PIC MICROCONTROLLER 1
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PIC MICROCONTROLLER
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Overview
• Microcontroller and Architecture Basics• Variants among families• ISA• Programming overview • Hardware interface/Developmental boards
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Description
• PIC – “Peripheral Interface Controller”• Made by Microchip Technology• Most popular by industry developers and
hobbyists– Low cost (cents to dollars)– Availability– Extensive application notes– Serial programming
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vhttp://www.microchip.com/stellent/images/mchpsiteimages/en537986.jpg
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8-bit Core Architecture• Harvard (separate code
and data space)• RISC• One accumulator
– W Register• Small addressable data
space (256 bytes)– Banking
• RAM– PC, special purpose
registers
http://www.microchip.com/_images/BaselineArch_large.jpg
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Advantages & Limitations to 8-bit Architecture
• Small ISA to learn• Built in oscillator with selectable speeds• Development made easy• Inexpensive• Device variants• Wide range of interfaces (I2C, SPI, etc.)
• One accumulator• Bank switching• Hardware call stack unaddressable (no multi-tasking)
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16-bit and 32-bit Architecture
• More working registers• No bank switching• Assignable interrupt vector table• More flash memory• Cache (32-bit architecture)
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http://www.microchip.com/TechDoc.aspx?type=appnotes
Application Notes• Very extensive
– 16758 items• Description of
documentation• PDF documenation• Source code
http://www.microchip.com/TechDoc.aspx?type=appnotes
8-bit architecture
Baseline Architecture
Mid-Range Architecture
Enhanced Mid-Range Architecture
PIC18 Architecture
Pin Count 6-40 8-64 8-64 18-100
Interrupts No Single interrupt capability
Single interrupt capability with hardware context save
Multiple interrupt capability with hardware context save
Performance 5 MIPS 5 MIPS 8 MIPS Up to 16 MIPS
Instructions 33, 12-bit 35, 14-bit 49, 14-bit 83, 16-bit
Program Memory
Up to 3 KB Up to 14 KB Up to 28 KB Up to 128 KB
Data Memory Up to 138 Bytes Up to 368 Bytes Up to 1.5 KB Up to 4 KB
Features • Comparator• 8-bit ADC• Data Memory• Internal
Oscillator
In addition to Baseline:• SPI/I²C™• UART• PWMs• LCD• 10-bit ADC• Op Amp
In addition toMid-Range:• Multiple
Communication Peripherals
• Linear Programming Space
• PWMs with Independent Time Base
In addition toEnhanced Mid-Range:• 8x8 Hardware Multiplier• CAN• CTMU• USB• Ethernet• 12-bit ADC
Families PIC10, PIC12, PIC16 PIC12, PIC16 PIC12FXXX, PIC16F1XX PIC18
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented InstructionsBCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if clear. Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if set. Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if clear. f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Data Transfer Instructions
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
PIC1
6 IS
A
PIC16 ISA:35 Instructions, 14-bit
W: Working register(Accumulator)
Registers: Memory locations
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented InstructionsBCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if clear. Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if set. Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if clear. f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Arithmetic-logic Instructions (partial)ADDLW k Add W and
constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
SUBLW, SUBWFANDLW, ANDWFIORLW, IORWFXORLW, XORWF
PIC1
6 IS
A
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented InstructionsBCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if clear. Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if set. Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if clear. f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,bTest bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if clear.
Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,bTest bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if set.
Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,dDecrement f. Skip the following instruction if clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,dIncrement f. Skip the following instruction if set.
f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt
TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
PIC1
6 IS
A
INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION
Data Transfer Instructions
MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w
MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f
MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)
Arithmetic-logic Instructions
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W
ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d
SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d
ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W
IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d
XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W
XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f
RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit
COMF f,d Complement f f -> d
Bit-oriented InstructionsBCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions
BTFSC f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if clear. Skip if f(b) = 0
BTFSS f,b Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if set. Skip if f(b) = 1
DECFSZ f,d Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if clear. f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC
RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC
RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC
RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
Other instructions
NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PDPI
C16
ISA
Bit-oriented InstructionsBCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Set bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Other instructionsNOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 ->
GIE
CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer
0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD
SLEEP Go into sleep mode
0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD
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PIC 16F887 layoutAnalog I/O
UART
I2C
PORTA
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-world-of-microcontrollers/
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Programming a PIC
• Microchip provides the free MPLAB:– Assembler and linker– Application development– Hardware emulation– Debugging– C or assembly compatible
• Compiler – Can be C-based or Basic– A free one is the CCS C Compiler for PIC12/24/26/18 (not
compatible with all PICS) or the HI-TECH PICC-Lit
http://www.microchip.com/pagehandler/en-us/family/mplabx/
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Programming Tools• Basic based environments
are available, but don’t offer the functionality of C
• Third party IDE’s might be preferred due to an enhanced software library or debugging tools
http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1406&dDocName=en019469&part=SW007002
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Device Programmer• Need device to store machine code
into PIC’s memory (EEPROM or Flash)• Can be external device, but ICSP is
easier:– Don’t have to remove chip from its
circuit– Provides interface between computer
(USB) and PIC– Specific to circuit (due to interconnect
scheme and surrounding circuit)– Communication protocol requires 5
signalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
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Device Programmer
Five Signals:• Vpp (programming voltage)• Vdd (power)• Vss (ground)• IC SPCLK (clock)• IC SPDAT (data)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
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Necessary Connections (PIC16F877A)
• PIC can be bread-boarded, with the following important connections:– Power– Ground– Reset signal– Crystal (oscillator)
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-world-of-microcontrollers/
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Development Boards• Prepackaged boards come with a multitude of
peripherals for development and debugging:– Programmer– User I/O: buttons, port pinouts, LED’s– Displays: LCD and seven segment– Power– Serial connection interface
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Easy PIC v7 from MikroElectronika
PIC
Programmer
Power Supply
USB Port
Port PinoutsLEDs and buttons
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-world-of-microcontrollers/
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Additional Peripherals
Touch Screen
ADC converter
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Questions?
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References• http://www.microchip.com/• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller• http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/10/chapter-9
-instruction-set/• http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-
book-chapter-1-world-of-microcontrollers/• http://www.slideshare.net/element14/microchips-16bit-a
nd-32bit-pic-mcus-7267006• http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html• http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-
book-chapter-1-world-of-microcontrollers/• http://www.slideshare.net/element14/microchips-16bit-a
nd-32bit-pic-mcus-7267006• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller• http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html
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