (Transcription)

3. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm.

4. A ribosome “reads” the mRNA & pairs the base pairs of mRNA with the base pairs of tRNA, which drop off amino acids to make a chain. (Translation)

5. The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome & folds up = PROTEIN!

•Proteins are made of 20 different amino acids.•The sequence of amino acids varies between each protein & tells it how to fold, giving the protein its shape.


DNA

RNA

Protein

Replication

Transcription

Translation

How DNA determines everything in our body?

Pg. 46 – How DNA Determines Everything! Concept Map


TACGCTTTACAGATT

DNA

Make a protein…


TACGCTTTACAGATT

DNA

AUGCGAAAUGUCUAA

mRNAUAC

GCUUUA

CAGAUU

Met

ValArg

AsnSTOP

tRNAFOLD

PROTEIN!


From the DNA, determine your mRNA “recipe.”

From the mRNA, determine your tRNA “recipe.”

Finally, from the tRNA, use your Codon Table to determine the order of your polypeptide chain of amino acids (folded up = protein)!

When finished, raise your hand for a SOC!

MUTATION (an error in DNA) can occur with just a single base pair change. Base Substitution: when a

base pair is substituted/ replaced by a base pair in error.

If it occurs in a specific location, for instance, in the CFTR gene, it will cause cystic fibrosis.

Base Deletions & Insertions: when base pairs are deleted/removed or inserted/added from the gene


MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION. USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE

DNA POLYMERASE (proof-reader or “spell check”) & FIXED BY THE REPAIR ENZYMES.

MUTAGENS - An environmental factor that damages DNA Are most likely to blame

for mutations (cancers) EX: ultraviolet (UV) rays &

chemicals in cigarette smoke


PEOPLE WITH DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR ENZYMESPEOPLE WITH DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR ENZYMES

DNA contains the instructions for making an organism, including YOU!!!!

Your DNA determines how you look, what blood type you have, even your tendency to get some diseases.

Each chromosome contains a strand of DNA

Almost every cell in your body contains the same DNA & same genes.

Each pair needs to pick up a red, blue, yellow & green colored pencil.

Re-read through each Unit Objective

If you are SUPER DUPER CONFIDENT & CAN APPLY/ EXPLAIN AN EXAMPLE for that objective, put a blue SMILEY FACE in that square.

If you are CONFIDENT that you know/can do that objective, put a green CHECK MARK in that square. GO! ‘cause you KNOW!

If you HAVE HEARD OF/KIND OF KNOWHAVE HEARD OF/KIND OF KNOW that objective, put a yellow yellow STARSTAR in that square. HAULT or WAIT…not sureHAULT or WAIT…not sure!

If you HAVE NEVER HEARD OF/DO NOT KNOW that objective, put a red QUESTION MARK in that square. STOP! I have no idea!

S8 – “DNA Replication Pre-Test”

The End

Have out:AIMS Packet (Pg. 5 for a SOC)

Agenda:1. DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test2. Grade/Attendance Report to determine

whether you have to take FE or not

Homework:1. Study for Final

Exam – Tues, 12/17 (Per. 1, 3, 5) & Wed, 12/18 (Per. 2, 4, 6)

Biology Fun Fact:When the body is deprived of glucose, it starts using the stored fats & proteins as energy source. Excess catabolism of proteins is harmful as it can weaken the immune system & break down tissues, such as muscle.

Week #9 (12/9-12/13)Warm Up – Fri, 12/13:- Bigfoot DNA News


http://www.foxnews.com/science/2012/11/27/bigfoot-is-part-human-dna-study-claims/

You may use your AIMS Review packet as a resource while you test!

NO TALKING! Read questions CAREFULLY! When finished, turn your test in to the

Hmwk Bin & pick up your Final Exam GRADE & ATTENDANCE REPORT.

T? – “DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis Test”

Protein Synthesis Activity

PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-Uses bacteria to produce medicines & enzymes for food production.-Chymosin (used to make cheese)-Insulin-Vaccines-Identifies new potential medicines

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-Introduces new traits into plants to bring about a specific benefit. -growing plants with more nutrients -plants being more resistant to pests -grow more food on less land -grow more nutritious food

TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT-fewer chemical applications-reduced killing of beneficial

insects-less need to add fertilizers-reduced chemical runoff in lakes & streams.-decreased soil erosion

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-Oil eating bacteria-Biodegradable plastic-Silk-Vitamins

DNA FINGERPRINTING-No, not like an actual finger print.-It identifies you better than a

fingerprint

WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR DNA.

YOUR GAMETES (only have half) AND MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS (don’t have any).

Pick up: Protein Synthesis notepage DNA Coloring – Transcription & Translation Protein Synthesis wkst Agenda: 1.Protein Synthesis notes: Transcription.

Documents