PHYSICS · PDF fileengineering physics chemistry, o metallurgyr , ... compass readings sightin, ... where a furthe analysir os thf earth'e magnetis fielc ads it

PHYSICS IN CANADA

the bulletin of

the Canadian association of physicists

EDITOR

K.L.S.Gunn

EDITORIAL BOARD

J . J . B r o w n A .E .Doug las H .A .Hami I t on H . J . C . I r e t o n J .D . Jackson J . S . M a r s h a l I E.R.Pounder

C.A.P.EXECUTIVE

PRESIDENT: L . K e r w i n Lava l U.

VICE PRESIDENT: B.W.Sargent Oueens U.

SECRETARY : R.H.Hay A l u m . L t d . K i n g s t o n

TREASURER: M .A .P res ton McMaster

REGISTRAR: M.W.Johns McMaster

DIRECTORS: G.Herzberg N.R.C.

R .W.N icho i is U .o f Western Ont .

R .A .Arms t rong McGi11 U.

EXECUTIVE ADDRESS: Oept . o f P h y s i c s , McMaster U n i v e r s i t y , H a m i l t o n , On t .

PHYSICS IN CANADA: c / o The E d i t o r , Dept . of P h y s i c s , McGi11 u n i v e r s i t y , M m t r e a l , Quebec.

VOL. 10 - NO. 3 - SPRING 1955

S C I E N T I F I C WORK OF H . M . C . S . LABRADOR DURING THE 1954 S'.'MMER CRUISE

by D . C . Rose 3

EXTRA SENSIBLE PALAVER by R . W . J a c k s o n 7

C . A . P . V I S I T S PHYSICS IN GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY

A l u m i n i u m L a b o r a t o r i e s L i m i t e d

by W.M. M a r t i n 15

COMING EVENTS 21

RfcSEARCH CROSS SECTION 2 4

THE P R E S I D E N T ' S FAGE 28

CROSS COUNTRY 31 BOOKS 3 4

C.A .P . COUNCIL

B.C. and YUKON: J . L . C I imenhaga, R . W . S t e w a r t , V i c t o r i a C o l l e g e ; PRAIRIES: E .M .Campbe l l , Man. Cancer I n s t . ;

A . E . S c h e i d e g g e r , I m p e r i a l O i l . S.W.ONTARIO: R . J . U f f e n , A . D . M i s e n e r , U. o f Western Ont . CENTRAL ONTARIO: J . H . S r e g s o n , Wes t innhouse ;

W.H.Watson, U. o f T o r o n t o . OTTAWA VALLEY: A . E . D o u o l a s , N . R . C . , O t tawa ;

L . G . E l l i o t t , A . E . C . L . , Chalk R i v e r . QUEBEC: C . G e o f f r i o n , L a v a l U . ; W . H i t s c h f e l d , M c G i l l U. MARITIMES: W.J.Nob l e , A c a d i a U . ; S .W.Breckon .Memor ia l U.

S P R A G U E E L E C T R I C C O M P A N Y — North Adams, Massachusetts —

O P E N I N G S FOR

PHYSICISTS, CHEMISTS, METALLURGISTS ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL, AND CERAMIC ENGINEERS

[ Applications are invited for positions in this company's Research and Engineering laboratories from men or women, with or without experience, who have (or expect to receive this year) graduate degrees in physics, engineering physics, chemistry, or metallurgy. Applications are also in-vited from experienced electrical, mechanical, and ceramic engineers. Positions are open in research, development, and engineering.

This company is one of the largest manufacturers of electronic components (capacitors, resistors, printed circuits, ferrite parts, pulse-forming net-works, radio noise filters, and other products) and has twelve plants in ten ci t ies. The head offices, and three of the plants, are in North Adams, in the Berkshire Hills of northwestern Massachusetts. Living accommo-dations are available in or near North Adams and Williamstown.

The Research and Engineering Department, with a staff of about 260 and with large and well-equipped laboratories, is located in North Adams. Re-search is being conducted on semiconductors, ferrimagnetic and ferroelec-tric phenomena (ferrites, ceramic dielectrics, and piezoelectric materials), solid and liquid dielectrics, and in organic, inorganic and physical chem-istry, and metallurgy. Development and engineering activities are directed toward new devices and materials for electronic use, and toward improve-ment of existing components and their manufacture.

Application forms and booklets on the company and on the area will be sent on request.

Correspondence and Applications should be addressed to Dr. Adair Morrison, Sprague Electric Company, North Adams, Massachusetts.

S c i e n t i f i c W o r k <<f H.ÏUCS. l o b r a d c r

dur ing the I S H Summer C r u i z e

L 3>.C. il tie,

T h e L a b r a d o r , t h e n e w C a n a d i a n N a v y I c e b r e a k e r , w a s b u i l t a s a p a t r o l a n d s u r v e y v e s s e l , t h e r e b y s u p p l y i n g a s e r -v i c e t h a t i s n e c e s s a r y to t h e n o r t h e r n e x p a n d i n g f r o n t i e r w h i c h p l a y s s u c h a g r e a t p a r t in C a n a d a ' s n a t i o n a l d e v e l o p -m e n t . H e r f i r s t c r u i s e w a s r e c o r d m a k i n g in t h a t s h e t r a v e r s e d t h e N o r t h W e s t P a s s a g e f r o m e a s t to w e s t a n d c i r c u m n a v i g a t e d t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n c o n t i n e n t . T h e N o r t h W e s t P a s s a g e h a d b e e n c o m p l e t e d t h r e e t i m e s b e f o r e , f i r s t by A m u n d s e n in 1903 - 1906, by S u p e r i n t e n d e n t H e n r y L a r s e n in 1941 - 1942 in t h e S t . R o c h ( f r o m w e s t to e a s t ) , a n d a g a i n by L a r s e n in 1944 .

T h e 1954 p a s s a g e i s m u c h l e s s r o m a n t i c t h a n the o t h e r s in t h a t t h e i c e c o u l d b e t a c k l e d by b r u t e f o r c e r a t h e r t h a n w a i t i n g f o r s u i t a b l e l e a d s to o p e n , a n d t h e r e w a s s u f f i c i e n t a i r c o v e r a g e to g i v e s o m e a d v a n c e k n o w l e d g e of i c e c o n d i t i o n s b e f o r e m o v i n g in to n e w a r e a s . T h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e 1954 c r u i s e l i e s in t h e a m o u n t of s c i e n t i f i c w o r k t h a t w a s c a r r i e d ou t d u r i n g t h e c r u i s e r a t h e r t h a n in t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p a s s a g e w a s c o m p l e t e d .

T h e w o r k of t o p p r i o r i t y w a s h y d r o g r a p h i e s u r v e y . A g l a n c e a t c h a r t s of n o r t h e r n a r e a s s h o w s t h a t s o u n d i n g s a r e

4

o n l y a v a i l a b l e w h e r e s h i p s h a v e p a s s e d wi th s o u n d i n g g e a r in o p e r a t i o n a n d k n o w i n g t h e i r p o s i t i o n . T h e p o s i t i o n s m u s t b e t i e d to g e o d e t i c f i x e s w h i c h a r e s t i l l v e r y i n a d e q u a t e a n d , u n t i l t h i s y e a r , p r a c t i c a l l y n o n e of t he h a r b o u r s in t h e A r c t i c a r c h i p e l a g o w e r e s u r v e y e d . T h e h y d r o g r a p h i e w o r k w a s c a r r i e d ou t by a N a v a l h y d r o g r a p h i e e n g i n e e r , L t . C o m m a n d e r T . A . E r v i n e , a n d two h y d r o g r a p h e r s f r o m t h e h y d r o g r a p h i e o f f i c e of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of M i n e s and T e c h n i -c a l S u r v e y s , M e s s r s . D . D . L e l i e v r e a n d M . B o u l t o n . T h e s e w e r e s u p p o r t e d by m e m b e r s of t h e s h i p ' s c o m p a n y in o p e r a -t i ng the t h r e e b o a t s e q u i p p e d f o r h a r b o u r s o u n d i n g , e r e c t i n g b e a c o n s a n d t a k i n g r e a d i n g s . D u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h e w o r k in t h e A r c t i c , t h e L a b r a d o r w o r k e d wi th two A m e r i c a n i c e b r e a k e r s , t h e N o r t h Wind a n d t h e B u r t o n I s l a n d , w h i c h w e r e w o r k i n g on c o r r e s p o n d i n g m i s s i o n s in t h e B e a u f o r t S e a , h a v i n g c o m e in f r o m t h e P a c i f i c s i d e . T h e s e s h i p s h a d C a n a d i a n s c i e n t i s t s a b o a r d who w e r e a l s o do ing s u r v e y w o r k , H . R . B l a n d f o r d of t h e H y d r o g r a p h i e S u r v e y a n d W. D . F o r r e s t e r of t h e C a n a d i a n G e o d e t i c S u r v e y . T h e ch ief s c i e n -t i s t on t h e B u r t o n I s l a n d w a s D r . W m . C a m e r o n of U . B . C .

O c e a n o g r a p h y i s a l m o s t a s i m p o r t a n t in t he n o r t h e r n s e a p a s s a g e s a s h y d r o g r a p h i e s u r v e y s . T h e c u r r e n t s a n d t i d e s m u s t b e s t u d i e d . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d s a l i n i t i e s a f f e c t t h e s e s i n c e t h e y a r e c o n t r o l l e d by c o n v i c t i v e a s w e l l a s d y n a m i c f o r c e s . A s s o c i a t e d w i th t h i s i s m a r i n e b i o l o g y s i n c e s o m u c h l i f e d e p e n d s on t h e g r o w t h of v a r i o u s s p e c i e s in t h e o c e a n . T h e O c e a n o g r a p h i c t e a m c o n s i s t e d of M e s s r s . W . B . B a i l e y , J . G . C l a r k a n d C . C . C u n n i n g h a m of t he A t l a n t i c o c e a n o g r a -p h i c s t a t i o n a t S t . A n d r e w s , N . B . T h e s h i p w a s e q u i p p e d wi th two o c e a n o g r a p h i c w i n c h e s , o n e f o r b a t h y t h e r m o g r a p h i c r e c o r d s w h i c h c o u l d b e t a k e n w h i l e t h e s h i p w a s in m o t i o n , a n d t h e

5

o t h e r f o r d e e p s a m p l i n g u s i n g K n u d s e n b o t t l e s . T h e r e w a s no m a r i n e b i o l o g i s t a b o a r d b u t t h e o c e a n o g r a p h e r s c o l l e c t e d s o m e s a m p l e s of m a r i n e l i f e .

M a g n e t i c m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e s t i l l i m p o r t a n t i n ' n a v i g a -t i o n a n d in k n o w i n g s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e c h a n g e s in t h e e a r t h ' s m a g n e t i s m . E . I . b o o m e r f r o m t h e D o m i n i o n O b s e r v a t o r y , M a g n e t i c D i v i s i o n , t o o k t e n s t a t i o n s . E a c h s t a t i o n i n v o l v e s 24 h o u r s a s h o r e t a k i n g h o u r l y r e a d i n g s s o t h a t c o r r e c t i o n s c a n b e m a d e f o r t h e d i u r n a l v a r i a t i o n a n d s t o r m c o n d i t i o n s . S o m e t i m e s w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s m a d e i t n e c e s s a r y to s h o r t e n t h e 2 4 - h o u r p e r i o d a n d o n c e o r t w i c e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s w e r e s u c h t h a t t h e p a r t y s t a y e d a s h o r e two o r t h r e e d a y s i n s t e a d of t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s . M r . L o o m e r w a s s u p p o r t e d in t h i s w o r k by P e t t y O f f i c e r S m i t h , t h e S i g n a l Y e o m a n of t h e s h i p ' s c o m p a n y .

A n o t h e r m a g n e t i c p r o j e c t w a s a g y r o m a g n e t i c c o m p a s s , an A d m i r a l t y d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h w a s b e i n g t e s t e d in n o r t h e r n w a t e r s . On e v e r y p o s s i b l e o c c a s i o n t h e s n i p w a s s w u n g to g i v e c o m p a s s r e a d i n g s , s i g h t i n g on t h e s u n o r s t a r s . T h e s e m e a -s u r e m e n t s no t o n l y t o ld u s how n e a r t h e m a g n e t i c p o l e a m a g n e t i c c o m p a s s c o u l d b e u s e d , bu t a l s o g a v e a lo t of i n -f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e b e h a v i o u r of g y r o c o m p a s s e s in t h e n o r t h . C o m m a n d e r E . M . P e n t o n , R . N . ( R e t i r e d ) , of t h e A d m i r a l t y C o m p a s s E s t a b l i s h m e n t , w a s in c h a r g e of t h i s w o r k .

I c e a n d m e t e o r o l o g y go t o g e t h e r s i n c e t h e s t u d y of i c e a n d p r e d i c t i o n of i t s b e h a v i o u r i s b e c o m i n g a c c e p t e d a s a m e t e o r o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m . T h e m o v e m e n t of i c e in w i n d a n d c u r -r e n t s i s a m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e l a w s of p h y s i c s . C o r i o l i s f o r c e s a r e e f f e c t i v e , r e s u l t i n g in i c e m o v i n g to t h e r i g h t of t h e w ind d i r e c t i o n w h e n d r i v e n by i t . P r e d i c t e d i c e m o v e m e n t s a r e of g r e a t v a l u e b e c a u s e h a v i n g t h e m , o n e k n o w s

6

how s a f e i t i s t o s t a y in a n a r e a w h e r e c h a n g e s in i c e m o v e -m e n t s m i g h t f o r c e t h e s h i p a s h o r e . An i c e e x p e r t f r o m t h e S c o t t P o l a r R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e a t C a m b r i d g e , D r . T . E . A r m s t r o n g , w a s a m e m b e r of t h e s c i e n t i f i c t e a m . T h e m e t e o -r o l o g i s t w a s A . B . L o w e of t h e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O f f i c e of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t . When w o r k i n g in t h e B e a u f o r t S e a , w e w e r e a l s o j o i n e d f o r a f e w d a y s by S . D e w a r of t h e D o m i n i o n M e t e o r o l o g y O f f i c e who w a s a b o a r d o n e of t h e A m e r i c a n s h i p s s t u d y i n g m i c r o - m e t e o r o l o g y on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e i c e , - t u r b u l e n c e a n d h e a t t r a n s f e r b e t w e e n t h e i c e a n d t h e a t m o s p h e r e .

L a s t bu t n o t l e a s t , t h e r e s h o u l d a l w a y s b e s o m e p u r e phy-s i c s d o n e on t h e s e t r i p s in o r d e r t o s t u d y t h e b e h a v i o u r of n a t u r a l p h e n o m e n a w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e to a n y o b j e c t i v e o t h e r than t h e a d v a n c e m e n t of k n o w l e d g e . In t h i s c a s e i t w a s c o s m i c r a y s , A c o u n t e r t e l e s c o p e a n d a n e u t r o n m o n i t o r w e r e i n c l u d e d in a s m a l l l a b o r a t o r y w h i c h t h e N a v y k i n d l y b u i l t f o r t h a t p u r p o s e r i g h t u n d e r t h e m a s t on t h e h i g h e s t p a r t of t h e s h i p . M e a s u r e -m e n t s w e r e t a k e n u p to g e o m a g n e t i c l a t i t u d e 8 9 ° N . N e w d a t a on t h e g e o m a g n e t i c e f f e c t w a s o b t a i n e d p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e r e t u r n c r u i s e t h r o u g h t h e P a n a m a C a n a l . T h e s a m e a p p a r a t u s i s n o w in t h e A n t a r f c t i c a b o a r d t h e U . S . N , i c e b r e a k e r A t k a w h e r e a f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s of t he e a r t h ' s m a g n e t i c f i e l d a s i t a f f e c t s c o s m i c r a y s i s b e i n g m a d e . T h i s l a t t e r p a r t of t h e w o r k i s a j o i n t p r o j e c t w i th t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o .

A t r i b u t e s h o u l d b e p a i d to t h e C a n a d i a n N a v y f o r t h e e f f o r t p u t i n t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c w o r k of t h e 1954 c r u i s e . T h e p o l i c y f o r t h e u s e <j>f t h e s h i p s u p p o r t e d t h e c a r r y i n g ou t of a l l t h i s w o r k a n d t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e s h i p by C a p t a i n O . C . S . R o b e r t s o n , h i s o f f i c e r s a n d c r e w w a s s u c h t h a t t h e a c c o m -p l i s h m e n t of t h e s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s w e r e a l w a y s of p a r a -m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e

C A P

7

Sxtiia

T h e m a n - i n - t h e - s t r e e t i s o n e u p on t h e s c i e n t i s t , a n d t h e r e i s n o t h i n g t h e s c i e n t i s t c a n do a b o u t i t . T h e s i t u a t i o n a r i s e s ou t of t h e v e r y f u n d a m e n t a l r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e s c i e n -t i s t t o N a t u r e . N a t u r e i s f o r t h e s c i e n t i s t t h e b o u n d l e s s , t h e i n e x h a u s t i b l e , t h e e x i s t e n t i a l , t h e s u r p r i s i n g . I t s R e a l i t y i s b o t h t h e s o u r c e of h i s e m p i r i c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e i n c o m p l e t e n e s s of h i s k n o w l e d g e . W h e n t h e m a n - i n - t h e - s t r e e t a l l i e s h i m s e l f on t h e s i d e of N a t u r e h e f e e l s h i m s e l f o n e up in t h a t h e c a n t a u n t t h e s c i e n t i s t w i t h t h a t i n e x h a u s t i b l e r e s i d u u m of i g n o r a n c e . H e p r e s e n t s t h e s c i e n t i s t w i t h a n o v e l d a t u m a n d l a u g h s . S o m e t i m e s t h e s c i e n t i s t l a s h e s ou t a n d m a k e s a f o o l of h i m s e l f .

W h e n t h e m a n - i n - t h e - s t r e e t r e p o r t s h e h a s s e e n a f l y i n g s a u c e r , m e n f r o m V e n u s , o r k n o w s a m a n who c a n f i n d w a t e r w i t h a b e n t t w i g , t h e c o n s c i e n t i o u s s c i e n t i s t c a n on ly s a y : i t d o e s n ' t s o u n d v e r y l i k e l y , p e r h a p s y o u h a d b e e n d r i n k i n g o r h a d a t o u c h of s u n . M u c h a s h e w o u l d l i k e t o , h e c a n n o t s a y " n o n s e n s e . " H e i s v i c t i m of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t h i s t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e c a n n e v e r b e p r o v e d c o m p l e t e . H i s a p p l e c a r t i s a l w a y s o p e n to o v e r t u r n i n g by t h e e m e r g e n c e of a n e w d a t u m .

a t e a r l i e r s t a g e s of t h a t h i s r e - s y n t h e s i

8

T a k e t h e f o o d b u s i n e s s . T h e m a n who g r o w s h i s own f o o d in w e l l - m a n u r e d f i e l d s a n d e a t s a l l h i s p r o d u c e r a w i s d e f i n i t e l y o n e - u p on t h e s c i e n t i s t ; f o r t h e s c i e n t i s t who m i x e s up t h e f o o d t h e r e s t of u s f o l k s e a t , p u t t i n g b a c k in a t o n e s t a g e t h e good c o m p o n e n t s r e m o v e d o r d e s t r o y e d

p r o c e s s i n g , c a n n e v e r b e q u i t e s u r e is i s c o m p l e t e . A n d s i n c e h e c a n n e v e r ,

f r o m t h e n a t u r e of t h i n g s , b e e v e r q u i t e a b s o l u t e l y c e r t a i n t h a t h e h a s r e s t o r e d e v e r y v i t a m i n a n d o t h e r p o s s i b l y u s e f u l o r g a n i c c o m p l e x t h a t w a s p r e s e n t in t h e o r i g i n a l s t u f f , h e i s n e v e r *oing to b e a b l e to c o n v i n c e t h a t m u t t o n h e a d of a m a n u r e - s p r e a d e r t h a t h e i s n ' t b e t t e r o f f . I t m a y b e e x a s p e r a t i n g , bu t t h e r e i t i s . Of c o u r s e o n e m i g h t s a y t h a t t h e m u t t o n h e a d j u s t d o e s n ' t u n d e r s t a n d a b o u t p r o b a b i l i t i e s , bu t i t i s p r e c i s e l y t h e l o g i c a l d i f -f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p r o b a b l e c e r t a i n t y a n d a b s o l u t e c e r t a i n t y , b e t w e e n a s e r i e s a n d i t s a s y m p t o t i c l i m i t , t h a t a l l o w s h i m to b e o n e u p . |The re i s no u n c e r t a i n t y in M a r g e n a u ' s " P - p l a n e " , w h e r e a s t h e r e i s a l l k i n d s of u n c e r t a i n t y in i t s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s .

T h e s c i e n t i s t r e a l l y d o e s n ' t m i n d so m u c h b e i n g p r e s e n t e d w i t h a n u p s e t t i n g d a t u m by a n o t h e r s c i e n t i s t , p r o v i d e d h e c a n b e c o n v i n c e d of t h e f e l l o w ' s c r e d e n t i a l s . S o m e t i m e s i t d o e s h a p p e n t h a t t h e m a n who a t f i r s t g l a n c e a p p e a r s to b e N a t u r e ' s a d v o c a t e t u r n s ou t to b e on t h e s i d e of s c i e n c e . S o m e t i m e s i t i s v e r y h a r d to d i s c e r n w h i c h s i d e a m a n i s on w h e n t h e s c i e n c e i s in a v e r y e a r l y s t a g e . A n d s o m e t i m e s a m a n o s c i l l a t e s ; w h e n t h i s h a p p e n s , a n d i t i s so h a r d to d i s c e r n h i s p o s i t i o n a n y h o w , i t i s e n o u g h to g ive s o m e s c i e n t i s t s n e u r o s e s . L e t u s s a y t h a t s o m e of t h e s e t h i n g s h a v e b e e n h a p p e n -ing in t h e f i e l d I a m a b o u t to d i s c u s s .

9

In t h e l a s t 35 y e a r s a n e w s c i e n t i f i c d a t u m h a s b e e n m a k i n g a m o r e a n d m o r e c o n c r e t e a p p e a r a n c e . T h e f o l k -l o r e of o u r c u l t u r e h a s a l w a y s b e e n f u l l of s t o r i e s of t e l e p a t h y , c l a i r v o y a n c e , " s e c o n d - s i g h t " , p r o p h e t i c v i s i o n s , a n d s u c h t h i n g s . It w a s a b o u t 35 y e a r s a g o t h a t t h e f i r s t " c a r d - g u e s s i n g " e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p e r -f o r m e d , in t h e a t t e m p t to b r i n g s o m e of t h e s e p u r p o r t e d p h e n o m e n a i n t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y f o r s t u d y . A c r i t i c a l h i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s on t e l e p a t h y t h e n a n d s i n c e i s c o n t a i n e d in t h e m o s t r e c e n t a n d b e s t b o o k to d a t e on t h e s u b j e c t , " M o d e r n E x p e r i m e n t s in T e l e p a t h y " , by S . G . S o a l a n d F . B a t e m a n , p u b l i s h e d l a s t f a l l by t h e Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s .

T h e r e i s not m u c h p o i n t in m y t r y i n g to m a k e a g e n e r a l s u m m a r y of t h e c o n t e n t s of t h e b o o k . T h e s u b -j e c t h a s s u f f e r e d too m u c h f r o m s e c o n d - h a n d s u m m a r i e s of e x p e r i m e n t s , p r e s e n t e d w i t h o u t d e t a i l , a n d a c c o m p a n i e d by i m p a s s i o n e d e x h o r t a t i o n s to b e l i e v e o r d i s b e l i e v e . T h e o n l y c u r e f o r t h i s s o r t of t h i n g i s f o r e v e r y o n e to r e a d t h e b o o k f o r h i m s e l f . S o a l a n d B a t e m a n ' s p r e s e n t a t i o n i s , in t h e w o r d s of G . E v e l " n H u t c h i n s o n ' s i n t r o d u c t o r y n o t e , " s o b e r , f a c t u a l , a n d d e t a i l e d . "

I s h o u l d l i k e , h o w e v e r , to s i n j u s t a l i t t l e , a n d r e v i e w o n e of t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t e x p e r i m e n t s f o r t h e p u r p o s e of p o i n t i n g ou t a f e w s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s w h i c h s e e m to h a v e b e e n m i s s e d by a t l e a s t o n e r e c e n t r e v i e w e r .

T h e e x p e r i m e n t I h a v e in m i n d , o r s e r i e s of e x p e r i -men t s , r a t h e r , w a s d o n e in 1941 t h r o u g h 1943, w i th t h e s u b j e c t B a s i l S h a c k l e t o n , o n e of t h e two p a r t i c u l a r l y g i f t e d s u b j e c t s w h o m S o a l a n d B a t e m a n d i s c o v e r e d .

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T h e c o n d i t i o n s w e r e e s s e n t i a l l y a s f o l l o w s : T h e s e n d e r , o r " a g e n t " , s a t a t a t a b l e b e h i n d a s c r e e n . On t h e t a b l e in f r o n t of h i m , o r h e r , w e r e f i v e c a r d s in a r o w f a c e d o w n , e a c h c a r d b e a r i n g a d i f f e r e n t s y m b o l . On t h e s c r e e n a b o v e t h e c a r d s , i n d i c a t i n g t h e i r p o s i t i o n , w e r e t h e n u m -b e r s 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , T h e d i r e c t o r of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s t o o d on t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e of t h e s c r e e n w i th p r e p a r e d l i s t s of r a n d o m n u m b e r s 1 to 5 o r , in s o m e e x p e r i m e n t s , w i t h a b o w l f r o m v |h i ch h e d r e w o u n t e r s a t r a n d o m . T h e g u e s s e s w e r e d o n e i n g r o u p s of 2 5 . T h e d i r e c t o r w o u l d l o o k a t h i s l i s t , s i l e j i t l y i n d i c a t e t h e r a n d o m n u m b e r to t h e s e n d e r by h o l d i n g a n u m e r e d c a r d up to a h o l e in t h e s c r e e n a n d , a m o m e n t l a t e r w h e n t h e s e n d e r h a d h a d t i m e to l i f t t h e c a r d u n d e r t h a t n u m b e r a n d l o o k a t i t , w o u l d c a l l t h e s e r i a l n u m b e r of t h e g u e s s a l o u d . T h e r e c e i v e r , o r " p e r c i p i e n t " , w a s in a n o t h e r r o o m w h e r e h e c o u l d no t s e e t h e s e n d e r and c o u l d h e a r on ly t h e v o i c e of t h e d i r e c t o r c a l l i n g t h e n u m b e r s 1 to 2 5 . T h u s t h e o n l y v o i c e t h e r e c e i v e r h e a r d w a s t h a t of s o m e o n e who w a s i g n o r a n t of t h e s y m b o l up f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n ( the f i v e c a r d s h a d b e e n s h u f f l e d a n d d e a l t u n d e r t h e i n d i c a t o r -n u m b e r s in a n o r d e r u n k n o w n to t h e d i r e c t o r u n t i l a f t e r t h e e x p e r i m e n t ) . T h e r e c e i v e r n o t e d down h i s g u e s s e s w h e n h e h e a r d t h e n u m b e r s c a l l e d o r , in t h e e x p e r i m e n t s a t a f a s t e r r a t e , s i m p l y p o i n t e d a t t h e s y m b o l a n d a n o t h e r p e r s o n r e c o r d e d h i s g u e s s . T h e n o r m a l r a t e of g u e s s i n g w a s a b o u t 20 to t h e m i n u t e , o r a t i n t e r v a l s of a b o u t 3 s e c o n d s .

T h e r e s u l t s w e r e a s f o l l o w s . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e d i s c o v e r y h a d b e e n m a d e t h a t s o m e s u b j e c t s s h o w e d a " d i s p l a c e m e n t e f f e c t " , g u e s s i n g w i th a f r e q u e n c y m e a s u r a b l y a b o v e c h a n c e e x p e c t a t i o n t h e c a r d a h e a d of o r b e h i n d t h e " t a r g e t " c a r d . In p a r t i c u l a r i t h a d b e e n

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f o u n d in two o r t h r e e t h o u s a n d p r e v i o u s t r i a l s t h a t S h a c k l e t o n c o n s i s t e n t l y t e n d e d to g u e s s c o r r e c t l y t h e c a r d t h e s e n d e r w a s a b o u t to l o o k a t nex t , o b t a i n i n g on ly s c o r e s in a g r e e m e n t w i t h c h a n c e e x p e c t a t i o n on t h e t a r g e t c a r d . T h i s s o u n d s i n c r e d i b l e , bu t r a t h e r t h a n s t o p to a t t e m p t to e x p l a i n i t , l e t u s c o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e m a i n o b s e r v a t i o n s . In a t o t a l of 3 , 9 4 6 t a r g e t c a r d s , w i t h a M i s s E l l i o t t a s a g e n t , S h a c k l e t o n s c o r e d 1, 101 h i t s on the c a r d a h e a d , w h i c h i s 1 3 . 2 t i m e s t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a b o v e t h e m e a n e x p e c t e d f r o m p u r e c h a n c e . T h e s c o r e s f o r t h e t a r g e t c a r d , t h e c a r d two a h e a d , o n e b e h i n d , a n d two b e h i n d , w e r e a l l w i t h i n t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n f r o m c h a n c e e x p e c t a t i o n , e x c e p t f o r t h e t a r g e t c a r d , f o r w h i c h t h e g u e s s e s w e r e 1 . 6 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s a b o v e c h a n c e e x p e c t a t i o n . T h e l a t t e r s c o r e c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t , bu t a s c o r e w i th a d e v i a t i o n f r o m m e a n . e x p e c t a t i o n of 1 3 . 2 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s wou ld b e e x p e c t e d to t u r n up a t r a n d o m on ly o n c e in a b o u t 10^5 s e t s . It i s a h i g h l y u n l i k e l y o c c u r r e n c e , to s a y t h e l e a s t .

B u t t h e a b o v e w a s on ly one f e a t u r e . M o r e i m p o r t a n t w e r e t h e e f f e c t s of v a r y i n g the e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e : (1) i n t e r s p e r s e d w i th t h e a b o v e t r i a l s w e r e 500 t r i a l s in w h i c h e v e r y t h i n g w a s t h e s a m e e x c e p t t h a t , u n k n o w n to t h e r e c e i v e r , t h e s e n d e r m e r e l y t o u c h e d t h e b a c k of t h e c a r d w i t h o u t l o o k i n g a t i t . T h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e s e 500 t r i a l s a g r e e d c l o s e l y w i t h c h a n c e e x p e c t a t i o n . (2) t h e r a t e of c a l l i n g w a s d o u b l e d . In a t o t a l of o v e r 800 t a r g e t s , t h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e of c o r r e c t g u e s s e s s h i f t e d to t h e c a r d two a h e a d of t h e t a r g e t c a r d , w i t h an e x c e s s of n e a r l y 6 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , a n d w i th t h e f r e q u e n c y of c o r r e c t g u e s s e s n e a r c h a n c e e x p e c t a t i o n

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f o r t h e o t h e r w i s e d i s p l a c e d c a r d s . (3) t h e r a t e w a s s l o w e d to o n e g u e s s in 5 s e c o n d s , S h a c k l e t o n g r e w v e r y r e s t l e s s a n d e x a s p e r a t e d a n d in a t o t a l of a b o u t 800 t r i a l s s c o r e d c|nly c h a n c e r e s u l t s . (4) a d i f f e r e n t a g e t i t , M r . J . A l d r e d w a s u s e d . In o v e r 700 g u e s s e s (a t t h e n o r m a l r a t e ) S h a c k l e t o n s c o r e d c o n s i s t e n t l y h i g h (of t h e o r d e r of 5 . 6 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s a b o v e c h a n c e ) on b o t h t h e c a r d Ahead a n d t h e c a r d b e h i n d t h e t a r g e t . When t h e r a t e w a s d o u b l e d t h e h i g h s c o r e s s h i f t e d to t h e c a r d s two a h e a d a n d two b e h n d .

T h e r e a r e m a n y m o r e v a r i a t i o n s of e x p e r i m e n t r e p o r t e d in t h e b o o k , b u t t h e a b o v e w i l l s u f f i c e f o r p u r p o s e s of d i s c u s -s i o n . How i s o n e to e x p l a i n t h e a b o v e d a t a ?

O b v i o u s l y t h e i n f o r m a t i o n w a s b e i n g t r a n s m i t t e d u n c o n -s c i o u s l y by o r d i n a r y s e n s o r y m e a n s , s u c h a s f a i n t w h i s p e r i n g , s h u f f l i n g of t h e f e e t , a n d so o n . T h i s i s a v e r y o b v i o u s a n d c o n v e n i e n t h y p o t h e s i s , w h i c h o n e c a n h a n g o n t o a s l ong a s o n e r e f r a i n s f r o m r e a d i n g t h e b o o k .

T h e r e s u l t s a r e s t a t i s t i c a l a r t i f a c t s , o b t a i n e d by o p t i o n a l s t o p p i n g w h e n t h ^ e x p e r i m e n t e r i s a h e a d , o r by s e l e c t i o n of b e s t s c o r e s , e t c . T h i s a g a i n i s a n ' o b v i o u s h y p o t h e s i s , good a s l o n g a s olne r e f r a i n s f r o m r e a d i n g t h e b o o k , o r e v e n a s l o n g a s o n e d o e s no t m e d i t a t e too l o n g on t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e a b o v e - s u m m a r i z e d e f f e c t s of v a r y i n g t h e p a r a m e t e r s .

T h e s t a t i s t i c a l t h e o r y i_s a l l w e t . B u t w h e n a s e r i e s of g u e s s e s i s c h e c k e d a g a i n s t a s e r i e s of t a r g e t s o t h e r t h a n t h e s e r i e s f o r w h i c h i t w a s i n t e n d e d , t h e s c o r e s

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a g r e e p e r f e c t l y n i c e l y w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l c h a n c e e x p e c t a -t i o n s .

S o a l a n d C o m p a n y a r e a p a c k of l i a r s . We w e r e b o u n d to c o m e to t h i s . B u t t h e r e a d e r w i l l f i n d h i m s e l f a c c u s i n g q u i t e a c r o w d o f , in o t h e r r e s p e c t s , v e r y h o n o u r a b l e m e n , who h a v e s a t in on t h e e x p e r i m e n t s , s i g n e d t h e i r n a m e s a s w i t n e s s e s to t h e data, s h e e t s , a n d d o u b l e c h e c k e d t h e c h e c k -ing of t h e g u e s s e s . It i s a n e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t a n d b i t t e r h y p o t h e s i s to u p h o l d .

M y own c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t t h e p h e n o m e n o n of t e l e p a t h y i s a t r u e d a t u m a n d s c i e n t i s t s a r e s t u c k w i t h i t . No t on ly t h a t , b u t i t i s no o r d i n a r y d a t u m , a s we r e a l i s e if we t h i n k a w h i l e on t h e how of " p r e c o g n i t i o n " ( g u e s s i n g a c a r d w h i c h i s y e t t o b e s e l e c t e d ) a n d on s u c h t h i n g s a s t h e h i g h l y p o s i -t i v e r e s u l t s a c h i e v e d by M r s . .S tewar t e n c l o s e d in a l e a d -l i n e d r o o m , o r by M r s . S t e w a r t s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e s e n d e r by a h u n d r e d m i l e s a n d the E n g l i s h C h a n n e l . It i s s o m e -t h i n g to g ive p h y s i c i s t s p a u s e i n d e e d .

I t i s h e r e t h a t I s h o u l d l i k e to t u r n to c o m m e n t on t h e r e c e n t c r i t i q u e of a c r i t i c w h o , t h o u g h a p p a r e n t l y w i l l i n g to a c c e p t t h e i n e v i t a b l e , t r i e d p e r h a p s a l i t t l e too h a r d no t to b e g iven p a u s e E d w i n G . B o r i n g , a P r o f e s s o r of P s y c h o l o g y a t H a r v a r d , a n d a m a n w h o s e c o u n s e l i s g e n e r a l l y g r e a t l y to b e r e s p e c t e d , w r i t e s in t h e J a n u a r y 1955 i s s u e of A m e r i c a n S c i e n t i s t s o m e v e r y s o u n d a d v i c e , t h a t is , up u n t i l t h e p o i n t w h e n h e r e d u c e s a r u n of 280 c o r r e c t g u e s s e s in 1000 t a r g e t s ( r a t i o of d e v i a t i o n to s t a n -d a r d d e v i a t i o n e q u a l to 6 . 3 , w i th t h e e x p e c t a t i o n of o c c u r r e n c e by c h a n c e 1 in 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) to t h e s a m e s i g -n i f i c a n c e a s a n i s o l a t e d r u n of 7 in 2 5 . P o o h , p o o h , h e s e e m s to s a y , i t a m o u n t s on ly to an a v e r a g e of 7 in 2 5 ,

14

a f t e r a l l , N e e d I r e m i n d t h e r e a d e r t h a t t h e r e i s a v e r y g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e . T h e n , " w h y c a n ' t t h e y b e s c i e n t i f i c , " P r o f e s s o r B o r i n g c o m p l a i n s , " i n a good e x p e r i m e n t you w o u l d t u r n t e l e p a t h y on a n d n o t e t h e n u m b e r of h i t s . T h e n y o u w o u l d t u r n i t off - - t h e c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t - - a n d n o t e t h e n u m b e r . " Y e t do no t t he e x p e r i m e n t a l v a r i a t i o n s ( 1 ) , (2 ) , ( 3 ) , a n d (4 ) , r e f e r r e d to a b o v e , a c c o m p l i s h s u b -s t a n t i a l l y t h e s a m e t h i n g ? a n d m o r e b e s i d e s ? P r o f e s s o r B o r i n g ' s d i s c u s s i o n , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i s b a s e d t o o h e a v i l y on a m e t a p h y s i c s of u n b r o a d e n e d P o s i t i v i s m , w h i c h l e a d s h i m f i n a l l y to c o n c l u d e t h a t a l l t h a t h a s b e e n d i s c o v e r e d , a f t e r a l l , i s a n " e m p t y c o r r e l a t i o n " a n d "I c a n s e e n o t h i n g s t a r t l i n g a b o u t i t . f ' It i s p e r h a p s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of P o s i t i -v i s t s t o l a c k i m a g i n a t i o n , a n d i t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h o s e who a r e i n t i m i d a t e d by P o s i t i v i s t c r i t i c i s m to h a v e t h e i r i m a g i n a t i o n s i n h i b i t e d . I do no t m e a n to s u g g e s t t h a t w e s h o u l d r u n " h o g - w i l d " , bu t s u p p o s e t h a t we d e l i b e r a t e l y t a k e c a r e n o t t o b e l e d off i n t o g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s , a n d t r y to b e a c t u a l l y r e a l i s t i c , a n d g e t down to t h e c o n c r e t e c a s e , do w e n o t f i n d o u r s e l v e s s t a r t l e d in t h i s i n s t a n c e ?

I h e s i t a t e to end t h u s in m i d - a i r , w i th a q u e s t i o n , l e s t I b e a c c u s e d of b e i n g a n a n t i - s c i e n t i s t , a m y s t i c , N a t u r e ' s a d v o c a t e , a n d s o o n . Y e t s c i e n t i f i c e x p l a n a t i o n s o f t e n b e -g in w i t h a s t a t e of w o n d e r , a n d p e r h a p s I m a y b e f o r g i v e n , in t h i s b r i e f a r t i c l e , f o r b r i n g i n g t h e s u b j e c t on ly a s f a r a s t h e f i r s t s t a g e . " E S P " i s a s u b j e c t in w h i c h , f o r p r a c t i c a l l y t h e f i r s t t i m e s i n c e t h e i r i n f a n c y , t h e s c i e n c e s of p s y c h o l o g y a n d p h y s i c s w i l l h a v e to ge t t o g e t h e r , f o r t h e p s y c h o l o g i s t s h a v e c o m e u p w i t h s o m e t h i n g in w h i c h t h e p h y s i c i s t s ' c o n -c e p t s of t i m e a n d s p a c e s e e m to b e v i t a l l y i n v o l v e d .

C A P

(ZC2& LLnêr 15

A L U M I N I U M L A B O R A T O R I E S L I M I T E D

A l u m i n i u m L a b o r a t o r i e s L i m i t e d w a s e s t a b l i s h e d in 1936 a s o n e of t h e g r o u p m a n a g e m e n t c o m p a n i e s of A l u m i n i u m L i m i t e d f o r t h e b r o a d p u r p o s e of c a r r y i n g ou t r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t of new a n d i m p r o v e d p r o d u c t s a n d p r o c e s s e s a n d g e o l o g i c a l e x p l o r a t i o n w i th a v i e w to d e c r e a s i n g c o s t s of p r o d u c t i o n , a n d f i n d i n g n e w m a r k e t s a n d n e w s o u r c e s of r a w m a t e r i a l . " L a b o r a t o r i e s " h a s t h r e e p r i n c i p a l r e s e a r c h c e n t r e s l o c a t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y a t K i n g s t o n , O n t a r i o , a t A r v i d a , Q u e b e c , a n d a t B a n b u r y , O x f o r d s h i r e , E n g l a n d . T o a d e g r e e , t h e s e c e n t r e s h a v e r e g i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ; t h a t i s to s a y , t h e p r o j e c t s u n d e r t a k e n by e a c h c e n t r e a r e t h o s e w h i c h a r e n a t u r a l to i t s i m m e d i a t e l o c a t i o n . T h e A r v i d a L a b o r a t o r y d e a l s p r i n c i p a l l y wi th s m e l t i n g p r o -c e s s e s , o r e d r s s s i n g a n d a s s o c i a t e d c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s . T h e K i n g s t o n L a b o r a t o r y i s p r i n c i p a l l y f o r m e t -t a l l u r g i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g , p h y s i c s a n d p h y s i c a l m e t a l l u r g y a n d c h e m i s t r y . A t t h e t h i r d r e s e a r c h c e n t r e a t B a n b u r y t h e e m p h a s i s i s a l s o on f a b r i c a t i o n a n d u t i l i z a t i o n a n d t h i s c e n t r e s e r v e s t h e E u r o p e a n a n d A f r i c a n o p e r a t i o n s of A l u m i n i u m L i m i t e d .

T h e w r i t e r r e c e n t l y v i s i t e d t h e R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n s of

16

t h e K i n g s t o n L a b o r a t o r y . T h e v i s i t w a s a r r a n g e d by D r . R . H . H a y a n d I w a s c o n d u c t e d in t u r n by h i m . D r . H . P . G o d a r d a n d M r . G . S . D u n c a n of t h e P h y s i c s a n d P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y , C h e m i s t r y , a n d M e t a l l u r g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n s r e s p e c t i v e l y . In a d d i t i o n to t h e s e r e s e a r c h d i v i -s i o n s w h i c h r e p o r t to t h e A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r M r . J . C . M i l l -s o n , t h e r e a r e t h e D e v e l o p m e n t , t h e E l e c t r i c a l C o n d u c t o r E n g i n e e r i n g , a n d t h é P u b l i c a t i o n s D i v i s i o n s , a l l of w h i c h r e p o r t t o t h e D i r e c t o r of R e s e a r c h , M r . R . H . R i m m e r . T h e L a b o r a t o r y s t a f f c o n s i s t s of a b o u t 120 p e r s o n s of w h o m a b o u t 40 a r e U n i v e r s i t y g r a d u a t e s .

P h y s i c s D i v i s i o n . E f r . H a y d i s c u s s e d s o m e of t h e n u m e r o u s p r o j e c t s b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n by t h e P h y s i c s a n d P h y s i c a l M e t a l -l u r g y D i v i s i o n . O n e of t h e s e i s t h e o r e t i c a l s t u d i e s of h e a t f l o w p r o b l e m s . A n o t h e r c o m p r i s e s e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s of r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n a n d c r y s t a l o r i e n t a t i o n in a l u m i n i u m a l l o y s in s o m e of w h i c h t h e y a r e u s i n g a n e w l y - b u i l t m i c r o f o c u s x - r a y s o u r c e w i t h t h e a i d of w h i c h c r y s t a l l i n e s u b - s t r u c t u r e s in t h e c o l d - w o r k e d m e t a l c a n b e s t u d i e d . A n o t h e r i n s t r u m e n t i s t h e " R e f l e c t o s c o p e " w h i c h i s a k i n d of s u p e r s o n i c r a d a r d e v i c e

e a t i n g f l a w s in m e t a l s . T h i s s e c t i o n a l s o x - r a y i n s p e c t i o n of c a s t i n g s a s a s e r v i c e , s e c t i o n of t he P h y s i c s D i v i s i o n h a s j u s t

c o m p l e t e d a n i n i t i a l s e r i e s of m e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e r m a l a n d e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y of c o m m e r c i a l a l l o y s . T h e s e d a t a a r e t a k e n a t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p to 5 0 0 ° C . T h i s s e c t i o n i s a l s o r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p y r o m e t r i c c o n t r o l g e a r a n d f o r c a l i b r a t i n g a n d c h e c k i n g p r o d u c t i o n c o n d u c t i v i t y t e s t i n g in s o m e of t h e f a b r i c a t i n g w o r k s

A p r o d u c t i o n p r o b l e m of m a j o r i m p o r t a n c e i s t h a t of h y d r o -g e n c o n t e n t in a l l o y s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e c o n t a i n i n g m a g n e s i u m o r z i n c . H y d r o g e n i s h e l d in s o l u t i o n in a l u m i n i u m . A t o m i c h y d r o g e n m i g r a t e s a n d b e c a u s e of i t s h i g h e r s o l u b i l i t y , c o l -

w h i c h i s u s e d f o r lc c a r r i e s ou t r o u t i n e T h e m e a s u r e m e n t s

l e c t s in l i q u i d e u t e c t i c r e g i o n s o r in d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s in

17

t h e i n g o t . A l s o , t h e g a s p a s s e s o v e r f r o m a t o m i c to t h e m o r e s l o w l y d i f f u s i n g m o l e c u l a r f o r m . T h u s , one c a n ge t a r i n g of g a s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s o l i d i f i e d e u t e c t i c o r g a s a t h i g h p r e s s u r e i n s i d e a n i n t e r n a l c a v i t y . T h i s c o n d i t i o n c a u s e s f l a w s in f o r g i n g s a n d b l i s t e r s in r o U e d s h e e t . G a s c o n t e n t in a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r of s a m p l e s r e p r e s e n t i n g d i f f e r e n t c o m p o s i t i o n s a n d d i f f e r e n t f a b r i c a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s h a s b e e n d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s i s u s u a l l y d o n e by f u s i n g t h e s a m p l e o r by h o l d i n g i t a t a n e l e v a t e d t e i n p e r a t u r e u n d e r t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t in v a c u o in an i n d u c t i o n f u r n a c e . A s t u d y of t h e s e r e -s u l t s l e a d s to a p r e s c r i p t i o n f o r c a r e f u l c o n t r o l of f a b r i c a t i n g p r o c e s s e s to m i n i m i s e g a s c o n t e n t .

P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y D i v i s i o n . T h e P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y D i v i s i o n c o n t a i n s a m e t a l l o g r a p h i c l a b o r a t o r y w i th t h r e e h i g h p o w e r o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p e s a n d o n e e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e . B y e l e c t r o l y t i c a n d m e c h a n i c a l p o l i s h i n g , s p e c i m e n s a r e p r e -p a r e d f o r s t u d y of s u c h f e a t u r e s a s g r a i n s i z e a n d o r i e n t a t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n of c o n s t i t u e n t s , a n d g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s . O n e p h o t o -g r a p h t a k e n wi th t h e e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p e s h o w e d a m a g n i -f i c a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g p h o t o g r a p h i c e n l a r g e m e n t , of x 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 a n d a r e s o l u t i o n of 50 A . T h e D i v i s i o n a l s o u s e s e i g h t l a r g e o v e n s f o r l ong t e r m e x p e r i m e n t a l h e a t t r e a t i n g a n d t e s t i n g of a l l o y s up to 3 5 0 ° C . S o m e of t h e p r o j e c t s u n d e r -t a k e n in t h e D i v i s i o n a r e : t h e m e t a l l u r g y of A l - M g w e l d e d a s s e m b l i e s , i n c l u d i n g w e l d i n g t e c h n i q u e s a n d s t r e s s - c o r r o -s i o n s u s c e p t i b i l i t y ; A l - M n a l l o y s ; s t u d y of h i g h s t r e n g t h c o n d u c t o r a l l o y s ; a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n a s p e c t of b l i s t e r i n g .

M e t a l l u r g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n . M r . G e o r g e D u n c a n e x -p l a i n e d t h a t t h e M e t a l l u r g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g D i v i s i o n h a s two p r i n c i p a l f u n c t i o n s : s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l s t e s t i n g a n d r e s e a r c h in m e t h o d s of f a b r i c a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y t h e c o n t i n u o u s c a s t i n g p r o c e s s . T h e s t r e n g t h - o f - m a t e r i a l s s e c t i o n of t h e D i v i s i o n

18

e m p l o y s t h e u s u a l m a c h i n e s f o r t e n s i l e , c o m p r e s s i v e a n d s h e a r s t r e n g t h d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , a n d a l s o i m p a c t , h a r d n e s s , a n d f a t i g u e t e s t s . T h e l a t t e r a r e c a r r i e d out in a s e p a r a t e r o o m w h i c h h o u s e s b a t t e r i e s of h i g h s p e e d m a c h i n e s w h i c h p r o d u c e a n u m b e r of r e v e r s a l s of s t r e s s (up to f i v e h u n d r e d m i l l i o n ) . An i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e of t h i s s e c t i o n i s a " b e f o r e a n d a f t e r " d i s p l a y of i d e n t i c a l p a i r s of t e s t b a r s o n e of w h i c h w a s s t r a i n e d to f a i l u r e . T h i s g r o u p a l s o h a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i -l i t y of c a l i b r a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l t e s t e q u i p m e n t in t h e v a r i o u s p r o d u c t i o n p l a n t l a b o r a t o r i e s , a n d a l s o m a i n t a i n s a c h e c k on t h e i r m e c h a n i c a l t e s j t s .

In t h e f i e l d of f a b r i c a t i n g r e s e a r c h , t h e e m p h a s i s i s on c o n t i n u a l i m p r o v e m e n t in t h e c o n t i n u o u s c a s t i n g t e c h n i q u e w h i c h i s w i d e l y u s e d in the p r o d u c t i o n p l a n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r e of f a b r i c a t i o n i n g o t . T h i s D i v i s i o n a l s o e m p l o y s a n e x p e r i -m e n t a l s a n d c a s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d h a s u n d e r i t s w i n g t h e m a c h i n e s h o p a n d r e l a t e d e q u i p m e n t .

C h e m i c a l D i v i s i o n . D r . H. P. G o d a r d d i s c u s s e d t h e r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t w o r k of h i s D i v i s i o n u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g s p a i n t , c o r r o s i o n a n d f i n i s h i n g . H e a l s o r e f e r r e d to t h e a n a l y -t i c a l l a b o r a t o r y w h i c h e x i s t s p r i m a r i l y a s a s e r v i c e to t h e L a b o r a t o r y a s a w h o l e . T h e a l u m i n i u m p i g m e n t in p a i n t i s in t h e f o r m of " l i l y - p a d s " f l o a t i n g on t h e s u r f a c e a n d c o n s t i t u t i n g a m o s a i c of p e r h a p s t e n l a y e r s o v e r l a p p i n g l i k e s h i n g l e s . T h i s i s t h e w a t e r b a r r i e r . T h e w o r k of t h i s s e c t i o n i s d i r e c t e d t o -w a r d i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y of a l u m i n i u m p a i n t , a n d d e v e l o p i n g n e w t y p e s of p i g m e n t s f o r p a i n t s a n d o t h e r p u r p o s e s s u c h a s c o a t i n g p a p e r o r a j r educ ing a g e n t in m e t a l l u r g i c a l p r o c e s s e s . D r . G o d a r d r e f e r r e d a l s o to p a i n t s c o m i n g in to u s e in t h e a u t o -m o t i v e i n d u s t r y in w h i c h s p e c k s of a l u m i n i u m l e a f a r e r a n d o m l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h t h e b o d y of t h e p a i n t t h u s g iv ing a s p a r k l e e f f e c t .

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A g r e a t d e a l of i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e w e a t h e r i n g a n d c o r -r o s i o n of t h e v a r i o u s a l u m i n i u m a l l o y s h a s b e e n c o l l e c t e d a n d c l a s s i f i e d . S p e c i m e n s a r e e x p o s e d to t h e e l e m e n t s in m a n y p a r t s of C a n a d a , a n d e l s e w h e r e in t r o p i c a l a n d s u b -t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e s ; s p e c i m e n s a r e e x p o s e d a l s o in s e a w a t e r , in l a k e s a n d r i v e r s , in s o i l s a n d in m i n e s . O n e of t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of c o r r o s i o n i s p i t t i n g . D e p t h of p i t t i n g i s m e a s u r e d by f o c u s i n g a m i c r o s c o p e f i r s t on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e s a m p l e a n d t h e n on t h e b o t t o m of t h e p i t . S t r e s s -c o r r o s i o n a l s o i s b e i n g t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e d . S a m p l e s s t r e s s e d to a b o u t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h a r e i m m e r s e d in a c o r r o s i v e s o l u t i o n . T h e r e a r e c a s e s w h e r e f a i l u r e o c c u r s a f t e r f i f t e e n m i n u t e s e v e n t h o u g h p r o l o n g e d i m m e r s i o n of t h e u n s t r e s s e d s a m p l e p r o d u c e s no d e t e c t a b l e c h a n g e in t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s .

A s t u d y of f o r m a t i o n of t h e o x i d e f i l m i s b e i n g m a d e . In t h i s w o r k a q u a r t z v a c u u m m i c r o b a l a n c e i s u s e d to m e a s u r e t h e a d d i t i o n a l m a s s of a s p e c i m e n d u e to o x i d a t i o n . S i n c e t h e b a l a n c e a n d t h e s p e c i m e n a r e in a v a c u u m s y s t e m , t h e s e s t u d i e s c a n be c a r r i e d out o v e r a w i d e r a n g e of c o n c e n t r a -t i o n of v a r i o u s g a s e s a n d a l s o a t v a r i o u s t e m p e r a t u r e s .

In p a s s i n g , a t t e n t i o n w a s d r a w n to a n i o n - e x c h a n g e c o l u m n ( a c t u a l l y a p a i r of c o l u m n s ) u s e d f o r m a k i n g p u r e w a t e r , w i th a c a p a c i t y of a b o u t 400 g a l l o n s p e r h o u r .

D e c o r a t i v e f i n i s h of a l u m i n i u m p r o d u c t s w a s b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . A v a r i e t y of s u r f a c e f i n i s h e s m a y b e p r o d u c e d by b u f f i n g , c h e m i c a l o r e l e c t r o p o l i s h i n g , s a n d b l a s t i n g o r e l e c -t r o p l a t i n g . A b r i l l i a n t l y c o l o r f u l e f f e c t c a n b e o b t a i n e d w i t h a n o d i z e d a l u m i n i u m . A n o d i z i n g i s a n e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l o x i d a -t i o n p r o c e s s in w h i c h a m u c h e n h a n c e d t h i c k n e s s of p o r o u s o x i d e l a y e r i s q u i c k l y f o r m e d . T h i s l a y e r a b s o r b s d y e . T h e s u r f a c e i s t h e n " s e a l e d " o r r e n d e r e d n o n - p o r o u s s i m p l y by b o i l i n g in w a t e r .

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S u c c e s s d e p e n d s on c h o o s i n g t h e r i g h t d y e a n d it d o e s n o t f o l l o w t h a t a good d y e f o r t e x t i l e s i s s u i t a b l e f o r a n o d i z e d a l u m i n i u m . T h e f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t i s t e s t e d f o r l i g h t f a s t -n e s s by an e x p o s u r e to a r c l i g h t s w h i c h in a f e w d a y s s i m u l a t e s t h e e f f e c t of y e a r s of s u n s h i n e .

On t h i s b r i g h t n o t e y o u r c o r r e s p o n d e n t t ook h i s l e a v e , t h a n k i n g h i s h o s t s f o r a m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g a f t e r n o o n .

W . M . M a r t i n .

A R E F O R E C A S T E R S P H Y S I C I S T S ?

T h a t ' s w h a t we a s k e d D r . D . P . M c l n t y r e , C h i e f , R e -s e a r c h a n d T r a i n i n g S e r v i c e s , M e t e o r o l o g i c a l S e r v i c e of C a n a d a . H e s a y s t h e y a r e , w i th s l i g h t o v e r t o n e s of u n d e r -s t a t e m e n t .

T h e f o r e c a s t e r ' s p r e s e n t t oo l i s a w e a t h e r m a p , bu t t h a t d o e s n ' t c l a s s i f y the w o r k a s g e o g r a p h y . A s o u n d s e n s e of t h e p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d m u s t l i e b e h i n d e v e r y l i n e of t h e m a p . T h a t s a m e s e f t s e i s n e e d e d to i n t e r p r e t t h e m a p in t e r m s of w e a t h e r . T h e f o r e c a s t e r ' s t o o l s a r e c h a n g i n g , a n d o n l y a b r o a d l y - t r a i n e d p h y s i c i s t c a n h o p e to a d a p t h i m s e l f to t h e p r o -g r e s s i v e l y m o r e q u a n t i t a t i v e t e c h n i q u e s .

O t h e r f a c e t s of p h y s i c s h a v e d e v e l o p e d i n t o a u t o n o m o u s t e c h n o l o g i e s : e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g , f o r i n s t a n c e . M e t e o r o -l o g y c a n n o t a f f o r d tjo s t a b i l i z e i t s t e c h n o l o g y in i t s p r e s e n t f o r m , a n d s o r e l y On t e c h n o l o g i s t s t r a i n e d a s s u c h . L a t e s t d e v e l o p m e n t in t h e C a n a d i a n s e r v i c e i s a s s e m b l y - l i n e f o r e -c a s t i n g , w i t h t h e b o l d o u t l i n e s a n d the u p p e r - a i r a n a l y s e s e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e C e n t r a l A n a l y s i s O f f i c e , a n d d i s s e m i n a t e d a s f a c s i m i l e m a p s J ( T e l e t y p e , we g a t h e r , i s p r e t t y o l d - h a t . )

D o e s t h i s m e a n t e c h n o l o g i c a l u n e m p l o y m e n t ? N o , i t m e r e -ly l e t s t h e f o r e c a s t e r g e t on w i th h i s p r o p e r w o r k . T i m e w a s w h e n h e h a d t w e l v e h o u r s ' w o r k to do in f o u r h o u r s . Now t h e C A O d o e s h a l f , l e a v i n g h i m wi th j u s t s i x h o u r s ' w o r k to do in f o u r . O b v i o u s l y , t h e m a n f o r t h a t i s a p h y s i c i s t .

- J . S . M .

P L A N S F O R T H E T E N T H A N N U A L C O N G R E S S

T h e p l a n s f o r t h e T e n t h A n n u a l C o n g r e s s to b e h e l d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o on J u n e 2 0 - 2 4 w e r e o u t l i n e d on p a g e s 5 5 - 5 6 of t h e W i n t e r N u m b e r of P h y s i c s in C a n a d a , w h i c h s h o u l d b e c o n s u l t e d . A u t h o r s of c o n t r i b u t e d p a p e r s f o r t h e j o i n t p r o g r a m m e w i t h t h e A m e r i c a i i P h y s i c a l S o c i e t y on J u n e 2 2 - 2 4 s h o u l d s e n d t h e i r a b s t r a c t s in d u p l i -c a t e to D r . K a r l K . D a r r o w , A m e r i c a n P h y s i c a l S o c i e t y , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , New Y o r k 27 , N . Y . T h e d e a d l i n e d a t e f o r t h e r e c e i p t of a b s t r a c t s a t D r . H a r r o w ' s o f f i c e i s A p r i l 15 . A u t h o r s who a r e m e m b e r s of C . A . P . a r e r e -q u e s t e d to s e n d m e o n e c a r b o n c o p y of e a c h a b s t r a c t . My a d d r e s s i s D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i c s , Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y , K i n g s t o n , O n t .

B . W . S a r g e n t , C h a i r m a n of t h e P r o g r a m m e C o m m i t t e e ,

A N N U A L M E E T I N G O F T H E A M E R I C A N S O C I E T Y F O R E N G I N E E R I N G E D U C A T I O N

T h e A n n u a l M e e t i n g of t h e A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r E n g i n e e r -ing E d u c a t i o n w i l l b e h e l d J u n e 2 0 - 2 4 , 1955, a t P e n n . S t a t e U n i v . S t a t e C o l l e g e , P a . T h i s m e e t i n g i s a t t e n d e d e a c h y e a r by o v e r 2 , 0 0 0 l e a d i n g e d u c a t o r s a n d e d u c a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a -t o r s f r o m e n g i n e e r i n g c o l l e g e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y . A l l s e s s i o n s w i l l b e o p e n to f o r e i g n g u e s t s who w i s h to a t t e n d . T h e p r i n t e d p r o g r a m f o r t h e A n n u a l M e e t i n g w i l l b e a v a i l -a b l e a b o u t t h e e n d of A p r i l 1955 . F o r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n w r i t e to t h e S e c r e t a r y of t h e A S E E , N o r t h w e s t e r n U n i v . E v a n s t o n , 111. F o r i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g h o u s i n g a c c o m m o -d a t i o n s , w r i t e to P r o f . K e n n e t h H o l d e r m a n , P e n n . S t a t e U n i v . , S t a t e C o l l e g e , P a .

In the fields of UCLEONICS a n d ELECTRONICS • I V

c 0 | 0 offers • •

a consultat ion service

—C.A.E. Engineers are readily available to assist you in the selection of equipment and to consult with you on the design and development of specialized instruments to suit your partic-ular needs.

a w i d e selection of nucleonic and electronic devices of the finest qua l i t y

a main tenance and repair service

—C.A.E.'s Maintenance and Repair Division is staffed by a large group of competent technicians equipped with the most modern test and repair devices.

CALL O N CAE FOR YOUR N U C L E O N I C A N D ELECTRONIC E Q U I P M E N T A N D M A I N T E N A N C E NEEDS

C A N A D I A N A V I A T I O N ELECTRONICS, ILTD. MONTREAL . OTTAWA . T O R O N T O • W I N N I P E G • VANCOUVER

THE LARGEST C A N A D I A N - O W N E D ELECTRONICS C O M P A N Y H

C.A.E. Scintillometer — Type 9 6 3 Scintillation Counter for Gamma Ray Detection. 290 times more sensitive than geiger type counters. There 's a Scintillometer for every purpose:— —Model 963—Prospecting and Geophysical Work

Model 964—With probe unit a t tachment for bore holes Model 965—Civil Defence and Radiation Detection Model 966—Medical and Laboratory

(Write for C.A.E. Bulletin No. SIN-30102).

Model 1002 Gamma-Scint

A self-contained portable scintillometer type gamma-ray detector employing ten-stage photo-multiplier tube coupled to gamma-sensitive plastic phosphor. Provides visual and audio presentation. Useful for qualitative detection of low radiation intensities where high sensitivity is required without extreme quant i ta t ive accuracy.

Pat. 58 (Model 1008) Portable Activity Tracer

A self contained portable G M type gamma-ray detector designed for general survey work. Provides visual and audio presentation. Useful for qualitative detection of medium radiation where high sensitivity and quanti tat ive accuracy are not required.

ECKO Vibrating Reed Electrometer—Type 1079C

New type electrometer which has greatly increased zero stability. Many problems involving the measurement of small direct currents and voltages can be solved with this instrument. (A product of E. K. Cole Limited).

EKCO Linear A m p l i f i e r — Type 1008

Although intended specifically for measurements in the field of nuclear physics, it is extremely suitable whenever small waveforms have to be inspected and accurately measured. (A product of E . K. Cole Limited).

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ft . « o b ^ C U L C P on/i

T H E O I L I N D U S T R Y HAS B E E N I N T E R E S T E D F O R s o m e t i m e in t h e p h y s i c s of d i s p l a c e m e n t of one f l u i d by a n o t h e r f r o m a c a j j r i e r - m e d i u m , s u c h a s p o r o u s r o c k . R e c e n t l y , I m p e r i a l O i l L i m i t e d h a s p u b l i s h e d a s e r i e s of p a p e r s on t h i s s u b j e c t d e s c r i b i n g r e s e a r c h w h i c h w a s d o n e in i t s C a l g a r y , A l b e r t a l a b o r a t o r i e s . T h e s e p a p e r s ( in P r o d u c e r s M o n t h l y 17, N o . 10, 17 (1953) ; J . A p p l . P h y s . 2 5 , 994 ( 1954); G e o f i s . P u r . A p p l . 2 8 , 7 5 - 9 0 ( 1 9 5 4 ) ) a t t e m p t to o b t a i n a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e b a s i c p h y s i c a l p r i n c i p l e s of s u c h d i s p l a c e m e n t p h e n o m e n a . T h e t r a v e r s e of e a c h s m a l l v o l u m e of f l u i d t h r o u g h the p o r o u s m e d i u m i s t r e a t e d a s a s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e s s . T h i s i s in c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e u s u a l t h e o r y of f l o w t h r o u g h p o r o u s m e d i a w h i c h s t a n d s e n t i r e l y on h e u r i s t i c g r o u n d s , a n d in*which a n y a t t e m p t s to a c t u a l l y e x p l a i n t h e o b s e r v e d p h e n o m e n a a r e b a s e d u p o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n of c e r t a i n w e l l - o r d e r e d m o d e l s . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of s t a t i s t i c a l m e c h a n i c s i n t o t h e p i c t u r e l e a d s to s o m e i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t s , n o t a b l y to a m o d i f i c a -t i o n of t h e h e u r i s t i c l a w s a s a p p l i e d h e r e t o f o r e , b y a c c o u n t -ing f o r t h e p r e v i o u s l y n e g l e c t e d e f f e c t of d i s p e r s i o n of t h e f l u i d p a r t i c l e s a r f t o n g s t e a c h o t h e r . In C a n a d a , t h e p h y s i c s of f l o w t h r o u g h p o r o u s m e d i a i s s t u d i e d by t h e o i l i n d u s t r y a l o n e . T h e p h y s i c s of s u c h f l o w i s a l s o of u t m o s t i m p o r -t a n c e in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h g r o u n d w a t e r h y d r o l o g y w h i c h i s e l s e w h e r e a w e l l j - e s t a b l i s h e d b r a n c h of g e o p h y s i c s .

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T H E F A C T T H A T T H E BINDING E N E R G Y O F T H E p a r t i c l e s in a n u c l e u s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e m a s s of t h e n u c l e u s f o l l o w s a t o n c e f r o m E i n s t e i n ' s e q u a t i o n r e -l a t i n g m a s s a n d e n e r g y . T h e a c c u r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t of a t o m i c m a s s e s i s , t h e r e f o r e , v e r y v a l u a b l e f o r s t u d i e s of n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e . T h e r e l a t i v e m a s s e s of n u c l e i m a y in s o m e c a s e s b e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e e n e r g y of n u c l e a r r e -a c t i o n s a n d , in a f e w c a s e s , f r o m t h e m i c r o w a v e o r m o l e -c u l a r b e a m d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of m o m e n t s of i n e r t i a of i s o t o p i c m o l e c u l e s . T h e r e i s no d o u b t , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e m o s t v e r s a t i l e i n s t r u m e n t f o r d e t e r m i n i n g n u c l e a r m a s s e s i s t h e m a s s s p e c t r o g r a p h a n d c e r t a i n l y i t i s t he o n l y one c a p a b l e of c o m p a r i n g a c c u r a t e l y two m a s s e s w h i c h a r e f a r d i f f e r e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r .

A m a s s s p e c t r o g r a p h m e a s u r e s t h e v a l u e s of e / m of i o n s a n d a s i n g l y c h a r g e d ion of m a s s m and a d o u b l y c h a r g e d ion of m a s s 2 m w i l l f o l l o w the s a m e p a t h t h r o u g h t h e i n s t r u m e n t . A s i n g l y c h a r g e d a t o m of m a s s n u m b e r N a n d a d o u b l y c h a r g e d a t o m of m a s s n u m b e r 2N wi l l n o t , h o w e v e r , f a l l e x a c t l y t o g e t h e r b e c a u s e t h e i r m a s s e s a r e no t e x a c t l y in t h e r a t i o of o n e to t w o . S u c h p a i r s of i o n s , w h o s e v a l u e of e / m d i f f e r on ly by a s m a l l a m o u n t d u e to t h e b i n d -ing e n e r g i e s of n u c l e a r p a r t i c l e s , a r e c a l l e d m a s s d o u b l e t s , a n d t h e m a s s r a t i o of s u c h p a i r s m a y b e a c c u r a t e l y m e a -s u r e d on a h i g h r e s o l u t i o n m a s s s p e c t r o g r a p h .

P r o f e s s o r D u c k w o r t h , t o g e t h e r w i t h h i s c o l l e a g u e s a n d s t u d e n t s , h a v e b u i l t a h igh r e s o l u t i o n m a s s s p e c t r o g r a p h a n d h a v e b e e n u s i n g i t to m e a s u r e m a s s d o u b l e t s . In t h e r e c e n t i s s u e of t h e R e v i e w s of M o d e r n P h y s i c s 2 6 , 463 ( 1954) D u c k -w o r t h , Hogg a n d P e n n i n g t o n h a v e g i v e n a c o m p i l a t i o n of a l l k n o w n r e l i a b l e m a s s d o u b l e t s . T h i s c o m p i l a t i o n , m u c h of w h i c h c o m e s f r o m t h e a u t h o r s ' own w o r k , w i l l p r o v i d e a v a l u a b l e

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s t o r e of m a t e r i a l f r o m w h i c h a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of n u c l e a r s t r u c t u r e m a y a r i s e .

A MASS S P E C T R O G R A P H MAY B E U S E D F O R AN E N -t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t t y p e of w o r k . At L a v a l U n i v e r s i t y , P r o f e s s o r L . K e r w i n u s e s a m a s s s p e c t r o g r a p h ( p e r h a p s b e t t e r c a l l e d a s p e c t r o m e t e r ) d e s i g n e d f o r h i g h s e n s i t i v i t y r a t h e r t h a n h i g h r e s o l u t i o n . In t h e C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l of P h y s i c s 3 2 , 7 5 7 (1954) , h e h a s r e p o r t e d h i s r e c e n t w o r k in w h i c h h e h a s s e a r c h e d f o r a s e c o n d i so tope of p h o s p h o r o u s . H e h a s f o u n d t h e e l e m e n t to b e m o n o i s o t o p i c a t l e a s t to o n e p a r t in 5 0 , 0 0 0 . H e h a s a l s o f o u n d t h a t a p r e v i o u s l y u n k n o w n m o l e c u l e P g e x i s t s in a p p r e -c i a b l e q u a n t i t i e s in p h o s p h o r o u s v a p o r .

F A T H E R C L A R ^ O F S T . F R A N C I S X A V I E R U N I V E R S I T Y h a s u s e d the s e n s i t i v e L a v a l s p e c t r o m e t e r to e x a m i n e t h e i o n s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e b o m b a r d m e n t of g a s e s by e l e c t r o n s of k n o w n e n e r g y . B y u s i n g a s u i t a b l e e l e c t r o n s e l e c t o r , h e h a s l i m i t e d t h e s p r e a d in e n e r g i e s of t h e e l e c t r o n s l e a v i n g a ho t f i l a m e n t . H e h a s m a d e a d e t a i l e d s t u d y of t h e y i e l d s of v a r i o u s t y p e s of i o n s a s a f u n c t i o n of e l e c t r o n e n e r g y a n d h a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e a p p e a r a n c e p o t e n t i a l of a n u m b e r of i o n s . F r o m a s t u d y of t h e y i e l d of N i i o n s o b t a i n e d by t h e b o m b a r d -m e n t of N ^ , h e h a s o b t a i n e d good e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e d i s s o c i a t i o n e n e r g y of n i t r o g e n i s 9 . 7 9 e v .

IN S T U D Y I N G T H E P H Y S I C S O F T H E F O R C E S IN T H E e a r t h ' s c r u s t , o n e i s f a c e d w i t h t h e p r e d i c a m e n t t h a t t h e r e i s no c o h e r e n t t h e o r y f r o m w h i c h a l l t h e d e t a i l s w o u l d f o l l o w . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t f i r s t l y , no t m u c h i s known a b o u t t h e c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h p r e v a i l a t s o m e h u n d r e d k i l o m e t e r s d e p t h in t h e E a r t h w h e r e t h e f o r c e s in t h e E a r t h ' s c r u s t p r e -s u m a b l y o r i g i n a t e , a n d s e c o n d l y , t h a t e v e n if t h o s e

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c o n d i t i o n s w e r e k n o w n , t h e y wou ld c e r t a i n l y b e of s u c h a f o r m t h a t t h e r h e o l o g i c a l b e h a v i o u r of m a t t e r c o r r e s p o n d -ing t h e r e t o w o u l d n o t b e k n o w n . To r e m e d y t h i s t w o - f o l d f i e l d of i g n o r a n c e , t h e D o m i n i o n O b s e r v a t o r y h a s b e e n p u r s u i n g a s t u d y of t h e m o t i o n in the f o c i of e a r t h q u a k e s ( H o d g s o n a . M i l n e , Bu l l . S e i s m o l . S o c . A m e r . 4 1 , 2 2 1 (1951) ; H o d g s o n a . S t o r e y , B u l l . S e i s m o l . S o c . A m e r . 4 4 , 57 (1954) w i th t h e i n t e n t i o n of e l u c i d a t i n g a t l e a s t s o m e of t h e c o n d i t i o n s a t s e v e r a l h u n d r e d k i l o m e t e r s ' d e p t h . T h e m o t i o n in s u c h a f o c u s i s u s u a l l y a s s u m e d to b e of t he f a u l t -t y p e ; a n a c t u a l f r a c t u r e o c c u r s wi th t h e two s i d e s of t h e f r a c t u r e s l i p p i n g r e l a t i v e to e a c h o t h e r . It h a s b e e n f o u n d t h a t in t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of c a s e s t h i s s l i p p i n g i s p a r a l l e l to t h e s u r f a c e of t h e E a r t h , ( t r a n s c u r r e n t f a u l t i n g ) . T h i s a p p e a r s a s e n t i r e l y i n e x p l i c a b l e in a l l p r e v i o u s l y p r o p o s e d t h e o r i e s of f o r c e s in t h e E a r t h ' s c r u s t ; f o r b o t h , t h e c o n -t r a c t i o n t h e o r y a s w e l l a s t he c o n v e c t i o n c u r r e n t t h e o r y wou ld p r i n c i p a l l y r e q u i r e an a d j u s t m e n t in t h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n ( i . e . , n o r m a l o r r e v e r s e d f a u l t i n g ) . T h e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t on e a r t h q u a k e m o t i o n s h a s t h e r e f o r e r e a c h e d the e x c i t i n g s t a g e w h e r e e i t h e r a l l p r e v i o u s t h e o r i e s of p h y s i c s of m o u n t a i n - b u i l d i n g h a v e to be m o d i f i e d o r e l s e s o m e e r r o r h a s to b e u n c o v e r e d in t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e f a u l t - p l a n e s t u d i e s .

A . E . S c h e i d e g g e r A . E . D o u g l a s

O U R RAISONS d ' E T R E : I I I - To p r o m o t e k n o w l e d g e in t h e p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s a n d t h e d i s -

s e m i n a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t h e r e t o in a n d b e t w e e n a l l s e c t i o n s a n d r e g i o n s of C a n a d a .

I t i s t h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s e r i e s of n o t e s to s u m m a r i z e t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s ; of o u r A s s o c i a t i o n in f u l f i l l i n g i t s O b -j e c t s a s s t a t e d in t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . T h e f i r s t n o t e s u g g e s t e d t h a t o u r s u c c e s s in " f u r t h e r i n g t h e a d v a n c e of t h e S c i e n c e of P h y s i c s " h a s b e e n f i i r „ T h e s e c o n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t o u r p r o -g r e s s in p r o m o t i n g the u s e of p h y s i c a l d i s c o v e r i e s in t h e i n t e r e s t s of m a n k i n c . " h a s b e e n n i l .

O u r t h i r d o b j e c t h a s r e c e i v e d m o r e a t t e n t i o n t h a n t h e s e c o n d . In f a c t i t f a t h e r f o l l o w s a s a c o r o l l a r y to f u r t h e r -ing t h e a d v a n c e of P h y s i c s , t h a t k n o w l e d g e in t h e p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s s h o u l d b e p r o m o t e d . T h e r e f o r e t h e e x i s t a n c e of C . A , P . ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m e c h a n i s m i s a d i s t i n c t c o n t r i b u -t i o n to t h i s o b j e c t .

W a y s in w h i c h phis m e c h a n i s m h a s b e e n u s e d t h u s f a r i n c l u d e :

- D i s t r i b u t i o n d>f T h e C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l of P h y s i c s to a l l F u l l a n d A s s o c i a t e M e m b e r s .

- D i s t r i b u t i o n of C o n g r e s s p r o g r a m s a n d a b s t r a c t s of p a p e r s to a l l M e m b e r s .

- D i s t r i b u t i o n of P h y s i c s in C a n a d a , w h i c h no t o n l y p u b l i s h e s a r t i c l e s on g e n e r a l p h y s i c s t o p i c s , bu t a l s o c a r r i e s r e g u l a r r e v i e w s of p r o b l e m s , a n d r e -s u l t s of r e s e a r c h b e i n g c a r r i e d out in m a n y C a n a d i a n l a b o r a t o r i e s

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W a y s in w h i c h t h e T h i r d O b j e c t w i l l b e f u r t h e r e d in t h e f u t u r e i n c l u d e , in a d d i t i o n to t h e a b o v e :

- P u b l i c a t i o n of a b o o k l e t f o r h i g h s c h o o l a n d c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s g i v i n g t h e m i n f o r m a t i o n on p h y s i c s a s a c a r e e r in C a n a d a .

- A n n u a l S p r i n g m e e t i n g s of h i g h s c h o o l p h y s i c s t e a -c h e r s in v a r i o u s U n i v e r s i t y c e n t e r s a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y , in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h l o c a l n e e d s a n d c o n d i -t i o n s , a n d s p o n s o r e d by C . A . P .

T h e s e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s h a v e c e r t a i n l y i n c r e a s e d t h e d e n s i t y of p r i n t e d m a t t e r on p h y s i c s b e i n g c a r r i e d by t h e P o s t O f f i c e , a n d m o r e i m p o r t a n t , t h e y r e p r e s e n t i n f o r m a -t i o n a b o u t C a n a d i a n p h y s i c s p r o g r a m s a n d p h y s i c i s t s b e i n g c i r c u l a t e d a r o u n d a l l r e g i o n s of C a n a d a , t h u s p e r f o r m i n g a s e r v i c e i n a d e q u a t e l y e x t e n d e d t e n o r e v e n f i v e y e a r s a g o . I b e l i e v e we m a y s a y t h a t t h e t h i r d O b j e c t i s b e i n g h o n o r e d .

H o w e v e r p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e e f f o r t s a r e c o n c e r n e d wi th t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n b e t w e e n p h y s i c i s t s a n d o t h e r p h y s i c i s t s o r f u t u r e p h y s i c i s t s . It w o u l d s e e m d e -s i r a b l e t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d a l s o b e a r e a s o n a b l e a w a r e n e s s of o u r w o r k , r e s u l t s , a n d p r o b l e m s by o t h e r s c i e n c e s , i n -d u s t r y , g o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e p u b l i c . T h e f i r s t of t h e s e g r o u p s i s s e r v e d in a c e r t a i n m e a s u r e by t h e q u a s i - s i m u l -t a n e o u s m e e t i n g s of T h e L e a r n e d S o c i e t i e s in r e c e n t y e a r s , b u t m u c h r e m a i n s to b e d o n e . C o n t a c t s w i t h i n d u s t r y h a v e i m p r o v e d s i n c e 1945, a n d m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o s t s a t i s -f a c t o r y of a l l . G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e P u b l i c a r e a w a r e of p h y s i c s , b u t g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g on ly i n s o f a r a s i t s m o r e s p e c t a c u l a r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s a r e c o n c e r n e d . . E v e n h e r e t h e r e a r e m a n y m i s l e a d i n g i m p r e s s i o n s , a n d t h e f a i l u r e of s c i e n -t i s t s to e x p l a i n in c l e a r l a n g u a g e t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of

30

t h e i r a r t m a y p r o v e h i s t o r y .

to b e o n e of t h e t r a g i c o m i s s i o n s of

P o s s i b l e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of o u r t h i r d O b j e c t m i g h t t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e in t h e f u t u r e :

t h e h o l d i n g of s o m e p h y s i c s

a n o t - t o o t e c h n i c a l s y m p o s i u m on t o p i c , o p e n to m e m b e r s of o t h e r

l e a r n e d s o c i e t i e s a t e a c h of o u r c o n g r e s s e s

t h e e s t a b l i s t i o n s , o n e of b r i n g t o g e t h e t r y s u s c e p t i b

h r h e n t of m o r e , v i g o r o u s , L o c a l S e c -w h o s e m a i n p u r p o s e s w o u l d b e to • p h y s i c i s t s , a n d m e m b e r s of i n d u s -e to b e i n g i n t e r e s t e d in p h y s i c s .

- t h e s e t t i n g up of a r e g u l a r p r e s s r e l e a s e s e r v i c e to k e e p p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n on t h e p r o g r e s s of P h y -s i c s in C a n a d a .

- e n c o u r a g e m e n t of p h y s i c i s t s to s p e n d a p a r t of t h e i r s p a r e t i m e in s o m e s o r t of p u b l i c s e r v i c e , w h e t h e r a s a m e m b e r of a s c h o o l b o a r d , m a y o r of a t o w n , o r a s a M e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t . ( W i t -n e s s t h e s u c c e s s of t h e l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n in t h i s r e g a r d . )

- t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a p o l i c y of d i s c o u r a g e m e n t of t h e e x c e s s c l e a r l y a g a i n s t o u r T h i r d O b j e c t .

e s of s e c u r i t y r e g u l a t i o n s , w h i c h a r e

S o m e of t h e s e h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d b e f o r e , a n d no t a l l a r e p r a c t i c a l . How e v e r t h e A s s o c i a t i o n c l e a r l y n e e d s to t a k e t h e s e o r s i m i l a r s t e p s to c o m p l e t e i t s w o r k on an O b j e c t w h i c h h a s b e e n r a t h e r w e l l c a r r i e d ou t in p a r t .

31

P

A NEW HONOUR F O R D R . H E R Z B E R G "

D r . G . H e r z b e r g , D i r e c t o r of t h e D i v i s i o n of P h y s i c s of t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l h a s b e e n e l e c t e d an H o n o r a r y F e l l o w of t h e I n d i a n A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s " i n r e c o g n i t i o n of h i s s c i e n t i f i c e m i n e n c e a n d of h i s o u t s t a n d -ing c o n t r i b u t i o n s to k n o w l e d g e " . S i n c e t h e t i m e i t w a s f o u n d e d in 1934, t h e I n d i a n A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s h a s b e -s t o w e d t h i s h o n o u r u p o n on ly a b o u t 40 l e a d i n g s c h o l a r s f r o m a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d . D r . H e r z b e r g i s t h e f i r s t C a n a -d i a n to r e c e i v e t h i s h o n o u r .

A m o n g o t h e r h o n o u r s h e h a s r e c e i v e d in a b u s y c a r e e r , w e n o t e t h a t in 1951, D r . H e r z b e r g w a s e l e c t e d a F e l l o w of t h e R o y a l S o c i e t y of L o n d o n ; h e w a s t h e s i x t e e n t h C a n a -d i a n to r e c e i v e t h i s h o n o u r . In a d d i t i o n D r . H e r z b e r g i s a F e l l o w of t h e R o y a l S o c i e t y of C a n a d a a n d a P a s t P r e s i -d e n t of i t s S e c t i o n I I I ; in 1953 h e w a s a w a r d e d t h e H . M . T o r y M e d a l of t h i s S o c i e t y " f o r h i s a c h i e v e m e n t s in t h e f i e l d of A t o m i c a n d M o l e c u l a r S p e c t r a . " H e i s a D i r e c t o r of C . A . P . , a n d we e x t e n d h e a r t y c o n g r a t u l a -t i o n s to h i m on t h i s l a t e s t h o n o u r .

A N O T H E R C . A . P . M E M B E R IN T H E N E W S

A c o n t e s t f o r t h e d e s i g n of a C o n c e r t H a l l f o r V a n c o u -v e r w a s won r e c e n t l y by a g r o u p of f i v e M o n t r e a l a r c h i t e c t s . T h e w i n n i n g g r o u p , w h o s e e n t r y w a s s e l e c t e d f r o m a m o n g 30 o t h e r s , h a d a s a c o u s t i c a l c o n s u l t a n t , J . S . M a r s h a l l , C o n v e n o r of P h y s i c s in C a n a d a ' s E d i t o r i a l B o a r d .

32

A N E W U P P E R A T M O S P H E R I C R E S E A R C H S E C T I O N

In v i e w of t h e c o n t i n u i n g d e v e l o p m e n t of v a r i o u s t y p e s of h i g h a l t i t u d e r o c k e t s , g u i d e d m i s s i l e s a n d h i g h f l y i n g j e t a i r -c r a f t , k n o w l e d g e of o u r u p p e r a t m o s p h e r e , a n d t h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g t h e r e , b e c o m e s of i n c r e a s i n g p r a c t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e .

A S e c t i o n f o r U p p e r A t m o s p h e r e R e s e a r c h h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n f o r m e d in t h e ing a t t h e N a t i o n a l

D i v i s i o n of R a d i o a n d E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , O t t a w a . T h i s g r o u p

w i l l c a r r y ou t f u n d a m e n t a l r e s e a r c h on t h e u p p e r a t m o s p h e r e w i t h s p e c i a l i z a t i o n r a l s t u d i e s a n d a s s o c i a t e d i o n o s p h e r i c r e s e a r c h .

D r . P e t e r M r e s e a r c h s e c t i o n

in t h e f i e l d s of m e t e o i i c a s t r o n o m y a u r o -

M i l l m a n h a s b e e n a p p o i n t e d to h e a d t h i s D r . M i l l m a n w a s p r e v i o u s l y ch ie f of t h e

S t e l l a r P h y s i c s D i v i s i o n a t t h e D o m i n i o n O b s e r v a t o r y , O t t a w a . H e o b t a i n e d h i s B.LA. d e g r e e in M a t h e m a t i c s a n d P h y s i c s f r o m T o r o n t o in 1929 a n d t h e A . M . a n d P h . D . d e g r e e s f r o m H a r v a r d in 1931 a n d 1932 r e s p e c t i v e l y . F r o m 1933 to 1945 h e w a s on t h e s t a f f of t h e D a v i d D u n l a p O b s e r v a t o r y , R i c h m o n d H i l l , O n t a r i o a n d d u r i n g t h e w a r y e a r s s e r v e d wi th t h e R . C . A . F , r e t i r i n g w i th t h e r a n k of S q u a d r o n L e a d e r . , in 1946.

D r . M i l l m a n i s a C h a r t e r m e m b e r of t h e C a n a d i a n A s s o c i a t i o n of P h y s i c i s t s a n d a l s o h o l d s m e m b e r s h i p in t h e A m e r i c a n A s t r o n o m i c a l S o c i e t y , R o y a l A s t r o n o m i c a l S o c i e t y of C a n a d a , A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n of V a r i a b l e S t a r O b s e r v e r s a n d t h e S o c i é t é A s t r o n o m i q u e d e F r a n c e .

- D . W . R . M c K i n l e y

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J O H N G O R D O N B R O W N

A p r o m i s i n g c a r e e r in h o s p i t a l p h y s i c s w a s cu t s h o r t r e c e n t l y by t h e u n t i m e l y d e a t h of J a c k B r o w n . A g r a d u a t e in M a t h e m a t i c s a n d P h y s i c s a n d G o l d M e d a l l i s t f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y of W e s t e r n O n t a r i o , h e s e r v e d o v e r s e a s a s a R a d a r O f f i c e r w i t h t h e R o y a l N a v y .

A f t e r t h e w a r , h e b e c a m e i n t e r e s t e d in h o s p i t a l p h y -s i c s a n d w a s a t t a c h e d to t h e R a d i o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t of t h e T o r o n t o G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , w o r k i n g w i th D r . G .E. R i c h a r d s . S u b s e q u e n t l y h e s p e n t a y e a r in E n g l a n d a t t h e R o y a l C a n -c e r H o s p i t a l in L o n d o n a n d o t h e r s i m i l a r i n s t i t u t i o n s . On h i s r e t u r n to C a n a d a h e w o r k e d w i t h D r . I van S m i t h a t t h e L o n d o n , O n t a r i o , C a n c e r C l i n i c , a n d w a s t h e p h y s i c i s t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t r e a t m e n t of c a n c e r by m e a n s of k i l o -c u r i e s o u r c e s of C o b a l t 6 0 . A l o n g wi th D r . H a r o l d J o h n s , h e w a s a p i o n e e r in C o b a l t " B o m b " t h e r a p y , a n d d e s i g n e d a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s a r a d i u m s a f e f o r u s e w i th the f i r s t of t h e s e u n i t s .

H i s s u d d e n d e a t h , of t h e s a m e d i s e a s e h e w a s a c t i v e in c u r i n g , c a m e a s a g r e a t s h o c k to h i s m a n y f r i e n d s a m o n g t h e y o u n g e r p h y s i c i s t s in C a n a d a . T h o s e of u s who k n e w h i m w i l l a l w a y s r e m e m b e r h i m a s i n v a r i a b l y c h e e r f u l a n d f u n - l o v i n g . H e w i l l b e g r e a t l y m i s s e d by h i s f r i e n d s in C . A . P . a n d o u r d e e p e s t s y m p a t h y i s e x t e n d e d to h i s w idow a n d c h i l d .

- E r i c B r a n n e n

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i6JL D I E L E C T R I C S A N D W A V E S . B y A r t h u r R . v o n H i p p e l . P p . 2 8 4 . W i l e y . $ 1 6 . 0 0 .

T h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r of t h i s t e x t i s o r g a n i z e d in two m a j o r s e c t i o n s : P a r t I , e n t i t l e d " M a c r o s c o p i c A p p r o a c h " o c c u p i e s s o m e w h a t m o r e t h a n o n e t h i r d of t h e book ; i t t r e a t s a d i e l e c t r i c e s s e n t i a l l y f r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of a b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m in t h e s o l u t i o n of M a x w e l l ' s f i e l d e q u a t i o n s . A f t e r i n t r o d u c i n g t i e b a s i c p a r a m e t e r s a s s o c i a t e d w i th a d i e l e c t r i c , n a m e l y i t s c o m p l e x p e r m i t t i v i t y a n d p e r m e a b i l i t y , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s of e l e c t r o s t a t i c s a n d m a g n e t o s t a t i c s a r e p r e s e n t e d a n d f ronf i t h e s e M a x w e l l ' s e q u a t i o n s a r e d e r i v e d in t h e u s u a l w a y . F r o m a s o l u t i o n of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s in f r e e s p a c e a n d in b o u n d e d r e g i o n s , t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e a n d e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t a n a l o g i e s a r e e v o l v e d in a l o g i c a l m a n n e r ; t h e a n a l o g i e s f i n a l l y l e a d to a d e s c r i p t i o n of m e a -s u r i n g t e c h n i q u e s of d i e l e c t r i c p a r a m e t e r s , w h i c h w e r e d e v e l o p e d by t h e a u t h o r a n d h i s c o - w o r k e r s .

T h e s e c o n d p a r t of t h e b o o k , c a l l e d " M o l e c u l a r A p p r o a c h " d e a l s w i t h i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of t h e g r o s s b e h a v i o r of d i e -l e c t r i c s in t e r m s of t h e m o l e c u l a r t h e o r i e s of m a t t e r a n d i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i th e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s . T h e d i s c u s s i o n b e g i n s w i t h a n i n t r o d u c t i o n to t h e c l a s s i c a l c o n c e p t s of p o l a r i z a t i o n , t h e C l a u s i u s - M o s o t t i r e l a t i o n , a n d o p t i c a l d i s p e r s i o n a n d a b s o r p t i o n p h e n o m e n a . T h e s h o r t c o m i n g s of t h e c l a s s i c a l i d e a s a r e o u t l i n e d w i t h s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s t r e a t i n g u p o n B o h r ' s t h e o r y of t h e a t o m

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a n d w a v e m e c h a n i c s . Wi th t h i s t h e o r e t i c a l b a c k g r o u n d a s b a s i s f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e t e x t , t he a u t h o r c o v e r s a t a r a p i d r a t e a n d in t h e s p a c e of s o m e t w e n t y - f i v e s u b s e c t i o n s (140 p a g e s ) s u c h f i e l d s a s t h e s t r u c t u r e of a t o m s , t h e S t a r k a n d Z e e m a n e f f e c t s , d i s p e r s i o n , f o r m a t i o n of m o l e -c u l e s a n d m o l e c u l a r b o n d s , v i b r a t i o n a n d r o t a t i o n s p e c t r a , m i c r o w a v e s p e c t r o s c o p y , s t r u c t u r e of l i q u i d s a n d s o l i d s a n d o r i e n t a t i o n p o l a r i z a t i o n of t h e i r m o l e c u l e s , p i e z o e l e c t r i c i t y a n d c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e , f e r r o e l e c t r i c i t y ; p a r a m a g n e t i s m a n d f e r r o m a g n e t i s m , s e m i c o n d u c t o r s , c o n d u c t i v i t y a n d b r e a k d o w n in g a s e s , l i q u i d s a n d s o l i d s a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r t o p i c s no t m e n t i o n e d

It w i l l b e s e e n f r o m t h e a b o v e t h a t t h e two p a r t s of t h e b o o k c o v e r a n i m p r e s s i v e a m o u n t of g r o u n d . A s a r e s u l t t h e v a r i o u s s u b j e c t s c a n n o t b e t r e a t e d in v e r y g r e a t d e t a i l a n d t h e r e a d e r o f t e n f i n d s h i m s e l f , to h i s d i s m a y b e i n g t r a n s p o r t e d a t a r a p i d r a t e f r o m o n e n e w i d e a to the n e x t by t h e q u i c k p a c e of t h e t e x t . It a p p e a r s h o w e v e r t h a t t h i s i s a n e v i l e n c o u n t e r e d in m o s t r e v i e w s of b r o a d s c i e n t i -f i c f i e l d s .

P r o f e s s o r von H i p p e l s t a t e s in h i s p r e f a c e t h a t t h e t r e a t i s e i s i n t e n d e d f o r p h y s i c i s t s , c h e m i s t s a n d e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y h e d o e s no t t e l l u s w h a t s c i e n t i f i c b a c k g r o u n d i s r e q u i r e d of t h e r e a d e r . In t h e r e v i e w e r ' s o p i n i o n i t i s m e a n t to s e r v e t h e " p r o f e s s i o n a l " m a n , who h a v i n g c h o s e n a n a r r o w b r a n c h of t h e f i e l d of d i e l e c t r i c s s h o u l d h a v e h i s h o r i z o n w i d e n e d a n d h a v e h i s k n o w l e d g e b r o u g h t up to d a t e wi th r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s l y i n g o u t s i d e h i s f i e l d of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . T h i s a i m i s p r a i s e w o r t h y a n d l o n g o v e r -d u e . If i t m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h i s w a s in t h e a u t h o r ' s m i n d , i t t h e n a p p e a r s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t h e f o u n d i t n e c e s s a r y to d w e l l upon m u c h " e l e m e n t a r y " b a c k g r o u n d a n d s o m e n o n - e s s e n t i a l s a t t h e e x p e n s e of g r e a t e r d e t a i l in t h o s e l a t e r s e c t i o n s of t h e

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b o o k w h i c h c o n c e r n t h e m s e l v e s w i th r e c e n t a n d l e s s f a m i l i a r a d v a n c e s in d i e l e c t r i c r e s e a r c h . It i s b e l i e v e d t h a t in P a r t i m u c h of t h e w o r k on e l e c t r o s t a t i c s , m a g n e t o s t a t i c s a n d s o m e of t h e s i m p l e r , w e l l k n o w n s o l u t i o n s of M a x w e l l ' s e q u a t i o n s c o u l d h a v e b e e n o m i t t e d o r t h e r e s u l t s m e r e l y l i s t e d . M a n y of t h e t o p i c s in f i n e p r i n t s u c h a s t h o s e d e a l i n g w i t h c o o r d i -n a t e s y s t e m s a n d v é c t o r a n a l y s i s ( a l s o g i v e n in t h e A p p e n d i x ) s h o u l d b e f a m i l i a r to t h e a v e r a g e r e a d e r a s w e l l a s t h e b a s i c c l a s s i c a l a n d q u a n t u m t h e o r i e s p r e s e n t e d in P a r t I I . T h e n o m o -g r a m s of a t t e n u a t i o n a s f u n c t i o n of d i e l e c t r i c p a r a m e t e r s ( c h a r t s 9 . 1 to 9 . 9 ) a n d t h o s e of s k i n d e p t h v e r s u s r e s i s t i v i t y ( c h a r t s 19 .1 a n d 1 9 . 2 ) , t h o u g h u n d o u b t a b l y u s e f u l , do no t a p p e a r to b e e s s e n t i a l i n a t ex t c o n c e r n e d wi th f u n d a m e n t a l s . P o s s i b l e r e v i s i o n s s u c h a s chose o u t l i n e d a b o v e w o u l d e n a b l e P r o f e s s o r von H i p p e l to d e v o t e m o r e s p a c e to t h o s e t o p i c s of c u r r e n t a n d b a s i c i n t e r e s t w h i c h h e i s s o a d m i r a b l y q u a l i f i e d to i m p a r t to h i s r e a d e r s .

In c o n c l u s i o n it i s c u s t o m a r y to c o m m e n t u p o n t h e a p p e a r -a n c e of t h e b o o k . I t i s r i c h l y i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h c l e a r a n d s i m p l e d i a g r a m s a n d t h e p u b l i s h e r s a r e to b e c o n g r a t u l a t e d u p o n t h e a t t r a c t i v e t y p o g r a p h y a n d the c h o i c e of f o r m a t . ( 8 - 5 / 8 " x 11-1/4") T h e b o o k i s s o m e w h a t h i g h p r i c e d in c o m p a r i s o n w i th t e x t s of e q u i v a l e n t s i z e .

- G . B e k e f i

D I E L E C T R I C M A T E R I A L S AND A P P L I C A T I O N S . E d i t e d by A r t h u r R . von H i p p e l . P p . 4 3 8 . T h e T e c h n o l o g y P r e s s of M. [. T. a n d J o h n W i l e y a n d S o n s . $ 1 7 . 5 0 .

T h i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y v a l u a b l e t e x t c o m p r i s i n g p a p e r s by 22 c o n t r i b u t o r s w i l l w i t h o u t d o u b t p r o v e to b e of i n t e r e s t to m a n y d i v e r s e r e a d e r s . T h e w e a l t h of up to d a t e b a s i c a s w e l l

37

a s p r a c t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e e v e r e x p a n d i n g f i e l d of d i e l e c t r i c s a c c u m u l a t e d on t h e s e p a g e s s h o u l d b e w e l c o m e e q u a l l y by s c i e n t i s t s , e n g i n e e r s a n d i n d u s t r i a l i s t s .

T h e t e x t o p e n s w i t h a s e c t i o n on t h e o r y w h i c h i s e s s e n -t i a l l y a r e s u m e of t h e w o r k p r e s e n t e d in t h e c o m p a n i o n v o l u m e " D i e l e c t r i c s a n d W a v e s " by A r t h u r R . v o n H i p p e l . T h e b a s i c n o t i o n s of c o m p l e x p e r m i t t i v i t y , p e r m e a b i l i t y , p o l a r i z a t i o n a n d m a g n e t i z a t i o n a r e d e v e l o p e d ; t h i s i s f o l -l o w e d by a d e s c r i p t i o n of r e f l e c t i o n a n d r e f r a c t i o n of e l e c t r o -m a g n e t i c w a v e s a t d i e l e c t r i c b o u n d a r i e s a n d l e a d s to c o n -c e p t s of i m p e d a n c e a n d s t a n d i n g w a v e r a t i o s a n d t h e i r m e a s u r e m e n t . T h i s p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a . 1 w a y of d e s c r i b i n g t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n d i e l e c t r i c s a n d w a v e s i s s u p p l e m e n t e d by a b r i e f r e v i e w of t h e m o l e c u l a r p o i n t of v i e w .

P a r t II " D i e l e c t r i c M e a s u r i n g T e c h n i q u e s " i s d i v i d e d i n -to f o u r s u b s e c t i o n s . T h e f i r s t d e a l s in c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t a i l w i t h m e a s u r e m e n t s of p e r m i t t i v i t y o v e r a r a n g e of f r e q u e n -c i e s f r o m z e r o to 1 0 ^ c y c l e s p e r s e c o n d ; s p e c i a l e m p h a s i s i s l a i d u p o n t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t h i g h f r e q u e n c y w a v e g u i d e a n d c a v i t y m e t h o d s . E x t e n s i v e t a b l e s a s a i d s f o r c o m -p u t a t i o n a r e i n c l u d e d . A c o m p a r a b l e t h o u g h b r i e f e r s e c t i o n on p e r m e a b i l i t y i s a l s o g i v e n . T h e l a s t two p a r t s s u r v e y t h e a c h i e v e m e n t s of m i c r o w a v e s p e c t r o s c o p y a n d m a g n e t i c r e -s o n a n c e m e t h o d s of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e m o m e n t s of n u c l e i , a t o m s a n d m o l e c u l e s a n d o t h e r s t r u c t u r e p a r a m e t e r s ; t h e s e s e c -t i o n s s e r v e in t h e n a t u r e of a r e m i n d e r to t h e r e a d e r t h a t n e w p o w e r f u l m e t h o d s of s t u d y i n g d i e l e c t r i c s a r e a v a i l a b l e .

T h e h i g h l y i n f o r m a t i v e t h i r d p a r t of t h e b o o k d e a l s v e r y f u l l y w i th v a r i o u s d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e l i m i t a t i o n s in t h e i r n u m e r o u s a p p l i c a t i o n s . F i r s t i s g i v e n an a c c o u n t of t h e i n s u l a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of g a s e s a t h i g h p r e s s u r e s ;

38.

t h i s i s f o l l o w e d b y ^ d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e b e h a v i o u r of l i q u i d d i e l e c t r i c s , p l a s t i e s a n d c e r a m i c s . T h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h e s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r s a p p l i c a t i o n s to w h i c h d i e l e c t r i c s a r e pu t in p o w e r a n d e l e c t r o n i c s e q u i p m e n t a n d t h e u s e of d i e l e c -t r i c s a s r e c t i f i e r s , p i e z o e l e c t r i c t r a n s d u c e r s , r e s o n a t o r s , m a g n e t i c a n d d i e l e c t r i c a m p l i f i e r s a n d m e m o r y d e v i c e s .

In t h e b r i e f f o u r t h s e c t i o n a r e s e t ou t t h e n e e d s a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s of thp a r m e d s e r v i c e s . T h e l a s t 140 p a g e s of t h e t e x t a r e t a k e n up by t a b l e s of d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l s , T h i s i s a c o m p i l a t i o n of t h e m e a s u r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o m e 600 s o l i d s a n d l i q u i d s w h o s e p r o p e r t i e s w e r e d e t e r -m i n e d a t d i s c r e t e f r e q u e n c i e s r a n g i n g f r o m 100 to 2 . 5 x 10 !0 c y c l e s p e r s e c o n d . A n u m b e r of s u b s t a n c e s w e r e e x a m i n e d o v e r c o n s i d e r a b l e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s a n d t h e d a t a a r e d e -p i c t e d g r a p h i c a l l y

T h e w o r k i s \^el l o r g a n i z e d , t h e t e x t i s l a v i s h l y i l l u s -t r a t e d a n d s u p p l e m e n t e d by a m p l e r e f e r e n c e s ,

- G . B e k e f i

T H E P H Y S I C S O F E X P E R I M E N T A L M E T H O D . B r a d d i c k . C h a p m a n a n d H a l l . $ 5 . 6 0 .

B y H . J . J .

T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s b o o k , a s s t a t e d in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , i s " t o d i r e c t a t t e n t i o n to t h o s e b r a n c h e s of p h y s i c s w h i c h a r e i m p o r t a n t in t h e p l a n n i n g a n d e x e c u t i o n of e x p e r i m e n t s in p h y s i c a l r e s e a r c h - to a c t a s a t e x t - b o o k of p h y s i c s a p p l i e d to p h y s i c a l e x p e r i m e n t " .

T h i s b o o k w i l l b e of i n t e r e s t t o a l l s t u d e n t s of p h y s i c s ( a n d a l l i e d d i s c i p l i n e s m a k i n g u s e of p h y s i c a l t e c h n i q u e s )

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u n d e r t a k i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s e a r c h , t o i n s t r u c t o r s d e s i g n -ing e x p e r i m e n t s f o r l a b o r a t o r y c o u r s e s a n d to y o u n g p h y s i c i s t s a c c e p t i n g r e s e a r c h p o s i t i o n s w i t h i n d u s t r i a l o r g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

T h e a u t h o r c o m m e n c e s h i s b o o k wi th a l o n g a n d u s e f u l c h a p t e r on t h e t r e a t m e n t of e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s a n d a s s o -c i a t e d e r r o r s . T h i s i s f o l l o w e d by a c h a p t e r on t h e g r e a t v a r i e t y of m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e to r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s f o r e x -p e r i m e n t a l w o r k , a n d t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s . F u r t h e r c h a p t e r s d e a l w i t h v a c u u m t e c h n i q u e s , e l e c t r i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s , o p -t i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d p h o t o g r a p h y . A c h a p t e r on e l e c t r o n i c s d e a l s w i t h v a c u u m t u b e c i r c u i t s f r o m p o w e r s u p p l i e s to m u l -t i v i b r a t o r s w i t h e m p h a s i s on f u n c t i o n a n d on t h e b r o a d p r i n c i p l e i n v o l v e d r a t h e r t h a n on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of " v a l v e s " u n o b t a i n a b l e in t h i s c o u n t r y .

T h e f i n a l c h a p t e r s d e a l w i t h t h e n a t u r a l l i m i t s of m e a -s u r e m e n t ( n o i s e ) a n d wi th a n o u t l i n e of r e c e n t t e c h n i q u e s in n u c l e a r r e s e a r c h . W h e r e a s t h e a v o w e d e m p h a s i s of t h e b o o k i s 011 t h e p r i n c i p l e of p h y s i c a l e x p e r i m e n t t h e a u t h o r d o e s n o t h e s i t a t e to d i s c u s s a c t u a l e x p e r i m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s . W h e r e p a r t i c u l a r t e c h n i q u e s a r e m e r e l y o u t l i n e d t h e a u t h o r g i v e s a d e q u a t e r e f e r e n c e s to s o u r c e s of m o r e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a -t i o n . It i s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t s u c h r e f e r e n c e s a r e no t g r o u p e d u n d e r s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s r a t h e r t h a n in a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r a t t h e e n d of t h e b o o k .

A v a l u a b l e f e a t u r e of t h i s w o r k i s t h e g e n e r o u s p r o v i s i o n of u p - t o - d a t e t a b l e s c o v e r i n g a w i d e f i e l d of p r o p e r t i e s . A n y w o r k e r in e x p e r i m e n t a l p h y s i c s ( o r in a l l i e d f i e l d s ) w i l l b e h a p p y to a d d t h i s u s e f u l w o r k to h i s r e f e r e n c e b o o k s h e l f , s u p p l e m e n t i n g w i t h o u t d i s p l a c i n g h i s copy of S t r o n g on p r o -c e d u r e s of e x p e r i m e n t a l p h y s i c s .

- F . R . T e r r o u x

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E L E C T R I C A L I G N I T I O N E Q U I P M E N T . L o n g m a n s G r e e n , p p . 2 2 7 . $ 5 . 5 0 .

B y F . G . S p r e a d b u r y .

T h i s l i t t l e v o l u m e i s a n e x h a u s t i v e d i s c u s s i o n of s p a r k p l u g s , i g n i t i o n c o i l s , a n d o t h e r d e t a i l s of i g n i t i o n s y s t e m s . T h e r a t h e r s t r i n g e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s on s u c h s y s t e m s in a u t o -m o b i l e s , a n d t h e e v e n m o r e s t r i n g e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a i r c r a f t i g n i t i o n s y s t e m s a r e d i s c u s s e d in d e t a i l , t o g e t h e r w i t h a l l p r e s e n t m e t h o d s of s a t i s f y i n g t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e r e a d e r w h o s e i n t e r e s t in t h i s r a t h e r s p e c i a l i z e d f i e l d i s l i m i t e d m a y s t i l l f i n d t h e c h a p t e r on e l e c t r i c a l d i s c h a r g e in g a s e s of s o m e i n t e r e s t .

- E . R . P .

T H O M A S Y O U N G , N A T U R A L P H I L O S O P H E R 1773 - 1829 . B y A l e x W o o d ( c o m p l e t e d by F r a n k O l d h a m ) . C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 353 p p . $ 5 . 7 5 .

T h e l a t e Alejx W o o d , F e l l o w of E m m a n u e l C o l l e g e , C a m b r i d g e a n d U n i v e r s i t y L e c t u r e r in E x p e r i m e n t a l P h y s i c s , a c c u m u l a t e d m a t e r i a l f o r f o r t y y e a r s f o r t h i s d e f i n i t i v e b i o -g r a p h y of T h o m a s Y o u n g . Ori r e a d i n g t h e b o o k , i t i s ev ide r . t t h a t Y o u n g i s i n d e e d a w o r t h y s u b j e c t f o r a b i o g r a p h e r , bu t t h e m e m o i r of t h e a u t h o r , P r o f . W o o d , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e b o o k w r i t t e n by C a n o n C . E . R a v e n , m a k e s o n e w i s h i m m e d i a t e l y f o r a b o o k a b o u t t h e b i o g r a p h e r . H e s o u n d s a m u c h m o r e c o l o u r f u l m a n t h a n t h e b i o g r a p h e e .

T h o m a s Yoking i s p r i m a r i l y r e m e m b e r e d b y p h y s i c i s t s a s t h e e s t a b l i s h e r of t h e w a v e t h e o r y of l i g h t ; in h i s own d a y

41

he w a s b e t t e r known a s a p h y s i c i a n , a l t h o u g h it m a y h a v e b e e n t h a t , a s a p h y s i c i a n , he w a s a b e t t e r p h y s i c i s t . In c o m m o j i w i th m o s t of t h e s c i e n t i f i c l u m i n a r i e s of h i s day h i s r a n g e of i n t e r e s t s w a s v a s t . H i s m e d i c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s on s u c h t h i n g s a s b l o o d c i r c u l a t i o n w e r e c e r t a i n l y m o s t i m p o r t a n t , bu t h i s shy a n d s o m e w h a t d e t a c h e d p e r s o n a l i t y r o b b e d h i m of a b e d s i d e m a n n e r a n d , m o r e i m p o r t a n t , i t s f i n a n c i a l r e w a r d s . T h e l a t t e r , we g a t h e r f r o m P r o f . W o o d , w e r e e v e n in the 18th C e n t u r y s u p e r i o r to t h o s e of t h e s c i e n t i s t .

T h o m a s Y o u n g p u b l i s h e d s o m e 78 s c i e n t i f i c p a p e r s . A s a n i n d i c a t i o n of h i s a c t i v e a n d f a r r a n g i n g m i n d , m a n y of t h e s e d e a l t w i th t h e a n c i e n t bu t s t i l l f a s c i n a t i n g s t u d y of E g y p t i a n h i e r o g l y p h i c s . In f a c t Y o u n g , r a t h e r t h a n C h a m p o l l i o n

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c a n c l a i m to b e t h e d i s c o v e r e r of t h e s e c r e t of t h e R o s e t t a s t o n e a n d h e n c e t h e m a n to w h o m t h e m o d e r n w o r l d o w e s i t s k n o w l e d g e of a n c i e n t E g y p t .

P r o f . W o o d ' s b o o k i s an i n t e r e s t i n g a n d w e l l w r i t t e n s t u d y of a g r e a t E n g l i s h p h y s i c i s t . O n e f i n d s t h a t Y o u n g w a s f a r f r o m c o l o u r f u l ; l i k e m a n y m e n who h a v e m a d e g r e a t c o n -t r i b u t i o n s , h e w a s n o t a p p r e c i a t e d in h i s d a y ; h i s w o r k w a s h e a v i l y c r i t i c i z e d a n d h i s u t t e r a n c e s w e r e a c t u a l l y s c o r n e d f o r a t i m e ; h i s d e f e n c e of w h a t h e k n e w to b e t r u e w a s c l u m -s i l y e x p r e s s e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n to k n o w l e d g e w a s s u c h t h a t H e l m h o l t z w a s m o v e d to w r i t e , " h e w a s o n e of t h e m o s t a c u t e m e n Who e v e r l i v e d , bu t h a d the m i s f o r t u n e to b e too f a r in a d v a n c e of h i s c o n t e m p o r a r i e s . " In a d d i t i o n to p r o v i d i n g t h e c o m p l e t e s t o r y of Y o u n g ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n s , t h i s i s a v a l u a b l e b o o k f o r Anyone i n t e r e s t e d in t h e s c i e n t i f i c a d v a n c e s of t h a t p e r i o d of t h e e a r l y n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y .

- K . G .

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