-
1
- -
. :
)l(O2H 4 +)qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + e 5 + )qa( 4OnM
)l(O2H 7 + )qa(+ 3rC 2 = )qa(+H 41 + e 6 + )qa( 27O2rC
. :
: ( nZ) e 2 + +2 nZ = nZ
( +2eF) e + +3eF = +2eF
/ d xOeR /: /
.(ruetcudR) d eR (tnadyxO) xO :
)qa( 4OnM /)qa(+2nM
)qa( 2I / )qa(I )qa(-23O2S / )qa(-26O4S )qa(-24OS /
)qa(-28O2S
)qa(+2eF / )qa(+3eF )s(eF / )qa(+2eF
)s(nZ / )qa(+2nZ )s(lA / )qa(+3lA
)l(O2H / )qa(2O2H )qa(2O2H / )g(2O
xO deR e n + = : d xOeR /
)qa( 4OnM /)qa(+2nM :
: 1
4OnM )qa( = )qa( +2nM
10
narO lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
-
2
: ( O2H) 2 )l(O2H 4 + )qa(+2nM = )qa(40nM
: ( +H) - 3 )l(O2H 4 + )qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + )qa(4OnM
4OnM - 4
.
.
: )l(O2H 4 + )qa(+2nM = e 5 + )qa( +H 8 + )qa(4OnM
.d xOeR /
. ( ) : .d xOeR /
K +K (4OnM,+K) )
.(
+K
.
+2nM :
. :
2OnM 4OnM .
.2OnM / 4OnM
.
...... . K / +K +2nM / 4OnM
.
. (0) .
.
-
3
0 )( F2 / F F2 + 2 e = 2 F + 2,87
S2O82 / SO42 S2O82 + 2 e = 2 SO42 + 2,10
H2O2 / H2O H2O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = 2 H2O + 1,77
ClO /Cl ClO + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = Cl + H2O + 1,71
MnO4 / Mn2+ MnO4 + 8 H+ (aq) + 5 e = Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 1,49
Au3+ / Au Au3+ + 3 e = Au + 1,42
Cl2 / Cl Cl2 + 2 e = 2 Cl + 1,36
Cr2O72 / Cr3+ Cr2O72 + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +
1,33
O2 / H2O O2 + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e = 2 H2O + 1,23
Br2 / Br Br2 + 2 e = 2 Br + 1,07
NO3 / NO NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e = NO + 2 H2O + 0,96
Hg2+ / Hg Hg2+ + 2 e = Hg + 0,85
Ag+ / Ag Ag+ + e = Ag + 0,80
Fe3+ / Fe2+ Fe3+ + e = Fe2+ + 0,77
O2 / H2O2 O2 + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = H2O2 + 0,68
I2 / I I2 + 2 e = 2 I + 053
Cu2+ / Cu Cu2+ + 2 e = Cu + 0,34
Cu2+ / Cu+ Cu2+ + e = Cu+ + 0,15
SO42 / SO2 SO42 + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e = SO2 + 2 H2O + 0,15
S4O62 / S2O32 S4O62 + 2 e = 2 S2O32 + 0,09
H+ / H2 2 H+(aq) + 2 e = H2 0,00
Fe2+ / Fe Fe2+ + 2 e = Fe 0,44
Cr3+ / Cr Cr3+ + 3 e = Cr 0,74
Zn2+ / Zn Zn2+ + 2 e = Zn 0,76
Al3+ / Al Al3+ + 3 e = Al 1,67
Mg2+ / Mg Mg2+ + 2 e = Mg 2,37
Li+ / Li Li+ + e = Li 3,04
K+ / K K+ + e = K 3,17
-
4
: :
K / +K +2nM / 4OnM
V 71,3 = )K / +K( 0 V 94,1 + = )+2nM / 4OnM( 0 . +K 4OnM
.
: () 24OS / 28O2S +2eF / +3eF
V 01,2 + = )24OS / 28O2S( 0 V77,0 + = )+2eF / +3eF( 0 . 24OS
+2eF
. 24OS (24OS,+2eF )( )
:
)l(O2H 4 +)qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + e 5 + )qa( 4OnM :
e + +3eF = +2eF
5
: ( ) 5 )l(O2H 4 + )qa( +3eF 5 +)qa(+2nM = )qa(+H 8 + )qa(+2eF 5
+ )qa( 4OnM
:
deR n xOe 1 1 1 = +
ne xO deR 2 2 2 + =
: n1 n2
.
+ = +ndeR n n xOxO deR n 12 21 12 21
-
5
- - 1
( )
.
.
- 2
... >>
-
6
. :
. (s 1,0 )
1 ( 3ON , +gA) ( lC)
( 1 )
lCgA = lC + +gA :
2 ( )qa(HOaN) ( )qa(lCH)
+O3H + HO = O2H 2:
2 ( )
.
: .
.
:
:
3 .
. .
.
. ( )
( . ) ( )
. .
reitaH
lC +gA . 1
.
-
7
- 3 (x) 1 - 3
: ( . 2O) ( eF) 3 )S( 4O3eF = )g( 2O 2 + )S(eF
. xm) ( lom) ( ( x ) lm 005 g 3
.(=L4,22 VM) 3 4O3eF = 2O 2 + eF
(0 = t) n) eF ( n) O (2 0 0 (t) n) eF (x3 n) O (2 x2 x x
n) eF (xm 3 n) O (2 xm 2 xm xm
2 3 x .
. x . . lom / g 65 = )eF(M
lom 201 x 63,5 = 3
65 n) eF ( =
lom 201 x 32,2 = 5 0
4 22,,
n) O (2 = 2-
3 3lom 01 87,1 = = = x 0 = x 3 - )eF(n01 63,5 )eF(n2-
2-
2- 22
2 2lom 01 11,1 = = = x 0 = x 2 - ) O(n01 32,2 ) O(n
. 2 01 x 11,1 lom x . =lom , xm01 11 12
-
8
:
eF 2O 4O3eF
xm
lom ,01 11 12
x O nm 2 2) ( 2 01 x 11,1 2 2 01 32,2
0
x eF nm 3 ) ( 2 01 x 11,1 3 201 63,5 =
lom 2 01 30,2 =
(2 ) )x(f =n
.
.xm = 2 01 11,1 lom n) eF (xm 3 0 = n) eF (
n) eF ( 2 01 33,3 = 2 01 11,1 3 = lom )eF(n )eF(M = )eF(m g 68,1
= 2 01 x 33,3 65 =
eF
2O
4O3eF
)lom( n
2 01 3 01 x 5 x)lom( xm
01 x 5 2
2 -
-
1
( )
.
.
: (R) (G) mhO R snemeiS G U R= = GI 1
tloV erpmA ( U) ( I)
: ) . ( U) ( I)
.(
. ( ) ( G)
: L = KS: K 1 m.S K = G: m) ( K ( .m) : L ( 2m) : S
)C(f = G l/lom 012- l/lom 013- .
:
( . qalC , qa+K) ( S)
( 0S) 2-
: 3S 2S 1S =l/lom 01 C0 l/lom 01 = C3- 3 l/lom =01 2 C23- l/lom
01 = C3- 5 1
:
tloV 1 = U
:
S 3S 2S 1S 0S
1 2 5 01 )L/lomm( C
19,0 51,0 82,0 07,0 13,1 )Am( I
tloV 2 = 'U 1
10
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
-
2
)C(f = G 2 ( .S) 3
01 ( S) - 4
( S)
- 1
.
R
.I =RU
: - 2 G C . U = GI
1 2 5 01 )L/lomm( C
51,0 82,0 07,0 13,1 )Sm( G
(3 ))C(f = G
- 3
( S)
S19,0 = G
:
l/lomm8,6 = C
4
l/lomm86 = 01 8,6 = 'C l/lom 2 01
.
)Sm( G
)l/lomm( C
5,0
0,1
01 5 1
19,0
8,63-
-
3
( ) .
: ( . By , Ax-x +y) B Ay x
.(1-lom.2m.S) B-x A+y -x B + Ay
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 1 . 2 2
. lC +O3H :
.
.V lom 0n 2 2 : t
- +] [ ] [ 3
- (1) lC O H3+ =)t(+lC O H
)qa( lC + )qa( +O3H + )qa(HO-R = )l(O2H 2 + )qa(lC-R
(lom)
0 n0 0 0 0 )t(x )t(x - n0 )t(x )t(x )t(x
n x=0 xam 0= x - nxam 0 xxam xxam xxam
.R 9H4C :
+ - : +O3H lC )t(x t O H lC3
n = n =)t(x
V O H3+O H3+ ] [ n
V lC-lC- ] [ =n
: ( 1) . =
lC C
3HC3HC
3HC
HO C 2HO
3HC3HC
3HC
3HO+
+lC)qa()l(
+ +)qa( )qa(
2=
x yx y
B A + = + +B A
-
4
3- +- +
3
lC O H =lC O H
n n V V+ )t(
+ =)t()t(xVlC O H3- +) (
: V =+ KlC O H3- +) ( (2) )t(x =)t(K.
:
. 2 2 n = )t(x0
lanif nK = )t(0 : lanif 0
n = K
: (2)
( 5 ) f n0 .
x
0 006 005 004 003 002 001
5,0
0,1
5,1
0,2
5,2
0,3
)lomm(x
)s(t
lomm3 = n0 . 5
0) ( ) (f
=t t xn
. 4 -
sadroB
-
5
- 2
.
:
( )qa( I , )qa(+K) 2I
, +O S aN28 22) ( (muidos ed etaflusidoxoreP) 28O2S/ -24OS I /
2I : deR /xO
( V V VT+ =2 1 ) V2 V1 :
e I I2 22 + =
OS e O S2 24 8 22 2 = +
:
)qa( 24OS 2 + )qa(2I = )qa( 28O2S + )qa( I 2
(6 )
:
( t) V ( . )
.
( 2 )qa( 23O2S , )qa(+aN) ( muidos ed etaflusoihT)
( .C)
2t > 3t 1t > 2t 1t 3t 2t 1t . 6
. )qa( 2I 2I ( 3I)
: ( I) (exelpmoC) ( I) . . 3I = I + 2I
: )qa( 24OS 2 + )qa(3I = )qa( 28O2S + )qa( I 3
( 2I) elom 1 selom 2 I selom 3 . elom 1
2I (3I) (3I) .3I 2I
-
6
( nodima'd siopmE)
.
EV
(ecnelaviuqE V)
. ( endoihT)
: !
. > :
:
(etanoihtartT 26O4S . ) 26O4S/ 23O2S I / 2I : dR/xO
:
I 2 = e 2 + 2I
2 = 23O2S e 2 + 26O4S :
I 2 + 26O4S = 23O2S 2 + 2I
:
26O4S + )qa( I 2 = )qa(2I + )qa( 23O2S 2
(lom)
0 E ) 2 3O2S( n )2I(n 0 0
xxam 0 = xxam 2 E ) 2 3O2S( n 0 = xxam - )2I(n xxam 2 xxam
( . 23O2S)
:
( fitoM) ( ermyloP)
. .
.
.
:
Lm 009 Lm 001 g 5 %5
. ( . )
.% 01 g01 g1,0 %1
( .eru'L)
-
7
)1( 0 = xxam 2 E ) 2 3O2S( n
)2( 0 = xxam - )2I(n
3 2 2-2: ( 2) xxam ( 1) ) O S(n = ) I(12
.n
nVC , = ) I('E 2 5 0: EV C = ) 23O2S(n
E T =21 2) ( ( ) V VC I nVV
:( )
24OS 2 + )qa(2I = )qa( 28O2S + )qa( I 2
(lom)
0 0) I( n 0) 28O2S(n 0 0
)t(x x)t( 2 0 )I( n x)t( 0) 28O2S(n x)t( x)t( 2
1 ) ( )t( x)t(2
VVC t xVE T = VE
( 7 ))t(f = x
3 - 1 3
.
: . 2t 2n 1t 1n
01,0
51,0
52,0
05 04 03 02 01)nm( t
)lomm(x
50,0
02,0
03,0
[t x) ( ] . 7
-
8
2t 1t
. 8
( v) 1t 2t
. n
( . t) (C) 9 - )t(f = n T
T
DB DA
. 9 . = v
.h / lom t lom n
- 2 3
n1 t1
: n2 t2
. ) ( :
( . )
. ) ( n : - 3 3
+ A D + C = B : : n V
A td V vnd AA = 1
B td V vnd BB = 1
CC 1 vnd
td V C =
D td V vnd DD = 1
1 2m
1 2
= = vn n - nt t - t
= vndtd
t
n
2t 1t
1n
2n
8 -
t
n
t
T
A
B
C D
9 -
=1 2
m1 2
- = vn n - n t t - t
= vndtd
n
t t2 t1
n1
n2
-
9
: V vV dn) (td
C = n =V
:
- 4 3
: t = = = n n nnD B AC: t
n n nnD B AC1 1 1 1t t t t
t = = = nt
ndtd
:
.
. lo-2-naporP lom 5,0 0 = t :
.=)t( f nedica + = + O H H C OOC HC HO H C HOOC HC2 7 3 3 7 3
3:
. ( 7H3C-OOC-3HC) h 5,2 = t
. ( 6 )
:
=h , tP5 2 P
. tP KHMK
- = a
edicaedica
330,0 2,06
h/lom ) -(- = - = vndtd
= :
1 = = = = h/lom330,0 = vretse
- 5 3
.t =t f x) ( td - 6 3
.
vxd = td
vdCtd
=
= = =v v vvD B AC
)lom( edican
)h( t
5,0
4,0
2,0
3,0
1,0
7 5 6 4 3 2 1
H
M K
P
vxd =1 td V
-
01
. V
xd td
h. L . lom1- -1 L V h / lom
:
: t
( C) )t(f = x
DB t DA
= xdtd
( .V) ( 01 )
. -
xxam )t(f = x -
. xlanif
( :t2 /1) - 4
. xxam
: .
:)t(f = x
xxam
(11 . )
1
2 = xx)ht(xam
. x)ht(xam 2
=t f y) ( : y . t/2 1 2 y
x -
- - - -
t
x
t
A
B
C D
01 -
xxam
xam 2/ 11 x = ) t(x2
t
x
2xxam
11 -
xxam
t2 / 1
= = = = vv v vvD B AC
-
11
- 5 .
: - ( )
.t2 / 1
.
. 3 > 2 > 1 .21 t2 / 1
1 . 2
. 2 .
.
: - . 0 = t
.( = t0 ) :
. ( 2O2H) ( I)
)l( O2H 2 + )qa( 2I = )qa( +H 2 + )qa( I 2 + )qa( 2O2H
:
=L / lom , O H2 0 2 2] [ V ( 1) =L / lom , O H4 0 2 2] [ V (
2)
: - .
. :
.
+OS , eF3 242 3) (
''t2 / 1 't2 / 1 t2 / 1 t
x
1
3 2
21 -
't2 / 1 t2 / 1 t
x
31 -
(1)
(2)
-
21
. + eF3) ( .
. :
( )
.
21 + HO5H2C OHC3HC uC 2O
. . + =O O H O H2 22 2 2 2 .
.
...( )
: - 5 . V 2 V
)l( O2H 2 = )g( 2O + )g( 2H 2 :
. ( ) 2H 2O
.
2H 2O
.
H-H O=O ( )
. -O-H
: - 1 5 . 2O 2H
.
.
:
( )
.
-
31
: 2 5 0001 (
!! .
.( )
!! ... ( ) 01
( .
:
.
4 ( d nU)
. ( + )
.( )
.
+ = +
-
1
. X ZA .
( rgeS)
.
.
. .)t( f = N yddoS
.
.
.
. .
:
. . + XY ZAZ-2 A- 424eH ( : 24eH ) - . + + ZAXY Z1A-10e : -
.
. + ZAXY Z1A10e : + - .
( ) : - ZA*ZA XY + . ( )
( ) *
20
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
:
-
2
. = t N N: t t )t(N 0 = t 0N =e N Nt 0 t e 0N = N
N AN A t
= =
qB ( lereuqceB)
( ) .1s .
( )
= . 1
=. 2
12nl
t/
.1 a = f(x)ax = f(x)ex ..817,2 = e e = a
= ' f(x)bexb b = f(x)exb : x
x0 mil + = e
x
x mil - = e
.1 a x gol =)x(fa xnl =)x(f: e = a
:
b nl + a nl = )b a( nl nl=0 1
b = e nl b = be nl nlnl nl = bb a a nl= e1
gol nl
-
3
- 1
( .A ( snolcun)
A A ( ) : Z X XZ
Z A = N
: 32
11 . 21 11 aN
. A Z : (
lC 7173 lC 7163 lC 7153 : .O881 O871 O861 :
e +10 e10 n01 p 11 13 - 01 1,9 13 - 01 1,9 72 01 576,1 72 01
376,1 (gk )
91 01 206,1 91 01 206,1 0 91 01 206,1 (C)
01 111: + e n p 0
+ e p n 1 1 010 1 :
(
. R = RrA 03: =y x3 =x y3 x : x 3
mf 3,1 0r . 0r ( .m 51 01 = imref 1. ) imreF
13 3237 R,,mf : 1132aN : == 3
2
. + : . : :
. 06 053
-
4
( :
4 - A3Z
A2Z
A1Z
A ++ 11223344 XXXX Z
-
-
: ...( ) X
( + XY ZAZ-2 A-424eH ( 24eH)
Z A = N : 2
. 2 2 N = 2 Z A = )2 Z( 4 A = 'N
24 U hT eH : 432
09832 + 29
(10e ) ( + + XY ZAZ1A-10e :
.1 1 N = )1 + Z( A = 'N: 1
+ 641741 CN -10e :
+e10) ( + ( + + XY ZAZ1A10e:
. 1 1 + N = )1 - Z( A = 'N : 1
+ +e C N1 6 70 21 21 :
( ( ) +
. X*( ) . ( .zH 8101 )
4A + 3A = 2A + 1A 4Z + 3Z = 2Z + 1Z
2 2
1 1
+ 1 1
-
5
A'Z'*A'Z' XX +
741*741N N +: + CN 641741* -10e :
rgeS 3 .N ( ) Z
. A Z :
Z = N
( ) .
.
- . - + -
Z
N
+
sadroB - rgeS 02 01
5
001
551
Z = N
Z 5,1 = N
N
2 - Z Z
2 - N
N
Z
-
6
4 .
.
.
yddoS (
. t N . 0 = t 0N
.
: . t N t N t : N
. t : t .
Nd td
( . )
N Nd td
( 1 ) =
td Nd ( 1) N
(2) =
) () ( x f'
x f . : C +C x f nl) (
(3 )+ =C t Nnl: ( 2) : C
: ( 3) . 0N 0 = t
N
1 + Z Z
1 - N
N
Z
N
1 - Z Z
1 + N+
+
N
Z
-
7
=Nnl C0
= t Nnl Nnl0( : 3) C 0
t nlNN
( 4 ) =
( 4) =e xa =e xa =a x nl 0
NtN
: = e
t et ( ) 0N N : ( .1-s)
2/1t ( ) (
20 N0 .N
: 200 = NNet: ( 2) = et
2 : 1
: 2 = nlt = nl, 2096
. .
. 41 : 232hT 5 : 012iB 831 : 012oP
( ( s)
: =t f N) ( t/2 1 0
2 N
. = t ( 0N , 0)
0N
N
t
2 N0
2/1t =1
0 =e N Nt
2 12
/ = tnl
= 1
-
8
:= t'1 0 = t
0 a '
aNt
(1 ) = t =t f N) ( 0 = t
= t0
0 N aNdtd
(2) = =
'0 0( : 2) ( 1) N Nt
. = t'1 = : :
2 /1 = 196,0t
= t 96,012 /1 : = A 5
AN. ( N ) t
( 3 ) =
qB 0101 7,3 = iC 1. ( iC )eiruC . qB) ( lereuqceB ( regieG)
.
e tN N At Nt 0 : N( 3) . = = =
: 0 = t =N A0 0 =t f A) ( t/2 1
N
t t
0N
0
=t 54,12 /1
0 =e A At
A0
A
t
02 A
2/1t =1
-
9
6
.
7
131 . . 8
- 8 ( )
.
. 04 04
rA04 K04
rA K 81 9104 04 : . + +
.
.( : )
: 04 04
: t 04 04K
A K . NA K04 mK =N Nm
A rArA : t 04 M
N NVV
. NA rA VrA =
( ) : = t0 .
(1 )+ =e N N NrA K Kt ) ( + =N N NrA K K, 0 .04
. t ( 1)
=t 't2102 : ( 't)
-
01
( ) .
:
.m ( . )
C41 C ; C 21 31 C ; C ; C 21 31 41
N C7 641 41 : . +
A 21 21 C41 C 31 C 21 =N Nm
C41
: C 21 C41
( 1)
C41 ( ) . C21
C41 ( 1) : N21 C 21
21N , N01 3 121 41
= C41
C41 = t0 C41 ,41 00
. = NA
41 0 41 t
=e N N,41
41 0
t
,
NN
=e2 1
2
/
nlt
: =
t/2 1 . t C41
: A) ( A0) ( :
4121
21, N01 3 1
N
41 0 2 1
241nl tN t, /N nl
=
0 2 1
2nl tA t/A nl
=
-
11
.( )
lC7163
63 63rA lC81 71
+ lC7163 ( )
. lC7163 . :
.A lC7163 . . lC7163
t/2 1 63 .lC71
:
0 2 1
2nl tA t/A nl
=
-
1
.
.
.
. ()
. lE
A lE
(notsA)
.
.
. :
4 A3Z
A2Z
A1Z
A ++ 11223344 XXXX Z
: c ( gk) : m 2c m = E : E
.
( .eluoJ) : E s/m 801 3 c ( )J 91-01 206,1 = Ve 1
( )J 31-01 206,1 = Ve 601 = VeM 1. : m
m m Z A m Z mX n p ) ( + = X : Xm : nm : pm:
=cm El2 : lE
: A lE
. : A
.
20
lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
:
4A + 3A = 2A + 1A 4Z + 3Z = 2Z + 1Z
-
2
: ( notsA ) A .A lE
:
.
:
.
: 1
.
: 9191 11 e NHOp
718
42
41 ++ 7
29932 UnU: 832 10
832 + 29
:
10 U Np e 93239
932 + 29
10 Np P u e 93249
932 + 39
: 2
. .
=cm E2: ( gk) : m
( s/m 801 3 c) : c ( eluoJ) : E
:
= Ve 1 J 91-01 206,1( : Ve) - J 31-01 206,1 = Ve 601 = VeM 1( :
VeM) -
: :
(1 ) t I U = E: t (2) =t I Q :
( 3 )Q U = E: ( 2) ( 1)
+ - -
4A + 3A = 2A + 1A : 4Z + 3Z = 2Z + 1Z
-
3
E Q U ( 3)
= Ve 1 J 91-01 206,1: Ve 1 = V 1 C 91-01 206,1
:
gk 13-01 11,9 = em VeM 15,0 = J 51-01 28 = 2)801 3( 13-01 11,9 =
2c m = E
: - 3
euqimota essam ed tinu( : a.m.u)
. gk 72-01 55066,1 = u 1: ( u) 1 u) ( :
21 . C21
,, u: gk 72-01 7276,1 = pm : 15506613700 p m, == 17276
: - 4
. 11 11 1122aN
. 11 + 11
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ) 2c m = E: : - 5
.
: .
0 > Xm nm )Z A( + pm Z : pm : nm
: Xm
( = lE 2c )Xm nm )Z A( + pm Z : pm : nm
: Xm ( ) : c
-
4
2c m = E m . 0 < m = E m c2
gk , mp01 7276 172 : =gk , mn01 0576 172 =
: 12H . . =gk , m01 5343 372
= = + =VeM , J , c m m m EX n p l63 2 01 8 7341 2 ) ( : : 6
A lE lE
.
.
eF 29832U65iL 62
7iL 3
6eH 24eH 3
3H 2
3H 1
2H 1
1 1
)VeM( lE 0 03,2 94,8 66,6 82,82 01,23 58,83 42,294 66,1081
A)VeM( 0 51,1 38,2 22,2 70,7 53,5 55,5 97,8 75,7 lE
24eH :
.36iL 23eH . 4 8 :
11 .
... 3
.
.
lE
)Z A( Z )Z A( Z
-
5
(notsA) 7
A lE
.
. A
VeM 7,8 : 57 < A < 05 . VeM 7,8
.65 36
VeM 8 AA (lE
VeM 8
-
6
: 8
:
01 H H eH n42
31
2 ++ 1 VeM 71
( )
: 9
( )
.
.
.
:
01 U n rS eX n 04145
4983
10
532 +++2 29
:
. : 091 > A H11 )
2 H1
3 . ( : H1
2H
4eH
3H
1n
01n
01n
01n 01n
01n
A
VeM/nolcun ()A lE
-
7
01
4 2 13: 4 3 2 14 3 2 1
A A AA X + +X X X XZ Z Z Z
: 2 2 2 2
+ + + = + + +E c m E c m E c m E c mc c c c4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 + + =
+ + E E E E c m m m mc c c c2 1 4 3 4 3 2 12) ( ) ( ) ( ) (: = + +
m m m m m4 3 2 1) ( ) ( ( atleD ) = + +E E E E Ec c c c c2 1 4 3) (
) (
( 1 ) = E c mc 2: < Ec0 > m0
.
> Ec0 < m0 .
2c )fm im( = bilE
( ) : im
( ) : fm ( ) c
: bilE
:
gk 7201 55066,1 = u 1 = m u 1 :
= = = J c m E01 0229,41 01 7799,2 01 55066,111 8 72 22) (( :
VeM)
11
315,139 01 229,4101 206,1
VeM E
= : . c VeM 5,139 E u 1 m
=c VeM u/ 5,139 12 .2c/VeM
.u . = E 2c m . u 3,1 = m
5,139 3,1 5,139 3,122 =c veM u/ 5,139 3,1 3,12 VeM c EVeM
c . = =
5,139 u VeM . s/m gk eluoJ
-
8
1
43 85 29: 1 48 941 1 532
+ + +n 3 eS eC n U0 0 u 900,1 = nm u 440,532 = U m eS m u 819,38
= u 829,841 = eC m :
( 2 )2c ) fm im ( = bilE :
u 378,532 = 900,1 3 + 819,38 + 829,841 = ) nm 3 + eS m + eC m( =
fm = im u 350,632 = 900,1 + 440,532 = )nm + U m (
= fm im u 81,0 = 378,532 350,632
VeM 7,761 = 5,139 81,0 = bilE( : 2)
2
+ eH nR aR2 68 884 222 622 : u 100,4 = eH m u 079,122 = nR m u
779,522 = aR m :
2c ) fm im ( = bilE :
u 179,522 = 100,4 + 079,122 = ) eH m + nR m( = fm
= im u 779,522 = aR m
= fm im u 301 6 = 179,522 779,522 VeM 6,5 = 5,139 301 6 = bilE
:
lE bilE
43 85 29 lE bilE 1 48 941 1 532
+ + +n 3 eS eC n U0 0 ( 3 ) 2c )nm 2 eS m eC m U m( = bilE
19 852 : 2c )eC m nm 19 + pm 85( = lE: eC l
n p eCm m mEeC
c + =
05 432: l
n p eSm m mEeS
c + =
341 292 l
n p Um m mEU
c + =
: ( 3)
: :
: - 11
. : 1
. : 2
. : 3
.( ) : 4
E E E EU eS eC l l l bil + =
E E Ei f l bil l =
-
1
CR
:
U C = Q . - 1
- 2
.
Q - 3
.
- 4
.
- 5
.
- 6
.
( ) - 7
. .
. uR q uC 8
. 9
. CR = 01 . 11
2 211C2
. =E C E
CQ U
)V( U )C( Q )F( C : = : C 2C 1C C
2 1
1 1 1C C C + =
: 2C 1C C + =C C C2 1
30
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
2C 1C
C
C
1C
2C
-
2
1
1 =
CRc
t e E u
Re iECRt =1
cCR =1
t e E u
Re iECRt =1
Ru
: 1
t
CRe E uR
: = e E uRCRt =1
.
5t
uR
E
uR
t
E
uC
t
E5
t
ER
i
t
ER
uc
t
E
i
-
3
Ru q Cu
: . CR = CR
. : 1
CR = t = uR0 E = cu = t0 : 2
c c1: uE udCR CR td
= +
qE qd1: R CR td
= +
R R0 1: u udCR td
= +
c c0 1 : u udCR td
= +
q qd0 1 : CR td
= +
R R0 1 : u udCR td
= +
E
E ,36 0
CR
uc
t
E uR
E ,73 0
CRt
E uR
CR t
E
CR
uc
t
uR
50,0
E ,73 0) (
t
E
-
4
t =5 : 3
2 1 12 2
)eluoj( E UQ UC Ec= =
- 1 .
(1 ).
- 2 ...3Q 2Q 1Q (2 ). ..3U 2U 1U
.( .. ) .
2 13: 23 1
..... Q QQU U U
(F )daraF C = = =
, CS 01 58 821 e
= . S ( = 1 ) e
:
F 9-01 = F 1( : F) F 6-01 = F 1( : F)
1- B A
.
C
+
A
2 -
CR5
t
uc E
CR5
E uR
t
e
-
5
- 3 . : 1
. E : : (: ) I :
: ( ) : 2
. 0 r Ir E = U E = U . :
(3 )( .0 = BV = AV ) K - ( )
B A -
. .
.
AQ = BQ: -
. .
:()
. :
i R = Ru :
E uC:
- 4 . (4 )
( . )
.
= uC0
0 = BQ + AQ
R
++
+ +
K
A
B A
i
4 -
E
Ru Cu
++
+ +
K
E
R A
B A
i
3 -
+ I
-
6
- 5 . ( S ) : -
.
=en q (5 ) . e n:
: iqdtd
( 1 )= td qd
.
IQ S t
Q =
.t :
( q u i) (Q U I)
: A q
(6 ) . i -
( 2 )C uq c=
( C ) : ( 2) ( 1)
(7 ). P M
1 ( )
P 2
. P
:
c212 c
c cuC uC i u pd udtd td
= = =
C iudc = td
S e e
e
e e
5-
B A
q
6 -
i
M
2 1
E
R
C
P
7 -
-
7
pEde td
: =
2 12
( eluoJ) cE uC Ec c=
uq Ec c=21: cu C = q :
.cE E
CR 1 . 3 8
: K
1L -
2L -
. 3L -
:
. 1K 1L
2K 2L
K 3L
. 3L
C E
(9 ) . R
. :
.
.01 -
.E CR
R C
1K
3K
2K
3L
2L
1L
E K
8 -
u
t 01 -
E
0
2 1
E R
C
9 -
-
8
- 2
.11 - = t0 1 . : A
.E : V1
. : V2
V1
. i i R = Ru
E = cu V2
.C R . Ru + cu = E - 1 - 2
+ = + =iR u u u EC R C : CR
C iudc td
: CR + =td CR u Eud cc : =
c ( 4 ) + =B e A ut
( ) . B A : tde A udt c + =B e A ut c( : 3) B
: =
= + + CR CRB e A e AE t t1) ( e AE B t1 (5 )
CR CR CR = + +
( 5) =1
CR =E B
. = uC0 0 = t ( 4) A . = =E B A 1 = 0e + =B e A 00:
:
(3 )c1
cuE udCR CR td
= +
1
cCR 1t
e E u =
11 -
1
E
R
+ C
Ru
cu
V1 A
i
V2
-
9
)t(f = cu
0 = cu 0 = t - t -
= = = e E uE E cCR0 1 1 1) ( . uC
- 3 - 2
: ( 1) 1 1
1e e E C C iE d qdudCR CR ct t
R td td td = = = =
0 IER
. =
)t(f = i
I0 0 = t - ER
== i . i t -
3 1 3
.(21 ) 2 ( 7 ) 9
.
. Ru cu 31 :
.
2
.( ) CR
0 = cu + Ru:
e iECRt =1
R
E
uC
t 0
I0E = R
i
t
0t
2
R
C
21 -
+
Ru
cu
i 2
R
C
31 -
+
Ru
cu i
-
01
c c0 1 u udCR td
(6 )td CR uud cc= +0 : CR = +
B eA uct: ( 7 ) + =
B eA e At t0 1) (: ( 7) ( 6) CR
= + +
eAB t0 1 CR CR
: = + + 1
CR = B0 =
E = A ( 7) E = cu 0 = t
=t f uc) ( 0 = t -
1CR 00
e e E E E uc = = =
t - 1
0 CR
e 0 E E uc = = =
2 3
e C iEC udCR ct 1
CR td = =
=t f i) ( E 0 0 = t -
RER
= = e i t -
1e iECR0
R = =
1
CRc
te E u
=
e iECRt =1
R
E
t
uC
0
i
t
ER
5
-
11
4 : - 1- 4
=i R uR 1
t
Re iECR =
1
t
CRe E uR
= :
= t0 - 0 1
E e E uRCR = =
t - 1
e E uRCR0 = =
: - 2- 4
=i R uR 1
t
Re iECR =
1
t
CRe E uR
=
= t0 - 0 1
E e E uRCR = =
t - 1
e E uRCR0 = =
5
. R CR = :
R R CRtI Q U U
] [] [ ] [: = =] [] [] [ ] [
T CRT I UU I
= =
- 6 (41 )
Am 03,0 = I
: .
)s( t 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
)V( Cu 0 26,0 42,1 58,1 94,2 90,3 17,3 33,4
)s( t 08 09 001 011 021 031 041
)V( Cu 39,4 75,5 81,6 87,6 33,7 39,7 29,8 41 -
V C
+
I
A
K
= CR
t
uR E
E
Ru
t 8
-
21
)t( f = Cu
t a = Cu :
(8) =tI Q t 0 = t
c uQC
(9 )=
Ct uI c=: ( 9) ( 8) IC
.
60 0 31 : 05
S. V , CB I= = =CA C
: 3
01 5 01 3 0360 0 60 0
F C, I = = =
, ,
: . Am 07,0 = I
)s( t 0 01 02 03 04 05
)V( Cu 0 05,1 09,2 74,4 20,6 54,7
=t f uC) ( 51 0 6
04, IC
= =3
01 76 4 01 7 0351 0 51 0
F , C, I, ,
= = =
.
)V( Cu
)s(t 01
5 A
B
C
uV C) (
1 s t) (04 5
6
-
31
- 7 (
12 C C2
=u C E
1t
e E uC =
2
1 122
t
e EC EC = 12 ) (
C2 =E C xam E
= = = xam E , , EC e EC EC C2 24 0 4 0 11 12 1 22) ( ) ( = t
(
12 C C2
=u C E
t
e E uC =
2
122
t
e EC EC =
= t = = = xam E , , EC e EC EC C2 231 0 31 0 1 12 2 2) ( ) (
2
=xam E , EC C73 0) ( = t = t0
2 = ' t
) ( 12
C2xam EEC
a' t ' t
= =
) ( = t0 =t f EC) ( 2
2 122
t
e EC t ' f =
) ( 2 0 2
02 122
ea EC ' fE C' t2 = = =
=
t
EC
xam EC) (
2
xam E ,c 73 0) (
xam E ,c 31 0) (
EC xam EC) (
xam E ,c 4 0) (
-
41
1 :
E = Ru + Cu:
td iqd E = i R + Cu Cu C = q = +tdE R uqd C: =
CC E R uuCd
td = +tdE C R uud CC C = +
C C1 : CR uE udCR CR td
= + :
E = Ru + Cu
td iqd E = i R + Cu : =C uq C =
E Rq qdC td
. = +
qE qd1 : R R CR td
= + :
E = Ru + Cu
C uqC
: = +CE uq R: =qd udR0 1
td C td = +
iqduR R td
u udR R0 1 : = =R C td
: = +
R R0 1 u udCR td
= + - 2
0 = Ru + Cu: : ( )
C C0 1u udCR td
= +
q qd0 1 CR td
= +
R R0 1 u udCR td
= +
i
Cu Ru
q
-
1
LR
. 1 . 2 . 3
+ =td L ir uid L uL) ( 4 . 5 E 6
.
7 .
. Ru i Lu 8 . 9
. 01
( bu )Lu cu
.(yrneH) L ( mhO ) r td L ir uid L+ = :
12 : 2
iL E= i r = LU
30
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
:
)r , L( e r i B A
Lid td
i r B A
i
L r
B A
-
2
LR
1 =
e iEt LR R
1 + =
RL
L
E r ur EtR R
e
0R r + 0R = R 0
IE Er R R
+ = =
--------------- ---------------- ----------------
---------------- ---------------- ----------------------------
----------------- ----------------
LR
=
RL
e iEtR
1 =
RL
L
e E ur tR
E R
t
i E
uL
R rE
t
E R
i
t
uL
t
R rE
0RER
8,0
-
3
1 0 =
LR R
e R uEtR
0 =
RL
R
e R uEtR
L = R
.CR
Ru i
: iE R idR L td
= +
0 0 : 0
R R1u r udRE R
L L R td = + +
i R id0 : L td
= +
0 : 0
R R0 1u r udR
L R td = + +
R0E R
Ru
t
E
t
Ru
R0E R
E
-
4
1
r ( ) .L
(yrneH )L ( mhO )r : :
R
(1 ) r = R r :
. 1L - . 1L 2L - . -
:
.
:
:
.
: 2
( 2- ). L r B A
id0 ) i td
L eid = ( td
e i r = BAu:
id=0 td
:
td L ir uid BA+ =
i r = BAu
2L
1L
E K
)r , L(
1
R
e r
L eid =td
i r B A
i
2 -
-
5
LR 3
: 3
.V 4 = E
: K
Am 581 = I : A - V 25,1 = ABU : 1V -
V 74,2 = CAU :2V -
: 2 8 25 1581 0
, r, UAB, I
= = =
0 3 31 74 2581 0
, R, UCA, I
= = =
:
ABu )t( i . 5 4
: Am 581 0 ( 4 ) -
:
0
581 681 0 42 8 3 31
Am A , IE, , r R
+ + = = = ( 5 ) ( E ) V 4 -
.V 25,1
. i r
E
0R
)r , L(
A
B
3 -
1V
2V
A
i
K
C
581
)Am(i
t 4 -
t
4 )V(ABu
,25 1
5 -
-
6
( ) - 4
.L 8 = r k 1 = 0R 6 ( . 0 r , V 4 = E)
.V 4 = E
:
01 4 43 : R0001
= =A I
5 0 4 : B8
= =A , I
E ( )
( 7 ) : BI ( 0 = E )
.
:
= = = =V , I R u uB B R 005 5 0 0001 0
. ( ) : :
I I 0R = Lu ( 3 )
( . ) 0
IEr R
.+ =
5 1 5
. 0R r + 0R = R E = u : LR 8 K
E = Lu + Ru :
0 E L ir i Ridtd
= + +
E L iRid td
= +
iE R id: L L L td
(1 )= +
)r , L( 0R
A
B
BI 7 -
Ru Bu
)r , L( 0R E
A
B
6 -
V
K
t
u
E E
0R
)r , L(
8 -
i
K
-
7
(2 )+ =B eA it: . A B A:
e A idt + =B e A it( : 1) B td
: =
= + + L LB e A e AE Rt t) ( e AE RB R t (3 )
L L L = + +
E ( 3) L
.
R0 et 0 A e At L
= +
RB L
.
R L
BE = R
=
. 0 = i 0 = t ( 2) A
B AE + =B e A 00: R
. = =
)t(f = i
0 = i 0 = t -
iE i t - R
=
:
L L ir uidtd
+ =
1 1R R R
L LLL
E r L r ur R E Et ttL R R
ER R
+ = + = e e e
1 =
RL
iEtR
e
1 + =
RL
LE r ur Et
R R e
E R
t
i
: LR
iE R id= +L L td
-
8
)t(f = Lu
L 0 = t - E E r urE ER R
= + =
L uL t - r uER
=
2 5 ( . ) 6 0 = E
0 = Lu + Ru:
L iRid0 td
(4 ) = +
(5 )+ =B eA it: A B A:
e A idt + =B e A it( : 4) B td
: =
= + + LB e A e ARt t0 ) ( e ARB R t0 (6 )
L L = + +
R ( 6) L
= B0 =
iE 0 = t ( 5) A R
.=
B e A E0: R
AE + =R
.=
: LR
i R id= +0L td
= RL
iEtR
e
t
E
Lu
R rE
-
9
)t(f = i
iE 0 = t - R
= . i t -
L : L ir uidtd
+ =
1R R R
L LLL
E L r ur R E Et ttR L R R
e e e = =
)t(f = Lu
L0 t 0 = - R uER
= uL t -
6 : 1 6
1 0 0: = =
R L
RR i R uEt
R e
)t(f = Ru
0 = Ru t 0 = -
R0 Ru t - R uER
=
E Ru :
1 =
RL
LE ur t
R e
ER
i
t
Lu
t
rER
0RER
4,0
R0E R
Ru
t
E
-
01
2 6
0 0: R L
RR i R uEt
R = = e
)t(f = Lu
R0 t 0 = - R uER
= . Ru t -
4 - 1 4
L = R
. ( s) CR
)t(f = i : : 2 4
L L etde id id td
] [] [] [ ] [ = =LT U
I =
] [] [ ] [: RI
U] [] [] [: =
] [] [ ] [
T LI T UU I R = =
R
L R
=
t
Ru
R0E R
E
RE ,36 0
L R
E R
t
i
-
11
- 1 1 -
. r Hm 4,11 = L : V 6 = E :
F 5 = C : : D
( )
A 67,0 = I K
.
. V 82 = AMU
( . )
.
2: 1b2
=IL E
2: 1c2
=UC E
) () (: 262
22
6 0 82 01 5 067 0 4110 0
c
b
, UC, E, , IL E
= = = =
.% 06
E V 82 - 2
E )r , L( C
A
B
V
D K
A A
M
1 -
E
0R
)r , L(
i
Y
X
A
B
2 - M
uBA
uMB
-
21
( 2 ).
.
.Y X
BV AV BAu A B .( V ) .BV AV B A
.
.
. : . :
:
.
i R = u . R
1 = R u
B A
: 2 BMu MBu = : X BAu : Y
-
31
1 :
E = Ru + Lu:
0 E L ir i Ridtd
= +tdE L iRid: r + 0R = R = + +
iE R id: L L L td
= + :
E = Ru + Lu:
R E L ir uidtd
: = + +0
iuRR
0 =0
R
RR
duE L r uuR
td R = + +
: 0R0 0
RR 1E uL rud
td R R0 = + +
LR
:
0 0 0
R R1u r udRE R
L L R td = + +
- 2 0 = Ru + Lu:
i R id0 : ( ) L td
( 1 ) = +
uR i ( 1) R
: uR
0 0
R R0 1u r udR
L R td = + +
LR -
i
Lu Ru
)r,L( 0R
-
1
3102 / 10 / 61
. 1
. 2
. 3
O H gol Hp3 4 . =+
. ( ) 5
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
- 1 . +H
. +H
/ 2 A + +H = AH : A AH
.AH / A /
3 ( .) ( )
+O3H / O2H O2H / HO
+ +O3H = O2H + AH A :
HO + +HB = O2H + B:
Hp - 4
3 Hp . O H goL Hp =+
40
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
:
-
2
41 - 0 Hp : Hp : 7 = Hp
: 7 > Hp : 7 < Hp
5
. fx . xamx
6
f = xamx fx f xam
xx
. 1 = . 1 <
- 7
).
.(
:
( ) . 8
. rQ
] [ ] [] [ ] [ : + = +D Cd c b aB A : =
d c
b a r
QD CB A
.Qr :
K 9
.=Q Kf r,( ) . -
. -
-
3
- 1
. +H
O2H 3OCH 4OS2H 3ONH IH rBH lCH:
. +H
OOC3HC O2H 3OCH O5H2C 3HN:
: 2)HO(gM HOK HOaN
HO . HO
O2H = +H + HO . +H HO
/ 2 : A AH
AH / A / A + +H = AH HOOCH / OOCH: +H + OOCH = HOOCH :
:+HB B
+HB / B / +HB = +H + B
+4HN / 3HN: + 4HN = +H + 3HN :
3 .
A + +O3H = O2H + AH:
HO + +HB = O2H + B:
. :
rB + +O3H = O2H + rBH:
OOC5H2C + +O3H = O2H + HOOC5H2C:
HO + +4HN = O2H + 3HN:
( ) HO + HO5H2C = O2H + O5H2C:
Hp 4 . HO +O3H( )
( 5) ( 1)
1 2 3 4 5
L lom O H) / ( 3 1-01 2-01 3-01 4-01 5-01 +
-
4
!!! m 001 L/lom 1-01 mc 1 L/lom 5-01
. Hp
. 1 = 01 goL goL
.
)+O3H( a =+O H a goL Hp3) ( Hp : (1 ) ]+O3H[ )+O3H( = )+O3H(
a
1 > > 0. )+O3H( i i2:
) C Z( I12
(2) = 3 , 2 , 1 = i C : Z
goLI 1I 1 2
(3 )+ =
.)+O3H( a ( 1) (3) I ( 2) Hp
. Hp L /lom 1,0 +O3H ]+O3H[ goL = Hp
. 8,1 = Hp 1 = Hp:
)+O3H( a ]+O3H[ 1 . ]+O3H[ goL = Hp
+O3H ]+O3H[ goL = Hp Hp
.L/lom 2-01
: Hp
1 2 3 4 5
Hp 1 2 3 4 5
Hp Hp
.
O H goL Hp3 = +01 O H3Hp =+
. Hp Hp
= +01 O H3Hp ] [
-
5
. Hp Hp
.50,0 Hp
52,4 51,4 Hp Hp 2,4 Hp 01 3
: = +O HHpL / lom , O H L / lom ,01 26 5 01 80 735 5
+
201 3 7 01 26 5 80 7 36 5 ) (: L / lom , O H, ,
= = +
: 6
32 4
3
11 0 01 3 7, 01
, , O HO H
+ +
= = .%11
:
O H3 %01 : 581 +
( )
O H3 %01 : ( 91 21 11 01 ) +
: 4,3 73,3 03,3 : 23,3 . Hp
. 50,0 53,3 03,3
: 5 lom 7-01 ( ) lom 7-01 C 52
.
41-01 = eK: eK ( ) ]HO[ ]+O3H[ .
]HO[ ]+O3H[ 41-01 = : C 52
eK . eK
C 07 05 04 03 52 02 01 0
41-01 eK 5,51 05,5 59,2 84,1 00,1 96,0 03,0 11,0 Hp - 6 .41 0
Hp
Hp > +HO O H3 7 < Hp
HO O H3 7 = Hp = +
-
6
: - 7 .
Lm 4,22 = gV 1S 2S 1S :
g 6,0 = m 2S .
. L 1
.4,3 2S Hp 3 1S Hp
.
:
. C C = ]+O3H[ AH
:
. ]+O3H[ = ]lCH[
lC + +O3H = O2H + lCH:
01 4220 03: lCH 4 22
g= = =M
lom ) lCH (n, V, V
3 3 ) ( ] [ 1
01 011
L / lom C lCHlCH nV
= = = =
01 01 33 . C = ]+O3H[ L / lom O HHp = = +
. C C < ]+O3H[ +O3H + OOC3HC O2H + HOOC3HC:
01 6 02: n 06
lom n, m= = =M
:
32 ] [2
L / lom HOOC HCn= =01V
01 4 01 01 34 4 3 . C < ]+O3H[: L / lom O H, Hp = = +
8 .
g 51,1 575gm
.L 1
2H + )+aN ,O-5H2C( aN + HO-5H2C : .4,21 C 52 Hp
( .O5H2C) - 1
. .
-
7
. ( O5H2C ) - 2
aN520 0 : ( aN) - 1 : lom , n575,0
32 = =
la520 0 :( HO5H2C) lom , n51,164
. = = .
( O5H2C) ( HO5H2C) :
5 2 520 0 520 0
1L / lom , O H C, nla
V = = =
HO + HO5H2C = O2H + O5H2C : - 2
[ .HO[ = ]O5H2C: ]
41
4 21
520 0 01, 01
L / lom , HO
. = =
- - 1
:
(1 ) +O3H + OOC3HC = O2H + HOOC3HC
.1Hp Hp
.2Hp < 1Hp Hp . Hp
Hp ( aNOOC3HC)
. . 1Hp > 3Hp ( ) ( 1)
.
.
- 2 .
.
.
.
.
.
-
8
- 3
.
.
() 4
f. xam
xx
=
5 .
] [ ] [] [ ] [ : D d + C c = B b + A a : =
d c
b a r
QD CB A
.rQ ( ) +O3H + OOC3HC = O2H + HOOC3HC ( ) : 1-
] [ 3 3
3
r= + O H OOC HC
QHOOC HC
: : 2 )qa( )3ON 2 ,+2uC( = )qa()3ON ,+gA(2 + )s(uC )s(gA2 +
2 22
32 2 2
3
+ +
+ + = =
r
uC ON uCQ
gA ON gA
( ) :
.
HO5H2C + HOOC3HC = O2H + 5H2C-OOC3HC: :
] [ ] [] [ ] [ 5 2 3
2 5 2 3
r =QHO H C HOOC HCO H H C OOC HC
- 5
=Q Kfr. . :
: 1K +4HN + OOC3HC = 3HN + HOOC3HC:
2 3HN + HOOC3HC = +4HN + OOC3HC1
K=1K
.
1 = 1 <
-
9
( . ) 1 / 2
. / 3
. 4
Hp
. Hp 1 . Hp 2
3 Hp 3 O H goL Hp =+ 3 O H +
. Hp 4
. Hp 5 .7 Hp 6
1 . 2 . 3
xamx fx 4 5
: 1
)qa(HO + )qa(NCH = )l(O2H + )qa(NC
rQ 2
rQ 3
4
1
2 . 3 4
5
-
01
( !! .... ) 3 2 1
HO + +4HN = )l(O2H + )qa(3HN )qa(+O3H + )qa(OOCH = )l(O2H +
)qa(HOOCH - 4
Hp ( Hp ) - 1 (Hp ) - 2
3 ) - 3 O H goL Hp =+
( Hp ) - 4
: ( Hp ) - 5 .
( . 7 Hp ) - 6
( )- 1
. : - 2 . :
. Hp : . : . - 3
xamx < fx: xamx = fx: 4 . 5
- 1 ] [
=
f f
f
HO NCHK
NC
. -2
. rQ 3
. - 4
. 1 . 2
3
.
. 4
5
-
1
3102 / 10 / 61
. 1
. / 2
Hp Hp 3
.
AKp AK 4 .
Hp 5
. Hp
. / 6
. 7
. AKp / 8
. / - 1
] [ AH/ A 3
A
A O HK
AH
= +
KAKpA 01 AK goL = AKp / AKp =
A] [ AH / A AKp Hp 2A
goL Kp HpAH
( ) + =
. AKp : 3 AKp : 4
: 5 : A B A / B /
40
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
:
Hp AKp
]B[ = ]A[
]B[ < ]A[ ]B[ > ]A[
-
2
6 nIH / nI . Hp
: 7 . Hp
: A / B /
: - 8 0 = AKp +O3H / O2H
41 = AKp O2H / HO
AKp : AKp - 9 .
: / .
O2H / HO +O3H / O2H HOOCH/ OOCH
.
1 + iAKp
]nIH[ 01 > ]nI[
1 iAKp
]nI[ 01 > ]nIH[
Hp
%
A B
AKp
% 05
+O3H H2O
OOC3HC HOOC3HC
HO O2H
AKp
41
8,3
0
-
3
AK 1 /
.
: HOOC3HC . HOOC3HC / OOC3HC
)qa(+O3H + )qa(OOC3HC = )l(O2H + )qa(HOOC3HC
] [: 3 3
3
OOC HC O HK
HOOC HC
= +
] [: 3 3
3A
OOC HC O HK
HOOC HC
= +
AK = K
: +4HN . +4HN / 3HN
)qa(+O3H + )qa( 3HN = )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN
: 3 3] [4
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
: 3 3] [4
A
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
AK = K
: A / B ] [
] [3
A= +B O H
KA
/ AKp A A = =1A
K goL goL KpK
:
+O3H / O2H / 2 3] [
3A
O H O HK
O H
+
+ =
:
3
3
A1O H
KO H
+
+ = =
0 = 1 goL = AK goL = AKp
0 = )O2H/+O3H( AKp
-
4
] [ O2H / HO / 3
2A
HO O HK
O H
= +
: 41
HO O H KA01 3 41 = 4101 goL = AK goL = AKp = = +
.
] [ 3 3
3A
OOC HC O HK
HOOC HC
. AK = +
. : . :
3 3] [4
A
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
. AK
. : . 3HN :
AK .
. . AK C52 :
HOOCH / OOCH 401 6,1 = AK .C52
- 2 . Hp
.
)l(O2H )qa()+aN , OOC3HC( = )qa()HO , +aN( + )qa(HOOC3HC:
. OOC3HC HOOC3HC
] [ 3
3A
OOC HCgoL Kp Hp
HOOC HC
] [ + = 3
3Kp HpA 01
OOC HCHOOC HC
=
] [ AKp = Hp - 0 3
31 01
OOC HC
HOOC HC
]OOC3HC[ = ]HOOC3HC[ = =
41 = )HO/O2H( AKp
-
5
]HOOC3HC[ > ]OOC3HC[ AKp > Hp - ]OOC3HC[ > ]HOOC3HC[
AKp < Hp - HOOCH / OOCH 8,4 = AKp :
: . :
( +aN) O2H / HO HOOC3HC / OOC3HC HOOCH / OOCH +O3H / O2H
41 8,4 8,3 0 AKp
( ):
:
.C52 4101 Hp +O3H HO
- 3 Hp
. Hp
.
B ]B[ 01 > ]A[ B A A / B
.]A[ 01 > ]B[ A
01 ] [] [ : B BA
1 ] [] [: >B
goLA
1 + AKP > Hp : 1 > AKp Hp >
] [] [ : A 1
01BA
1 ] [] [: iAKp Hp >
1 + iAKp > Hp
] [ nIH 1
01
nInIH
1 ] [ < nI
goLnIH
: 1 < iAKp Hp <
1 iAKp < Hp
. / :
- 5 : . HOOC3HC
: AKp O2H /HO +O3H / O2H HOOC3HC / OOC3HC
0,41 0,0 8,4
.AKp AKp
. AKp AKp
.
+O3H . HOOC3HC
.HOOC3HC
.
HO OOC3HC . O2H
1 + iAKp
]nIH[ 01 > ]nI[
1 iAKp
]nI[ 01 > ]nIH[
iAKp
Hp
+O3H H2O
OOC3HC HOOC3HC
HO O2H
AKp
41
8,3
0
-
7
. O2H
.
. AKp ammaG
)qa(+O3H + )qa(OOC3HC = )l(O2H + )qa(HOOC3HC:
1 2
3
4
. +4HN 1 . 3HN 2
2AK 1AK 2AH / 2A 1AH / 1A 2AH 1AH 3
. C . 2AK > 1AK
Hp (
8,3 = 1AKp 1AH / 1A 5,2 = Hp (
. AH C AK ( 1
. (
3,11 Hp g 54,0 = m (
+3HN5H2C / 2HN5H2C AKp -
. -
. ( 2
59,3 Hp gm 47 = m (
HOOC5H2C / OOC5H2C AKp -
. -
-
8
lom 701 lom 701 1
.
. 2
.
81 5 55 0001 2] [ g 0001 : 3L / lom , O HmM
. = = =
.
6 < Hp ( ) - 4
. 8 > Hp
.
)qa(+O3H + )qa(3HN = )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN 1
3 3] [4
A
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
3 3] [4
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
)qa(HO + )qa(+4HN = )l(O2H + )qa(3HN - 2
3 3] [4
A
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
] [ 4
3
HN HOK
HN
= +
] [ AK 3 4
A 3
O H HNK HN
= +HO O H K KA 3 = + +
=K K Ke A :
3 ( ) ( - 3O HC
= +
. Hp ]+O3H[ goL = Hp ]+O3H[
8,3 < 5,2(
] [ ( 3
A
A O HK
AH
] [ ]A[ ]+O3H[ = +2
3A
O HK
AH
(1 )= +
3 O HC
]+O3H[ C = ]AH[ C = ]+O3H[ = +
8,3
1AH
5,2 Hp
1AKp
-
9
( 1) 2 2 2
A1KC C
C C
= =
)qa(HO + )qa( +3HN5H2C = )l(O2H + )qa( 2HN5H2C ( - 1
2 5 2] [( 3 5 2
AHN H C
goL Hp Kp+ HN H C
= (2 )
01 0 1 54 02 1 54
L / lom , C, mV M
= = =
01 0 5 01 01 321 3 11 L/lom 301 2 = ]HO[ = = = +L / lom , O H,
Hp
. ]+O3H[ ]+3HN5H2C[ + ]+O3H[ = ]HO[:
( ) ]HO[ = ]+3HN5H2C[
: + = + HN H C HN H C C3 5 2 2 5 2] [: ( ) L/lom 301 8 = 301 2
201 = ]2HN5H2C[
( 2) 3
396 01 4 3 11 3 1101 8A01 2
, goL , goL , Kp
= = = :
)qa(+O3H + )qa(OOC5H2C = )l(O2H + )qa( HOOC5H2C ( - 2
] [( 5 2
5 2A
OOC H CgoL Hp Kp
HOOC H C
(2 ) =
01 0 1 470 03 1 47
L / lom , C, mV M
= = =
01 21 1 01 01 34 59 3 L/lom 1101 9,8 = ]HO[ = = = +L / lom , O
H, Hp
. ]HO[ ]+O3H[ = ]OOC5H2C[ + ]HO[:
( ) ]+O3H[ = ]OOC5H2C[
: + = OOC H C HOOC H C C5 2 5 2] [: ( ) L/lom 401 9,8 = 401 21,1
301 = ]HOOC5H2C[
( 2) 4
458 4 59 301 21 1A01 9 8, goL , Kp,,
= =
:
96,01
2HN5H2C Hp 3HN5H2C AKp
+
58,4
OOC5H2C
Hp HOOC5H2C AKp
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
1
1
.
. 2
3
.
. 4 . 5
. 6 . 7
. 8
1 .2A /2B 1A / 1B
1 2 1A A . )qa(2A + )qa(1B = )qa(2B + )qa(1A2
AKp Kp
A
K01 K
K = =
2
1 2
4 A
A
K01
K >
A A1 2 > 4 Kp Kp
)HO ,+aN( )lC , +O3H( : - 1 2 )l(O2H2 = )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H :
4141 : 3
01 K1 1 + HO O H01
= = =
. 401 > K
HOOC3HC )HO ,+aN( : - 2 2 )l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC = )qa(HO +
)qa(HOOC3HC:
3e ] [ ] [: A 3 3
3
3
H HOK 3
K O H OOC HCHOOC HC
OOC HCK
O HO HOOC HC
+
+
= = =
40
narO - lavaraM ecyl keA IRUOZEUG
:
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
2
3HN )lC ,+O3H( : - 3 2 )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN = )qa(+O3H +
)qa(3HN:
] [: 4
3 3A
K1 HNO H HNK
+
+ = =
)+aN , OOC3HC( HOOCH : - 4 2 )qa(HOOC3HC + )qa(OOCH = )qa(
OOC3HC + )qa(HOOCH:
: ] [] [
] [21 ] [
3
33 3A
K O H OOCH 3A 3
HOOCH
HOOC HCOC HCK
OOCH HOOC HCK
OCO OH O HC HOOCH
+
+ = = =
- 3 (HO ,+aN) ( lC ,+O3H) : - 1 3
)l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H: (1 ) :
:( ) L/lom 701 = ]O3H[ = ]HO[
E
E
B B
B A
V CaN
V V + = +
E
A A
B A
lCV CV V
+ =
]6,7 6 [ )TBB(
( lC ,+O3H )( HO ,+aN ) : - 2 3
)l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H : (2 ) :
( ) L/lom 701 = ]+O3H[ = ]HO[
E
B B
A B
aNV CV V
+ = +
E
E
A A
A B
V ClC
V V + =
]6,7 6 [
BV
Hp
EB V
TBB 7 6,7
6 E
1 -
AV
Hp
E
AE V
TBB 7 6
6,7
2 -
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
3
( HO ,+aN) HOOC3HC : - 3 3
)l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC : (3 ) :
: :
OOC3HC +aN HO +O3H
. HOOC3HC
HpE01 O H3
= +
E41
41 Hp
3
01 HO01O H
= = +
E
E
B B
B A
V CaN
V V + = +
. ]+aN[ = ]OOC3HC[
]HO[ = ]HOOC3HC[
( lC ,+O3H) 3HN : - 4 3
)l(O2H + )qa(+4HN )qa(+O3H + )qa(3HN : (4 ) :
: :
+4HN lC HO +O3H
3HN HpE
01 O H3 = +
E41
41 Hp
3
01 HO01O H
= = +
E
E
A A
A B
V ClC
V V + =
]lC[ = ]+4HN[
]+O3H[ = ]3HN[
7 > EHp E
BE V
BV
Hp
2,8
01
3 -
Hp
AV
E
AE V
7 < EHp 4,4
2,6
4 -
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
4
- 1 : 2A / 2B 1A / 1B
2A + 1B = 2B + 1A 1 + 2 = 1 + 2
( . )O2H / HO ( )+O3H / O2H
11] [ ] [] [ ] [: 2
2
KBAB
O3H[ = A] [ ] [] [ ] [: ]+
3
3 1
1 2
2
O HK
HA
O BB
A
+
+ =
] [] [
] [21 ] [
2
2A
A 3
31
KO H1BK H
KO
ABA
+
+ = =
+4HN :
( +4HN ) +O3H /O2H +4HN /3HN:
)qa(+O3H + )qa( 3HN = )l(O2H + )qa(+4HN : 1 + 2 = 1 + 2
: 3 3] [
4
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
+4HN /3HN ] [
1
3 3A
4
HN O HK
HN
+
+ =
A1: K
K1
1: =2
A
A
KK
K =
A2 +O3H /O2H =1 K
1 2
A
A
KK
K : . =
1 > K: A A2 1
>K KA A1 2
. >Kp Kp (1 ) ( 2A / 2B 1A / 1B )
A2
. 2B Kp
A1
. 1A Kp
.
A1 Kp
A2 Kp
2A 2B 1B 1A
Hp
1-
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
5
1 < K: A A2 1
Kp Kp .
A2
. 2B Kp
A1
. 1A Kp
( ) .
- 2 . : - 1 2
:
. : 3 6 . T
3-
.E
:
(4 )
:
.
A A1 2
> 4 Kp Kp
A1 Kp
A2 Kp
1A 1B 2B 2A
Hp
2 -
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
E
6 -
T
AV
Hp
E
E
AEV
(5 ) (4 ) (3 )
Hp Hp Hp
AV AV AV
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
6
VHpd ) ( ( E ) )V( f = Hp Vd
(5 . )g= . :
. )V( g :
: - 2 2
. Hp Hp
.
.
) Hp
7 .( 7
Hp ( Lm 1 )
V )V( f = Hp
.
:
.
:
.
)HO ,+aN( )lC ,+O3H( : - 1 2 2 O2H / HO +O3H / O2H
)l(O2H + )l(O2H )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H : 1 2 1 2
: 8
0
6.2
Hp
7 -
A
C
B
EHp
0Hp
E
BHp
Hp
BV
BE VBF V
8 - F FHp
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
7
: Hp : 0Hp
01 CAHp AC goL = Hp =
Hp : BA
. )l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H: ( . ) 7 = Hp : E
.
. Hp Hp : C Hp
.
: +aN lC HO +O3H:
F : -
HpF01 O H3
= +41
3
HO01O H
= +
F
A A
B A
lCV CV V
+ = F
F
B B
B A
V CaN
V V + = +
L/lom 701 = ]+O3H[ = ]HO[: 7 = Hp : -
]+aN[ ]lC[ BE
VBF
.V
)lC ,+O3H( )HO ,+aN( : - 2 2 2 O2H / HO +O3H / O2H
)l(O2H + )l(O2H )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H : 1 2 1 2
9
7
Hp
AVAE
V
0Hp
AHp
A
B
C
E
AF V
FHp F
9 -
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
8
: Hp : 0Hp
01 CB41 Hp BC goL + 41= Hp =
Hp : BA
. )l(O2H 2 )qa(HO + )qa(+O3H: ( . ) 7 = Hp : E
.
. Hp Hp : C Hp
.
: +aN lC HO +O3H:
F : -
HpF01 O H3
= +41
3
HO01O H
= +F
F
A A
A B
V ClC
V V + =
F
B B
A B
aNV CV V
+ = +
L/lom 701 = ]+O3H[ = ]HO[: 7 = Hp : -
]+aN[ ]lC[ AE
VAF
.V
)HO ,+aN( )HOOC3HC( : - 3 2 2 O2H / HO HOOC3HC / OOC3HC
)l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC : 1 2 1 2
01 -
Hp
BV
A B
F
D
E
EB V
EHp
EB1 V 2
C AKp
BHp
01 - 0Hp
.A IRUOZEUG narO - lavaraM ecyL
-
EUGUOZ
A IRke
9
: Hp : 0Hp
. AC goL = Hp
: Hp :BA +O3H
HO +O3H
. HO +O3H
: .
: : DB
. )l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC )qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC . 7 > Hp : E
:7 > Hp OOC3HC
)qa(HO + )qa(HOOC3HC = )l(O2H + )qa(OOC3HC: . HO
. : C : HOOC3HC / OOC3HC AKp
] [ 3
A3
OOC HCgoL Hp Kp
HOOC HC
: ]HOOC3HC[ = ]OOC3HC[ =
] [3
3
OOC HC0 goL
HOOC HC
AKp = Hp =
.