Top Banner
! , " 1998.
68

Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

Feb 22, 2022

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

!

, " 1998.

Page 2: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

2

#: $. . %! & !": $. . # %: ! ' '

( : !! !: 391/93

") *: 1. 7. 1998.

Page 3: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

3

!

' " ! ' ') Tquit () '! -*), )' ) Tquit-a, $" !$ + ,) ! !*. *"-, " " )' " " - ', - .) ' /), )! '!! !! . ') " ! '), $" ! !" '!) ) $" . ! $" " ' " !) '!! ), )! !* '! " 0 . $" ) '! " * ) *" $" '* ! )! ,) !*) ', . $" " . $" " $". *! , * " "!)" 1 ")" " $ !! , '!" ! !) ! -. %! ' , ' )! ) ) )0 ) !! , ) ) )! )! !" - ! !). )! )! )'), ! !0 " )" -, !), )'), ! ) ) )')' !,. ' " + ) !, *+-) )), )!, " $" " )')' !, $! 0, *" " ')" '!. !)+ ! ! $" ) ! " ," ! !*.

Page 4: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

4

Apstract

Coherent transport out and in the magnetic field through an ideal single Tquit (T-shaped quantum interference transistor) and parallel and serial connections of two Tquits has been analyzed. The Tight-binding method, used in the analysis, as well as the Landauer phenomenological approach to the mesoscopic systems conductance calculation has been considered. The numerical algorithm for determination of the transmission coefficients based on the Green functions has been derived. The numerical simulations have demonstrated the possibility of obtaining the transistor effect by varying the stub length in the single-channel regime. In parallel and serial configurations it is possible to achieve a large number of logical functions by choosing the maximal stub lengths during the fabrication process, such as OR function in parallel configuration, and NOT-OR and AND functions in serial configuration. For the compatibility reasons it is necessary to adjust all logical components to the same Fermi energy of the whole system, and that requires the same waveguide widths throughout the chip. Classical laws of forming the resulting conductance of two connected conductors are not applicable to quantum systems, especially regarding the conductance levels at the fixed waveguide width. The conductance additivity in parallel configurations can be accomplished only by increasing the waveguide width, and serial connection introduces new quasi-bound states. It has been shown that the magnetic field forms edge-states that improve conductance quantization, and induces quasi-bound cyclotron rotation states in parallel configuration. Four types of system transformations that do not alter transport characteristics have been studied.

Page 5: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

5

! ......................................................................................................................... 3 Apstract ............................................................................................................................ 4 (0" .......................................................................................................................... 5 .! !a ................................................................................................................... 7 1. ) .......................................................................................................................... 9 2. "! ' , ............................................................................................. 13

2.1 # " )' ............................................................................................... 13 2.2 %) ! ........................................................................................... 21

3. * !", .................................................................................................... 25

3.1 ) 0$ ..................................................................................... 25 3.2 ) !: /), $" ! !" ........................ 30

4. ! !* Tquit-a ................................................................................. 37

4.1 ') Tquit ................................................................................................ 38 4.2 )' ) Tquit- ................................................................ 42 4.3 $" + ! !* ......................................... 50 4.4 ( " ) ! ....................................................................... 56

5. + ................................................................................................................... 59 .! ! * .............................................................................................................. 61 . .................................................................................................................... 65

Page 6: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

6

Page 7: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

7

1.1 2 ! ' )' Tquit-a ......................................................... 10 1.2 ! )- Tquit-a ..................................................................... 11 1.3 * '" ! !) ) ) 11 2.2 ! !) ' ) ...................................................................................... 22 3.1 ) 0$ " )'. ................................................................. 26 3.2 ' ! ! " )" 0$ .............. 29 3.3 ! " !") - quit .................................... 30 3.4 ! ! !) ' ) . ................. 31 4.1 2 ! ' Tquit-a ............................................................................... 39 4.2 )!! (ε,L) Tquit-a. ................................................................................ 39 4.3 )!! (ε) ' ) 0$. ..................................................................... 40 4.4 quit - ')!! (L) ' " ε=-3.90 ε=-3.85 .................................... 41 4.5 quit - ')!! (L) ' " ε=-3.80 , ε=-3.75 ε=-3.70 ..................... 41 4.6 ' )' ) quit-a. ................................................................. 43 4.7 ' )' ) quit-a. ......................................................................... 43 4.8 )!! T(L1,L2) )' ) '!, 2d+1=21. ................................... 44 4.9 )!! T(L1,L2) )' ) '!, 2d+1=11. ................................... 45 4.10 )!! T(L1,L2) )' ) '! ......................................................... 46 4.11 /, )! ') Tquit-a )' ) Tquit-a ................ 48 4.12 /, )! ') Tquit-a )' ) Tquit-a ........................ 48 4.13 )!! (ε) ' $" ' !", b ' / !*). 49 4.14 (ε,) ' ) 0$. ................................................................................... 50 4.15 (ε,) ' ') quit, L=5 ...................................................................................... 52 4.16 (ε,) ' ') quit, L=10 .................................................................................. 52 4.17 )!! (ε) ' )' Tquit-) (2d+1=21) !* +. 53 4.18 )!! (ε) ' )' Tquit-) (2d+1=21) " +. ... 53 4.19 )!! (ε,) ' )' ) quit-, L1=5, L2=10, 2d+1=21 ................... 54 4.20 )!! (ε,) ' )' ) quit-, L1=10, L2=10, 2d+1=21 ................. 54 4.21 )!! (ε,) ' )' ) quit-, L1=5, L2=10 ........................................... 55 4.22 )!! (ε,) ' )' ) quit-, L1=10, L2=10 ......................................... 55 4.23 2 ! ' ' ')/, ! " ! ) !". .......................... 57

Page 8: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

8

Page 9: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

9

1. ! ')" ! /" ) " !) ," -,

" !) )" *' '! . )" ! " * ! ,), '" ! , ! !)", " ' ,) $' '. () ! ! *) + ! '" !) / ! !",, !) " "- ) ! '". , )) "'$" ! -) * !! *' ) , !)+ ) '') " ! -, ' ) !" ) ".

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

!), ' ) ) " ! *' ! ')", ! !" ! (), " " ! ')+) ! , ) !") ", !, "!)" !" ! ). ) ) " ')+" '" " ) ! ' ! ) !. 3!, ! ) ) ! ! )' $" 1 !,), 0 * " , " !" )+ ), !+ ) ! ), " !" " ) ! )), !+-, )+ .

Page 10: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

10

!, )- ) $" -!, ) 4) , / ! " " + 0), $" ! !) '$", !* '$" ' ),. "! + ' ), '!! !! " !) . "- 1957. '" )' ' / )! ' !", ! ! , .

( $+ ')", ! " * ! ) $" (! ! !* ) ' *", '!! , !) " Tquit - ) '! -*. )) -, ! 0 ')! (! 1 (Sols, Fowler), ! -, " 0 (Datta). Tquit " )'-" ' '!! !, ) " * !) !- !)+ !), ". ) 0$ ! -, ! (( 1.1). !-, ! ! ') )- " !)" ! $" !" ) ' ! ! !* , ' AlGaAs/GaAs ) " (( 1.2 1.3). ! !* -, ! 0 ! !+-, " - ) '') -, *! ! ) !" -) ! -,, !0, !*, ! " 0 )+ ! !* ! !). '" ! " $" ! !" ))" ! , ' / 0 1, - ) ') , ! ) '!. "!" ' ! )" ! *" " ! ' /! $", !!) !, !, " ! ) )$ - -) , ! !",. (0), !" ! ! ," )) ! !", , ! !", " ! '* ! " ) . ' ')!! $" ! !" " - !* ( ") '" " ! ! !)! " ! "0 " . !$ ) " ! *'* ) !" ' Tquit, " ) !" 0 !)" )- ". # !" "0 " " )' ' ! )! '*0 ! (h/e2) " '! *0 25kΩ " * !, )

( 1.1 2 ! ' )' Tquit-a "!) '!,

" GaAs/AlGaAs ) " .

(B) (S2)

(S1)

AlGaAs

AlGaAs GaAs

AlGaAs

AlGaAs

GaAs

GaAs

SOURCE

DRAIN

GATE (T)

Page 11: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

11

'!. * * ! '! ) ) )' ) *" quit-), * 0 ,) '),, " * !) Tquit-) * ! ) 0, * !) 0 ) $".

( *' " ", $+ ) !0 " ! '!) )" , " ' ' ! )' ) '! ) ) ,) )'),. " " ! !$" !0 '* ) !! ' , !, ! ! ' $ . , ! ! - !" )0 ) ' ! '!! ! , ! ' ! )' 0 /) ! . / " ! ' $" + ! )) ! , " * ! + )- +), !+), '!.

! 1.2 1.3 ! ' ! ! '" !) ! ! ' ) !.

( 1.2 ( 1.3 ! )- Tquit-a. ' '" S1, S2 B !$" Tquit-a 2D " ) ! !) ! ! ! !*, T - ! )! !*.

500nm

300nm

100nm 100nm

A

B

Page 12: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

12

Page 13: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

13

2. -), * ) ! '!! ! "-

! ! " )'. ) " ' ' ')+ " !! , +" ' !)-! " ! $ !! , " !0! . !) " " )' " ! ! !'" " ! ) !, '' )) 0, " . " !! ! ! " " )' !), ! $ " ! '" " *" ". ! !)+ '$" "" " *0 0" ", ,) !)"!) ), " - ) '$", !" !, " " )' ' " ", " * . -), 2 ) " ! " " )' ! 0 *) , ) $" " ! ' " "!" ! ' ), / !! . 2.1. # " )'

%, ) !! , ! ,) !, ( )tψ !

) , !" ! 2 ) " : dH idt

ψ ψ= ,

" H(t) " !! . -, ) " , ! 0 '' ' ) ! !'$" !)"!) !, iξ !$ !)* : 2

( ) ( )i ii

t C tψ ξ= ,

" ( ) ( )i iC t tξ ψ= , ! , ! $" ) ! !)* . ) ! 2 ) " (2.1) 0, ! kξ *" ! " , '0 )" '$" " !)* :

ki k i

i

dCi C Hdt

ξ ξ= .

' ) " ! ) " ' ' ) '$" * ') " ! !, iξ , ! ,) ! $", $ " '$" ( )ξ r .

2 ! !)*.

(2.1)

(2.2)

(2.3)

Page 14: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

14

! " ! *! * - " ! ! -

( , , )ijk i j kx y z=r , ! i, j k $ *"). !", ' / !! !) ! " a. !) " !", ! ! - *' -, ! !*. ' ) !), !,

ijkξ )'!

' " rijk, ! !,, $" ( ) ( )ijk ijkC t tξ ψ= !)+" )) 0, ' !

!, ( )tψ ! rijk . !) "- )' ' " 0 / "*0 !! -, + !! - , 0 ! ! , ! ' )- '. ' "

’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’’ ’ ’

ijki j k ijk i j k

i j k

dCi C H

dtξ ξ=

! ) ! ' ' 'ijk i j kHξ ξ " ' ) ! ijk i’j’k’ " !" + !! -, ! " ! ", " * ! !, ! ijk '') !!) , !! i’j’k’. ! ijk ijk ijkH Eξ ξ = , 1, ,

( )1, ,ijk i j ki

i j kH Vξ ξ −+

−= ,

1, ,( )

1, ,ijk i j ki

i j kH Vξ ξ +−

+= , ... , , , 1( ), , 1ijk i j kk

i j kH Vξ ξ +−

+= . V ! ') !- ' !! , ! ')" ! " ' ijk, , ! ') )$ ! '. )) '* )! " , * * ! ')! ! ! ' ! , ! !. 4 " ! 0 !) *:

’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’’ ’ ’

ijk ijk i j k i j kijk i j k

H Hξ ξ ξ ξ

= =

( )’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’

’ ’ ’

susediijk

ijk ijk ijk ijk i j k i j kijk ijk i j k

E Vξ ξ ξ ξ→= +

" " " )'. 3 , *" *: ( ) ( ) ( )1, , 1, , 1, , 1, , , , 1 , , 1...ijk i i k

ijk ijk i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k

dCi E C V C V C V C

dt+ − −

− − + + + += + + + + =

( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1, , 1, , 1, , 1, , 1, , 1, ,22 2

2 26 ...

ii i i ii j k i j k ijk ijk i j k i j k i j k ijk i j k

ijk ijk ijk ijk

V C V C V C V V VE V C a C

a a

− + − ++ + − − + −

− + − + + + − +

" ) ): ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1, , 1, , , 1, , 1, , , 1 , , 1

6

i i j j k ki j k i j k i j k i j k i j k i j k

ijk

V V V V V VV

+ − + − + −− + − + − ++ + + + +

= .

' ' / , ! ! - ! 0 ! !!) ! , !) $" ! 0" fijk , $" fxyz=f(x,y,z), " f(xi,yj,zk)=fijk . ! ! , $!, / ! !", - 0 !) ! !$! ijk 0 Vijk, " !" $" $" ":

(2.4)

(2.5)

(2.6)

Page 15: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

15

( ) ( )26xyzxyz xyz xyz xyz xyz

Ci E V C a V C

t∂

∂= + + ∇ ∇ .

1' ! ! ) Vxyz ! 0 ' ' ! ' ,.

! ' '" )'" " ,: k

i k ii

dCi C Hdt

ξ ξ= ,

"" ! !, iξ !)"!) !, ')+ ! !)*, i )) ( !...) 0, ) !! , . ' , ! *":

2** kk kk k

d CdC dCi C i C idt dt dt

− = =

( )** *i k k i i k k i

iC C H C C Hξ ξ ξ ξ= − =

*2 Im i k k ii

i C C Hξ ξ= =

*

2 2Im Imk ii k i k k i

i ii k

C Ci C H i C HC C

ξ ξ ξ ξ = +

,

!: 2

2 21 Im Imk i kk k i i i k

i k i

d C C CC H C Hdt C C

ξ ξ ξ ξ

= −

.

) " !" ) ! ' +) ! ) !! , ". )) ,) 0, !, . " " + *!:

( )k ki i k k k i

i k

df f f p f pdt t

∂∂ → →

= + −

"" ! fi )) 0, !! i- ) !,, i jp → )) ' !! "$ ) ' !, i !, j. /, (2.9) (2.10) ! '+":

2k kf C=

1 Im ki k i k

i

Cp HC

ξ ξ→

= −

, i k≠

22 Imkk k k

f C Ht

∂ ξ ξ∂

=

, i k= .

( " !, ) i jp → * ), ! ) )) ' "$ ) , ! !, ! ! " " + *!, ! ! * " , 2

iC , " ) )) ' "$ ) . ) $" !" '* - i jp → ')! * )) 0, !! !, i k !0 " ! ' ! !! , ! * , ')! - " *" " ! " *! "-

(2.8)

(2.9)

(2.10)

(2.7)

(2.11)

Page 16: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

16

!.3 i jp → !)" ' ! $" ! )", $!, " ' ! ! ), !) " '):

1ik i k k it p p−

→ →∆ = − , " ∆tik !, ) ' !! ' !, i !, k. ! " "-

kft

∂∂

" !" $" !! ! !+ (",

!*+,) !" ! ! * " ! " " ! " !.

! ! " " )'. ! " )! ! " )$ ! x-!, ! ! *" k. % ! - 0 , ) !, !" ! $":

( )0

i kx txyzC C e ω−=

" " * / ! " 0 ! $ ! :

a matv k

∆ = =

,

" v !, () ) *' ! !,, m ) ! !.4 ( ! ":

1x x a x a xp p

t → + + →= − =∆

, ,, , , ,

, , , ,

1 1Im Imx a y z xyzxyz x a y z x a y z xyz

x y z x a y z

C CH H

C Cξ ξ ξ ξ+

+ ++

= − + =

*, , , ,

1 1Im Imika ikax a y z x a y ze V e V−

+ += − + =

, , , ,2 2sinx a y z x a y zV ka V ka+ += − ≈ −

.

'"), ∆t ' !, ) '' ! *": 2

, , 22x a y z xyzV Vma+ = − ≈ , 0a → .

) ')/, ! !)+ " ( ), , , ,

xx a y z x a y zV V −

+ += $" 0" 2

, ,x a y za V const+ → 0a → . % * , !) * ! " ' ! (x,y,z) (x+a,y,z) ! (x+a,y,z) (x,y,z) * * )), ')! )) Cxyz Cx+a,y,z - '* - " " !, ' " ! !" , ,x a y zV + , *

, ,x a y zV + ))! ! ) ') *

, , , ,x a y z x a y zV V+ += . ) ' !, !), 0 !)! ! )$ ! (m " ) !), " " , ! 0 ! $", ! ! $" !*

3 $ , ' ! !. 4 !) !) -, ! !* )' ' ! ) !) !) ! ! "" ', ! ! ) ! .

(2.13)

(2.14)

(2.15)

(2.12)

Page 17: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

17

" ! 0 !) )! ! ! '" ) .

'' (2.15) " (2.7) )/, !

( , , , ) ( )xyzx y z t C tψ = 2

2

3( , , )

2xyz xyzU x y z Ema

= −

'':

2 12

i Ut m

∂ψ ψ ψ∂

= − ∇ ∇ +

,

- !)+ 2 ) " ' ) $" ψ $" U. ) " ! ' " " )' " !, ! ' !) ! "! !' !) , " )0 ", " (2.16). /, ' ) ! " "! " ) !, '$" " )' ) *! ) $" - * ) !" !, “*”, !! ), ! " ! , !.

* ! " " )' ' ! " " ) $" !+-, +, ! z-)$, 0 ! * . 4 " ! ! !+-, + ":

( )2

2q

H qm

ϕ−

= +p A

,

! i= − ∇p !, q=-e !, ( " ! !,), m ) ! , ϕ $". ')", " ! *":

( )2 2 2

2

2 2 2q qH i q

m m mϕ= − ∇ + ∇ + ∇ + + =AA A

2 2 2

2

2 2q qi q

m m mϕ= − ∇ + ∇ + +AA .

!, " !)" ! $" %) , ! " )$" )-$" " .5 ( ! ! 0 !') * - ! , ! ' , ! )' $! )) +) , ! (x,y,z) ' )" ! (xi,yj,zk). 2 ) " ! ! - ! :

( )2 2 2

2

02 2xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz a

q qH i qm m m

ψ ψ ψ ϕ ψ≠

= − ∇ + ∇ + + →

AA

( ) ( ) 2 221, , 1, , 1, , 1, ,( )

2

2... ...

2 2 2

i ii j k ijk i j k i j k i j k ijkx

ijk ijk ijk

qqi A q

m a m a mψ ψ ψ ψ ψ

ϕ ψ− + + −− + −→ − + + + + +

A

( ) ( )2 22 2

( ) ( )( )1, , 1, , 1, , 1, ,2 2

3 ... ...2 2 2 2

i iijk xijk ijk ijk i j k i j k i j k i j k

q qq i A

ma m ma maϕ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ+ − + −= + + + − + − + +

A

5 ( )ψ∀ ∇ = ψ => ∇ =

(2.16)

(2.17)

(2.18)

(2.19)

Page 18: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

18

! ! 2

22V

ma= −

2 22

23

2ijk

ijk ijk

qE q

ma mϕ= + +

A , '' ! "!)+":

( ) ( )( )

( )1, , 1, , 1, , 1, , ...

ix

ijk ijk ijk ijk i j k i j k i j k i j kqaH E V Ai

ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ ψ+ − + −

= + − + + + =

( )

( ) ( )1, , 1, ,(1 ) (1 ) ...

ix x

ijk ijk ijk i j k ijk i j kqa qaE V i A i Aψ ψ ψ+ −

= + − + + +

( ! "- ! $":

1xyz xyzqai= − A

αααα * 1xyz xyzqai= + A

αααα

" !') 2 ) " *:

( )( )( ) ( )*1, , 1, , ...

ix xxyz ijk ijk ijk i j k ijk i j kH E Vψ ψ α ψ α ψ+ −

= + + +

.

$" " ! $" ! !" ' " B=Bk. '* )-$" " "', ! * * ""!)", .) "5:

xyz Bx=A j .

" " , " 1xyz

qa<<A

, 0 ! - ' .) "5:

( ) 1xijkα =

2( ) 0

022( ) ( )1

xxyz

xqa xqa i zi Bi A ay x h axyz xyz

qai A e e eππ

αΦ

−− Φ= − ≈ = =

( ) 1zijkα =

! 2aΦ = ! + Bµ =

' !$ " !,

0

che

Φ = , " ! *' !)!, 00

0

zµε

= ! ! !.6

!'$" x/a !" *" ) - i x-!, ": 0

02

( )i z i

yi ijk e

πα α

Φ ⋅Φ= ≈ .

) ) ! !) (Peierls) ' - !- " " )', !" +:

ijk ijk ijkijk

H Eξ ξ= +

*1, , 1, , , 1, , 1, , , 1 , , 1ijk i j k ijk i j k ijk i i j k ijk i i j k ijk i j k ijk i j k

ijk

V V V V V Vξ ξ ξ ξ ξ α ξ ξ α ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ+ − + − + −+ + + + +

6 q = -e

(2.20)

(2.21)

(2.22)

(2.23)

(2.24)

(2.25)

(2.26)

Page 19: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

19

% - ! ), + , " " " )', ", " " ) !") ! ) )-$" ' +). # + " " ' y-)$ ')! " + 0" x-!. ! ' .) "5, + '*" ))! ! ) ' y-)$.

!" $" ! !" * " "- ')! '' ' ! )! ! ! ) +. '' ' ! !" )), ! ! ! ":

( )* *

2xyz xyz xyz xyz xyzim

ψ ψ ψ ψ= − ∇ − ∇ΦΦΦΦ ,

" ψxyz ! $" " '$". !') * ) '' ":

* *1, , 1, ,* ...

2i j k ijk i j k ijk

ijk ijk ijkim a a

ψ ψ ψ ψψ ψ+ +

− −= − − +

iΦΦΦΦ

! !, )! !: ( )

0i t

xyz e ωψ ψ −= kr ( )0

x y zi k i k j k k aijk eψ ψ + +=

!:

( )20 ...

2x xik a ik a

ijki e ema

ψ − = − − + = iΦΦΦΦ

20

2 ImVa ψ= −

λλλλ

" 2

22V

ma= −

yx zik aik a ik ae e e= + +i j kλλλλ .

' , ! ' $+ 0 !- " )' 0 "! + ' ,) $" -), ! * !. () ! ! " ! - / ", ) ! ! . " " ! ! )' !, , ! ,) !, ! ,) *" ) " ' ! ! ! " " *" N -. )+" , ')+ !, ! " ' " ' '' )" !'$" N !,, ' " ' '' " !" '$". ) '$" ! 0 !) " *" "'$" 0" "*0 . ()"!) $" ξn(r) ! ") $" " ! $ " )", ) ! " ! !", ,, - " , " ' !0,)" " " )' - , ! ")+" " !0 + !!. ! ") $" " ! *", ' ! $" , " * -), 2 ) " ) $".

(2.27)

(2.28)

(2.29)

Page 20: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

20

, ! $" " =ω ! ) k !)"!) !, " ! ":

( )

1

1( , ) ( )N

i tn

nt e

Nωψ ξ−

== nka

k r r

! an ) 0" " -. " * + ' ! $" * " ! -), " * "!) ! * , *) ! ')! ! $" , ) ! ) . ! ") $" 0 ! ! ! * ') $" " , ) " " )', ) " " !, !$" ' ! $". , " * , * !, )+ ') ! $" “* ” $ , ! ) ! $" " !" , * $ '!! !. )! ! $" " ! ! *+) ! - " )' ! !* * !, *- ! -, $ '$" - !, iξ '" " , ) ')+ '$" , " ' " )' !- * ! ! " !, '0) ,) !!) " " . 3 ) " 0 *) ) *" " * $. 0 " " * )+ ! !, - ! ), "!)" " *0 . ! " !" )+ ) " ! - " " ,7 0 ! !), + !! , " )" ) $" , ! ! $", )) 0, !, ! ) *" ') !) )) - ) $" )) !), !) - ) ! $", $ *" " )'.8 ) $" !)+ )) 0, !! $' 0", !) ! ' '!! $' 0" " )0 ) $".

" ! "- " ! ! " )' !) ) ' " -, !, )' ' ", ' ! ' " ! ! ! ', ! ) ! ') ! $! . # " )' " $ ! '! ! " " /" '!! ! $, ". !+-, $".

7 ! ! ! ! )+ !", . 8 ' )" ,.

(2.30)

Page 21: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

21

2.2. %) !

!) * ) ! " $" ! !" ' ) ), ! )) * ) '' " ). ) )) " ) ) " !" ! !*, , '), " /), )! ) $ !.

%) $ ! ! !! " ! !")" '')" ,) ) $". ! !")" ! $" ! " ' " " )" ," !* ' , ' !) , ! ! !$, !" )) ! )) !". ) ! ! )+ '" )+ ! ) ! $! " !+), ! !* .

* ! )! " ) $ !, ) "

* !) " ! !, ) " " ! !, ' !. 3 !-! , " ! !)+ '* ) ) " " ! " !,, * ! , ')+ !! !, ! ! '' ,) !'$" . ! '" !$ $!, ) ! !)"!) !, ", ,) '* !" ) !* '* $" - ! " $ !, " , " ! !) !* !, )$ $", ' !) " ' ! )! !" * " !)' .9 #/ , ! " ! ' ) !)" !)"!) !, *', ! ! *", ' - ! , "!) '0) !, ! !" - ) ) 0)" !).

" /), / $" ! !". %$" ! !" nm ! - ! '' ! m ! n " " ! !") ! " ! !" )) n / ' ! '/ ' , m. ) * "! ! ! !") ! -) ) ! ) ) " ! /!* '" ! ! !)' )$, " . () ) ! !", )" !" " !10 ! !, " ! !!" !! $! !",. , ! !$ !, * ) ! ) , ) ! , !, ' '' !, !, " ')! ,) 0" " ! ' $ - , ) !, ! 0 !) ! ) ') !)' ! !,:

( ) (0) ( )... ...a axyz yz yz yzψ ψ ψ ψ−= , 0a →

9 ! )'), !)' )$. 10 ! !$ !,.

Page 22: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

22

! $" ( ) !') !) !, ! ! ! "! ! $" ! !)' !) ) "" )! ' , !, !)+" !)' !, " '$". !, ' '' ! ! !) ! ) !)' !, " " ", ! !)" !, * ' !'$" !)' ).

%, /), )! " 0, ! !0) '* ) /), !'$" ) " )" !, ! !! . ! !$ $! ! *! )0 !,, ! $ ! 1 - ) ! ) ! , " ! * ' *'*/), ) . (), !+ + , ! - !")" " !, , $" !, ," )" ) " " " ! . (" " ' ! 0 L ":

,2 2( ) ( )n

n k n nn k n

Ee eI v f k f k dkL h k

∂∂

+∞

−∞

= − = − ,

n ! !)', k () ), !)"!) !, ! *". fn(k) " $" !, ". )) * !, ,n k ,

,1 n

n kEvk

∂∂

=

" !, *' !,. 1 2 !! $". !" ' ! !! ! ! !, ,n k , $" fn(k) " !

') ψ " ) )) 2,n k ψ " !! )) f(ψ) " ! ! $" ! '!+ !, ψ. '' ' !" " ! I=e/∆t, " ∆t !, ) ! ' !.11

'' ' !" ! 0 ! *, ! / ' , *! !) " ), !$ :

( 2.1 ! !) ' )

Φn+ Φn

- ! ')+ !) ! ! ' ''. () !) " ! !, ", ! * !$ !" ) " ! ' !) '. Rnm Tnm ! / $" !" ! !" !), ' n m. + ')/, ! !)+ ! $" !"

11

" !, ) !,

n m !

n m

TnmΦn+ + RnmΦn

- Φn

- TnmΦn- + RnmΦn

+ Φn

+

(2.31)

(2.32)

Page 23: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

23

! !" ! ' * ! , - " ' !$, ! !) ! ' ' ') !* !*.12

12 ) !) $ " , " ! ) ) ! $" !,, !) " ! $ ) ! $". )! !) )0 ! ! , ' ), " ! ,) !, .

Page 24: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

24

! Φn n, ' '' ": ( )n n mn m mn m

mT R+ − +Φ = Φ − Φ + Φ

( )n mn m mn m nm

T R+ − −Φ = Φ + Φ − Φ

(*, ) " ! , n *" ! )! ! : ( ) ( ) ( )2 n n m m mn mn

n m nT R+ − + −Φ = Φ − Φ + Φ − Φ −

' , " (2.33) ! , n *" ! " : ( ) ( ) ( )n n m m mn mn

n m nT R+ − + −Φ + Φ = Φ + Φ +

" )0 ' !) )! !),13 ' !) m !: ( ) 1mn mn

nT R+ = .

'' ' )! ! (2.34) '':

( ) ( )2 2 1n n m m mnn m n

T+ − + − Φ = Φ − Φ + Φ − Φ −

( )n n nn

T+ −Φ = Φ − Φ , n mnm

T T= .

- ! ' , ! ! ! " " , ! !) !! ! *" $" !, '' !) " .

( * " $" ! r k !, "

! ' , ')" !). "$'" "" $" ! ! $ *" ' ') ' ! " ! ' !) " - !! ,) 0, ! " " " )0. #! " " !- ! ')!! + !* !! ,14 ' !, " , , !), ! ! ' -! ! - !" !! ) - ! !, !) '), +. 0, !! " - !" ! ! ", U " " + !, !! " ! !)" -, $" , !)" ! ! !0) . 1$" ! " * ! * ) ! * * r !, '* !", ' $", k !, '* !" ". !) " * ! /) $" ! ! " * * '0 )" !, !) * ! " , " !, " - ! " ' !! " ' UI ) ! " ''.

#/ , ! " !)- ), ! $" ! "- ! !, ! ! ' $! !! ! ! !, " ! ' '" )0. * ! $" ! '0) ) '* 1 - ) !, "" 1 ") " ')! 0", )0 $" !, , 1 - ), ' k !. ( ) ! !!" '$ ') ' ' - !" " 13 1!) ')! !, ! ' ' $" !" ! !" ')! . 14 #! ! ))! + !*.

(2.33)

(2.34)

(2.35)

(2.36)

(2.37)

Page 25: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

25

$ " 1 ") " " )! /" )0 ! 1 ") " $" ! " " eU. 1!) " , Φn

+() Φn-(), " n- ' ! ! ) !

! !), /" ! ! ) ' 1 - ) ! ( )FDf E+ ( )FDf E− ) ! .

! ": 1,

( )0,

FFD

F

E Ef E

E E

±±

±

≤= >

,

')!! 1 ") " EF ! * !0) * ! ! )! " . 0 ! ') !) , ! !)' ) n ' " " " En0=minEn(k) ) 1 ").

' ) ' " ! '' ' !":

( ) , ,0 0

2 ( ) ( )n n n n k FD n k FD nE n n k k

eI e T v f k v f k TL

+ − + −

≥ ≤

= − Φ − Φ = − − =

0 0

otvoreni otvorenimodovi modovi2 2( ) ( ) ( )

F F F

n n F

E E E

n FD n FD n FDn nE E E

e eT f E dE T f E dE T f E dEh h

+ − +

= − − = −

,

" ! nT *0 !, n " ' / ) 1 ") ). ! ! ' !) ) !, '' !)

F FE E eU+ −− = − , ! '' ' !": 22eI T U

h= ⋅ ,

,n nm

n n mT T T= =

" " ! !, $" ! !". )" ! *" ' .) '' ' )! ) !:

22eG Th

=

", " ! , * " *" ! ! $", !)" "!)- ) ) ! ' ')+ ! " ! " ) $" ! !".

(2.38)

(2.39)

(2.40)

(2.41)

Page 26: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

26

3.

+ ', * ' !", ) ' '!! ! , - " Tquit. ) ! ! " ! )- ! !") )$ ! !, ! ! ) " ' )$ ! !. * ! ,) 0 ) ' " " )'. ( " ! ! )- , , " !, ! " )$. 6+ " ' $" ! !" ' " ) ! /), , )!, !, !" Tquit- ! ')!! )! ,) " +) " !+-, +.

) ' , ! ' -+ " ! ) ' ! )' ! ') ", ) *! !) ) ) 0$. 6 !! " !) ' -+ !) " " " ! ! !")", ". ", ! ". %) 0$ ! ' -+" * !)" ) 0 ! " !, !)"!) !, ! *" * ' /), )! .)" . ( " )' ) * ) ) 0$, !", ! " !, ! '), $" ! !". 3.1. ) 0$

%) 0$ ! " ) ' - ! , " " 0 *!, - . " ! 0$ " # (( 3.1). 7$ " )$ *" ') " " $" " *!. # " " )' " !" 0$ ! ! ' !) 0$ '* ! '!, ! " " 0, !- " V.15 *" ') !, $, ) ) . 1' * "" * " " " )" ') ' *! ), ! )+ ) , " ! , ")+" $" " . #/ , " " !- ' ! ) 0$ '). ' ) ! $ " ! ' " " ! ! 0$, " *+ ' " !.

15 ! 0$ ) +.

Page 27: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

27

( 3.1 ) 0$ " )'.

%) !)+" , " ,

4 " " )' ! 0 !) *! *- $ :

... ...

... ...

... ...

VV V

V

=

T M

M T M

M T

H I 0H I H I

0 I H

! IM " $ '" M, *) $ ! '":

0

0

0

0 ( )

0 ... 0... 0

0 ... 0

0 0 0 ...M

E VV E V

V E

E

=

TH

.

) ')", " *) ) !)+, !, ):

( 1) (0) ( 1)... ...Jk k k kϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ− += " ! 3 ! 0" 0 )$, ! k 0" )$. # ! !, '0)" *-) :

1 1... ...TT T T

J J J− + = ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ ! *") *), ) !)' !,:

* * *1 2 ...

T

J J J JMϕ ϕ ϕ = ϕϕϕϕ .

y a

J J+1 J-1 x a

1 2

M

(3.1)

(3.2)

(3.3)

(3.4)

Page 28: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

28

# $" " !), $ ,), !) , . #$ " ) ϕϕϕϕJ ! ! " !)' '. ($ 2 ) " ! 0 '! ! *$ :

E=Hϕ ϕϕ ϕϕ ϕϕ ϕ

1 1J J J JV V E− ++ + =THϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ , ( )J∀ .

()"!) " 0$ ! ) , ! , ) " ') !, $ 0$ *!" ' '. ()"!) * ') ! ":

J T JE=TH χ χχ χχ χχ χ

0 1 1

0 2 2

0

... 0

... 0

0 0 ...

J J

J JT

JM JM

E VV E

E

E

χ χχ χ

χ χ

=

.

! )/, ! 0 TE Ex

V−

= , * ! !) /), )! x ' " "

DM(x) " :

( )

( )

1 0 ... 01 1 ... 0

1( ) det 0 1 ... 0

0 0 0 ...

M T

M

xx

D x E xV

x

= − =

T MH I

.

) ! 0 -) ') ! ')", :

1 1 2

( 1)

1 1 0 ...0 1 ...

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0 1 ...M M M M

M

xD x xD x xD x D x

x− − −

= − = −

! )) " D1(x)=x D2(x)=x2-1. # $" ! 0 ' ":

( )2

2

0( ) 1

M

k M kM

k

n kD x x

k

=

− = −

,

/, ! ')" &*-)+) $" )!:

(3.5)

(3.6)

(3.7)

(3.8)

(3.9)

Page 29: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

29

( ) ( ) 2 12

102

1( ) sin( arccos ) 1 1 2k n k

nnk

n kU x n x x x

k− −

−≤ ≤

− − = = − −

! '+":

( )1

2 2

sin 1 arccos2 2( )

1 12 2

M

M

x xU MD x

x x

+ + = = − −

, 12x ≠ ± .

( ! DM(x) *"" ' ":

arccos2 1x k

Mπ=+

, k Z∈

" '* "! 0 arccos2x

π≤ ≤ !) 12x

≠ ± " # )!:

2cos1

kxM

π=+

, 1,2,...,k M= .

, !)"!) )! $ !:

0 2 cos1T

kE E VM

π= −+

, 1, 2,...,k M= .

! ! " " !, ' 0$. " 0$

*! 0, " 0" 3 " ! * " ! , !$ !, )) 0, * 0 0$ * !. ' ! " 2 ) " ! !$" 0 0$ '' , " ) !, ϕϕϕϕ(J) (" ! ϕϕϕϕJ) , -,, " ' " " - ! ) ϕϕϕϕ(J+1) (" ! ϕϕϕϕJ+1) / , -, " ! ! , " ! ) ! ' ' / ,) !)' ϕϕϕϕ(J). * , ' ! 2 ) " ! ϕϕϕϕ(J+1)=λ ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ(J) , " λ !.16 , )0 ϕϕϕϕJ+1= λ ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕJ, !$!) ) ) ! *" ϕϕϕϕJ+1= λ ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ0. - " |λ|=1, 0 ! )! ) ) k !:

ikaeλ = , k R∈

0ika J

J e ⋅=ϕ ϕϕ ϕϕ ϕϕ ϕ , " *" -, 2 ) " !) " ! )$ ! ! *" k, ' !)"!) !, ! *". -, ' ϕϕϕϕ0 ) )' !, !)' )$. !, '' 2 ) " ! *" " ):

( 1) ( 1)0 0 0 0

ika J ika J ika J ika JVe e Ve Ee⋅ − ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅+ + =THϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ

( )0 02 cosE V ka= −TH ϕ ϕϕ ϕϕ ϕϕ ϕ . ) " " " !)"!) * !)' )$ (3.6) " " " -, " ) ϕϕϕϕ0 !)"!) ) $ . '"), ' !"

16 % * ! ) ! ) !,.

(3.11)

(3.12)

(3.13)

(3.14)

(3.15)

(3.10)

(3.16)

Page 30: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

30

! (3.16) ! !)"!) )! ! *" ! " " ) 0$:

( )2 1 cosTkE E V ka= + − ,

":

0 2 1 cos1Tk

kE E VM

π = − + + , 1,2,...,k M= .

" k- . ) '' " !- ,$ " V ), ! )! kπ/(M+1) ' ')+ )! k !

!)+ π/2 '* ! !) cos 11

kk M

≤ ≤+

cos 11

kk M

− ≤ ≤+

". cos(kπ/(M+1)) ! -cos(kπ/(M+1)) " ') * k ! ! " k. !$ 3.2 ! ' ! !

) 0$ !, *' )$ 1 nEv

k∂∂

=

" ')!

. (, *' )$ " " , ' k>0 " v>0. ! k ")+ !! , ! ' )) !, ! !$+"

)! ! *" ' ) ) ': ka aπ π

− ≤ ≤ . ( "

0 " ' !:

0 02 1 cos 2 1 cos1 1

E V E E VM M

π π − + ≤ ≤ + + + +

- ! ' !' $" ' !) )! k, " ') ) ! ')+ !' $" ! ' ! )! ! *" *:

2k l iπ κ= + , l Z∈ . #/ , ' )) )! k, ) !, ϕϕϕϕ(J) 0 ! , " " |ϕϕϕϕ(J)|2 !$" $" 3 ' J−∞ < < ∞ . ) !, ! '*, " )" 0$.

-3.1415926 0.0000000 3.1415926

-1

0

1

v[ / 2|V|a ]

k0 π/a-π/a

-3.1415926 0.0000000 3.1415926-4

-2

0

2

4

ε

kπ/a0-π/a

a) b)

( 3.2 a) ' ' ) 0$, $" ! *"

b) ! ! " )" 0$ - #=9;

(3.18)

(3.19)

(3.17)

Page 31: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

31

!) ')!! ε(k) " , ": 0E E

−=

Page 32: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

32

3.2. ) !: /), $" ! !"

) )+ " ' $" $" ! !" ' ')+ ! !")" ) ' ! +. ! " * '0 0 " (T. Ando) '!) ! " )', ' -, ) $".

( " !") " ) ' ' -+ ! )'" !)" ") ) !) ) ) 0$ ! )+. *! ) 0$ " ) $ ) ! " ! *" ) , "!)! (( 3.3). # ! ! " ' ' ) !) 0)+) !", *" ) ! ", ' ' , " ! ! ', ' ' !), !, ' '' !).

( ! " !") ! " x " " )' " " ! )+, ! - - !" 0) ! ! ! !!) ! " *" '). 0 " $ ", " " ! , *) !)" ) *! " ) !) ! " 0 /. " ! ' *" ') ! ! , )" !- " " '), " *" ! " *! ) " , " ! " -) )'" $, ". /), ) $. ! ! ! " )! " ".

( 3.3 ! " !") - quit

6 *" ! *0 '), !) ! !) ! ' *! J<1 J>N ! ! - # (# " " *" ))

( " ! ' ! ' *! 3=1,2,...,N

N+1 N1 0

y a

J x a

1 2

L

M

Page 33: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

33

4 " " )', '$" )" )+, !)+ * $:

0

1

2

1

...

...

...

L

L L

L

N

VV V

V

+

=

H I 0 0I H I 0

H 0 I H 0

0 0 0 H

"" ! !) *) '" L,

1*

2*

3

( )

0 ... 0... 0

0 ... 0

0 0 0 ...

J J

J J J

J J J

JL L

E VV E V

V E

E

αα α

α

=

H

.

!)+ " " ) ! ! $" !, ! !- V ! ' !) !, α ! !) " )" $" +.

( 3.4 ! ! !) ' ) .

!) ! ! -, " ! *" ), ! ) ) ' ' ) ! !) ( ) " ) ' " " )

N+1 N1 0

y a

J x a

1 2

L

(3.20)

(3.21)

Page 34: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

34

! " !$ !, " ! !", )- ! !. ) !, ')+) !$ 2 ) " " " * !:

E=Hψ ψψ ψψ ψψ ψ " !, ! *' * ", !) N+2 " ) !)' !,:

1 1J J J J JV V E− ++ + =Hψ ψ ψ ψψ ψ ψ ψψ ψ ψ ψψ ψ ψ ψ , 0 1J N≤ ≤ + .

(, ψ !" ! ! ( )Ln

nn

C ϕ + " ! ",

' ' !. ) !" ! ) " !",, ! - " ) !:17

( ) ( )

1 1 1

M M MLn Lm

J n J n nm Jn n m

C C r+ −

= = == + ψ ϕ ϕψ ϕ ϕψ ϕ ϕψ ϕ ϕ , 0J ≤

( )

1 1

M MRm

J n nm Jn m

C t +

= ==ψ ϕψ ϕψ ϕψ ϕ , 1J N≥ + .

)! ! ' ) " )" ) ! ) ! !). # " *" ) !), rnm tnm ! ! ! ! $" !', ' n- '' m- , a ( )Ln

J±ϕϕϕϕ

( )RnJ

±ϕϕϕϕ ! ) !)' 0" 3 !, ! ) (L) ! (R) !), ! n ') , ' + - ! $" !:

( ) ( ) nik a JLn LnJ e± ⋅± =ϕ χϕ χϕ χϕ χ

( )( )1( ) ( ) nik a J NRn RnJ e± ⋅ − +± =ϕ χϕ χϕ χϕ χ .

()"!) ) !)' 0,) ) ! !), χχχχ(Ln) χχχχ(Rn), " * '" L * ! !) '', !" " M<L * ' ! !) ' ) (( 3.4). , χχχχ(Ln) χχχχ(Rn) ! !" !)"!) ) ' $ 0,) !) " ! ' ! ")+" *" ').

3 (3.23) " !) ' 2 ) " ! ! ) 0" 3=0 3=N+1 ' - " )! ψψψψ−1 ψψψψN+1 " ! ) ! " (3.22), ! ' ,) -),.

6 * ! 0 !) * - ! !)' !, ψψψψ3 ! ) '' $ ΨΨΨΨJ "" !) ) " ) !), ) ! (! L R ! '!)+):18

(1) (2) ( )( )

... MJ J J J L M×

= ψ ψ ψψ ψ ψψ ψ ψψ ψ ψΨΨΨΨ ,

( )( ) ( ) ( )n n T nJ J=ψ χ ψ χψ χ ψ χψ χ ψ χψ χ ψ χ ( )( ) ( ) ( )n n n

J Jψ χ χ ψ=

17 #) ! -), 2 ) ". 18 ψψψψ " '* )- $ ΨΨΨΨJ.

(3.22)

(3.23)

(3.24)

(3.25)

Page 35: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

35

- ! $:

(1) (2) ( )

( )... M

L M× = U χ χ χχ χ χχ χ χχ χ χ

( ) (1 ) (2 ) (M )( )

l diag , ,...,M M

λ λ λ± ± ± ±

×=

1 2 ( )diag , ,..., M M MC C C

×=C

11 1

1

...

...

M

M MM

r r

r r

=

r , 11 1

1

...

...

M

M MM

t t

t t

=

t

, ! !) ! ) $ U, " ' ), ' ! !), ')! " !)"!) ) 0,) ! ")+" , . #$ " " $ $" ' ')" ! ) ' !), λ(n) " ' $" " ' n:

( ) nik an eλ ±± = , ! kn /" ' !' $" n- :

( )0 2 1 cosn nE E V k a= + − . ! n0>E, !' $" " ! )! kn, ! ') ' (M<L).

( ! 2 ) " (3.22) " !", (3.23) ! *:

1 1J J J J JV V E− ++ + =HΨ Ψ Ψ ΨΨ Ψ Ψ ΨΨ Ψ Ψ ΨΨ Ψ Ψ Ψ , 0 1J N≤ ≤ +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( 1)

l l , 0, 1l

L J L J

J R J N

JJ N

+ −

+ − +

+ ≤= ≥ +

U C U C rU C t

ΨΨΨΨ

') $ UC " !)" '$" !)' !, 0" 3=0, $ λλλλJ ! ! ! 0 $ ΨΨΨΨ’ )- , $" ' 3 " ! . ( ! ' 3=0 3=N+1 ' " !", (3.31) *":

1 ( )0

L T−= − Mr C U IΨΨΨΨ 1 ( )

1R T

N−

+=t C U ΨΨΨΨ , " ) , "!)!, !)" ! !) $" n ' , !" $ -1. - !" U " ) $, ! )'" $ - " !$" 1( )T T−U U U " !" " " $ U, ! ')! , '" L M× , L M≥ . #/ , $ U ! ), " '* TU U " ) $

(3.26)

(3.27)

(3.28)

(3.29)

(3.30)

(3.31)

(3.32)

Page 36: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

36

'" #.19 "!)! '! '', ! )! $ '" L L× , !* ' ) ! !):

( ) ( )l T± ±=F U U $ r t " !", (3.31) ! ΨΨΨΨ-1 ΨΨΨΨN+2 ' ΨΨΨΨ0 ΨΨΨΨN+1 : : : :

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 0Y YL L L L− + +

− = − +F F U C F ( )

2 1Y YRN N

++ += F . . . .

" ) '', 0 ! !! " (3.30) ! ' , * " ! )- ")+" ΨΨΨΨ-1 ΨΨΨΨN+2 :

( )( 2) YL NE + − =I H b ,

! IL(N+1) " $ '" L(N+2), ΨΨΨΨ ) *- $ !!)+ $ ΨΨΨΨ 3 H *- '$" " " " ΨΨΨΨ , !) ! 0" 0 1J N≤ ≤ + :

0 1 1Y Y Y ... YTT T T

N + =

0

1

2

1

...

...

...

...

L

L L

L

N

VV V

V

+

=

H I 0 0I H I 0

H 0 I H 0

0 0 0 H

( )

0 0LV += +H H F

J J=H H , 0 1J N≤ ≤ + ( )

1 1R

N N V ++ += +H H F

'' " ! ")+ $ " + ", ) " ')" ) b !" ! ":

0 1 1...TT T T

N + = b b b b

( )( ) ( ) ( )0

L L LV − += −b F F U C

( )J L M×=b 0 , 0 1J N< ≤ + .

-, 2 ) " ! 0 '' ' ) $ G ) * :

( ) 1

( 2)L NE−

+= −G I H

Y = Gb

! ) $ *) '" L L× :

19 UT " !) ,) $ U.

(3.34)

(3.35)

(3.36)

(3.37)

(3.38)

(3.39)

(3.33)

Page 37: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

37

0,0 0, 1

1,0 1, 1

...

...

N

N N N

+

+ + +

=

G GG

G G ,

-, " (3.35) ! *" *:

( )1

( ) ( ) ( ), ’ ’ ,0

’ 0Y

NL L L

J J J J JJ

V+

− +

== = −G b G F F U C , 0 1J N≤ ≤ + .

%, ' !, '' " (3.32) ' $ r t !:

( )1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0,0

L T L L LV− − += − −r C U G F F U C I

( )1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1,0

R T L L LN V− − +

+= −t C U G F F U C . * ! ' / $ -1 ') ")+ ) $ '" #. #$ -1 ! ", ! ') ,) $" -),20 - ! 0 ). :

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )0,0

L T L L LV − += − −r U G F F U I

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1,0

R T L L LN V − +

+= −t U G F F U

%$" ! !" ' n m ! - ! !) ! ) ! m ! n ')! " . 1! " ' n " ' !) *" ! $" ! !) - ) ! !. ) ' ! ! ! $" )- ! y-)$ !) ! ! 0 ! - . ( '' (2.28) $" ) !)' ! " !, ψψψψJ, ) ! , ! 0 !) ! 0, ):

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )1 1y y y yy y2

n n n T n Tn n T nJ J J J

J Ji a

m a a

± ± ± ±± ± ±+ + − −Φ = − −

" ! '* ( ) ( )0y nik a Jn n

J nA e± ⋅± ±±= j !) :

2

2( ) ( ) ( )0

2y Imn n nV a

λ± ±Φ = =

2

2 ( )2Im n

n

V aA λ ±

±=

, 2 2( ) * ( ) ( )

0 0 0y j jn n T nn n nA A A± ± ±

± ± ±= = .

1! ! n- ) !) ", " ) " !",:

2

2( ) ( )2ImLn n

n

V aC λ+ +Φ =

,

! ! ) ! m ! !), ') ! Φ(Ln+) ":

20 -1=I

(3.42)

(3.43)

(3.44)

(3.45)

(3.46)

(3.40)

(3.41)

Page 38: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

38

2

2( ) ( )2ImRm m

n nm

V aC t λ+ +Φ =

.

( " $" ! !" ' n m:

( )( )2

( ) ( )

ImIm

mRm

nm nmLn nT t

λ

λ

+

+

Φ= = =Φ

( )

( ) 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1,0( )

ImIm

mR T L L L

Nn nmV

λ

λ

+− +

++ = − U G F F U

) " $ ' n- )! m- ' ! [A]nm. $" $ F(L+) F(L-) ,) $" (3.33) ! *":

( )

( ) 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1,0( )

Iml l

Im

mR T L L T L

nm Nn nmT V

λ

λ

+− +

++ = − = U G U U U

( )

( ) 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1,0( )

Iml l

Im

mR T L

Nn nmV

λ

λ

+− +

++ = − = U G U

( )2 2( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )

1,0( )

ImIm

mR T L n n

Nn nmV

λλ λ

λ

+− +

++ = − U G U

!, " !- ,$ " $ λλλλ(-)-λλλλ(+) ", * " λλλλ(-)=(λλλλ(+))*, 0 ! ! '' ' $" ! !":

22 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

1,04 Im Imm n R T Lnm N nm

T V λ λ+ ++ = U G U

)" " '), / $" ! !", " ' !!) $" ! !" ' .) , !) '), $ GN+1,0 . %$" ! !" ')! " ' ) $, ' ' λ(n) " ! ")+ ! *" )' ' " !' $" . #$ GN+1,0 ! 0 * !* ') ! " " '" "!)" *0 ! )'" $ ) $. !, '' )0 ! ' ) , " ' ') , * ', * '', $" ! !" " .21

')/, " ! !)+ " *" ! ) ! !), ! ! !) ! -. * ! ' , !) ' -, ! ! - )! # ! ' ") *") ) ) !), * $ U(L) U(R) *) !) ) !)" !). - * $ " * ! '", - !" ! "" , ") - , ! $ 1( )T −U U , " $ TU U -)! -. !" ! ! )'" $ 0 *) $" ) )'" " )" ! $ ! )! , -)! - !)+ ! !. *" $ " ) ", ", -, " !-! ! * !" !) ! -, ! - ' 21 ", ! , !) ' +)! .) ') *.

(3.49)

(3.50)

(3.47)

(3.48)

Page 39: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

39

)" ' '" *" $. ( ! 0 ') $ " " ! ')+ " $, 0 * !, ' *, " ! ) $ ")+" '' ' $" ! !".

Page 40: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

40

4. Tquit- !) !0), '!! ! 0 !), '

) ' " ! !+)" !* ", ' ! ) " * ) ' ! ! !" !. ! ) * '' ) ! ), ')+" !)" ) '" ) " -, ", ! *' * ,) " ! '" ! $". ! ! " * 0)+) * * !) " , ! ' ) * ) " " ! ' " ! ) ! $ *$" . !!) ! ! ) )) +)! , " " ) ) '* '", * )) ) $ * $ " * ! '* !", . # !" ! 0 )) !! '* - ! "*+ ! !0 " 0 " !)" ! "0 ", - * ' !". # '" ) *, ! !, ) *' . '!! '! " $, * ! ! !! ) THz, - " )- *' ! ! !)+ $ *' $ -. , ' ) *' * ! - * ' $)! " * ) $" ) ) '* ,) !" ) !.

' )- ' !0), ) ) " " " ! !) *0 *0) ! $' ' ! ! ' " ! ! '" ! . ! ! ')+) ! ! '!! ! " !" ) , !" ! (MBE) !$" ! , ! ) )) '!! !, ! "- ) ) '" !)-! !" - " * ! . !)-! " !" ! ' ! ! !")" $ ) ). GaAs ) AlxGa1-xAs !!, !")" $ !" !" , " ! " * * '' " , ) ) !" !$ ! , - $ ' / ! ! ) !!. )" * ) ' '0" ! ) " '* '' !" * )'), ) *" ) ! "!) $ ). -), ! -, ) * )- ! "! !0), $" ' *+) ) ) ! !0), ) " * ! !+ ,) .

%", $+ " ' ) '! " ! -, '! ! !* ! '" + !)", !) *+ *+ ! ! . ! " ")- 0, !) '! * !) , ) ! ' !) )' ) ) '!, $" + ,) .

Page 41: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

41

4.1. ') quit

%) '! * !) ! ) 0 (! !$ ! " ! !! ) *", '!! . !$ 1.1 " ' )' quit-) "!)" ). quit " )'-" ' !, - ' " , ) )$, $ ! !)+ ! !) " ! " 0 ! !+-, . ' , " ! ' ) !), - ! ! ' - , !* '!, , 0)+) )-! !". " ' $" ! ! !* , ", ' " ! ! ! ' ' '!, ! ) ' ' !) " $! ! !" $" ! !". (! !$ ! ) ! - !* 0 $' ! )) ' ' ! ! ) !)" '!! . #' * * )) !, ! ' !) ! ! ' -+ " * ! ) , , '. , quit- " ! , ) 0$ - )/, ) $" !* )" *, )- ) (( 1.2), *" ! ) ) ' ! ! " ) !" )" " !. #/ , !, ) ! ')"" , ) 0$ ) , ! !0" !, ! !, *' !+-, . -+ " ! " quit- ') , !* '!, ! , *! ! ) " ! - , !+-, . )/, " *! ! ) ! -" !" , ) - !* '! ! + ". " " ! -,, * ), )'" !) !*) )' '!, * ' ' " !* (( 1.1), " *" )' ! .

) ! quit-) " " " )' ! *' !")" $ )$, " " )$ !* *" - ! ! ') !. )$ !* ! ' -+ - ' ! ')!! , 0" ", ) ! ')!! ! !* , 0". ) ", $, )+ ' !)+), '!! !$! !. quit " ! ') ", )' ) 0$ $ !! " ' !$ 4.1. () 0 ! , '0 *" . 2 !) quit- ' ) )+ " 10 , - !*22, )! !* L " ) -10 , - ) '- ' ' , 40 . ) )! )! !* )" *! ! ) " !) ' |L| , L=0 ) " )" 0$.

22 ) " $".

Page 42: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

42

( 4.1 2 ! ' Tquit-a

2 !* W !) d '! 10

-100

1020

3040

-4-3.9

-3.8-3.7

-3.6-3.5

-3.4-3.3

-3.20

1

2

3

L(E-E0)/V

T

( 4.2

)!! ! $" ! !" Tquit-a " )! !*

W

y a

x a

d

L

ε

Page 43: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

43

!$ 4.2 " ' ')!! ! $" ! !"

1 1

( ) ( )M M

nmn m

T E T E= =

= ,) " ε 0 !* '! L. ( !)+

)! " " , $ ! , ' ) - ! ) ε L, " ! *!.

L<0 ! ) " )! ! !! $" ", ! !) !" - ! !) )- '/" (L ! ,"), ! " ' '/ ' L=-10. () ! " ! ' ), " " +, !, ! ! ) " ) εn0 ')!! !0, !). ) ! ! !0), !) " ) " )- )! , *0 ( ' ! ") - " )- '), ! ! '' (3.18). )" *! ) '! $- JFET !" !-! !, ! !* '! !* ) 0$, ! - " ' )- , 0.

L=0 ! *" ) 0$, ' ) , ' ' !. ) " !$ !) !), " '! )' ' ') ", ) 0$. !" ' , " !! $" ", ! !) )! 1. - ' " )! $ *" ) - !) ) " $" ! !" " ! " "$, * " " - !")" $" " * '') -, . !$ 4.3 " ' ')!! )! " ' )" !".

L>0 !" !* -, !) )" *! ! ")+ ) ' ! . *! " ε>-3.7 )! ) ')!! " - !* " "! '+ !0! $" , ) "!) !! . )" *!, ! ")+" ) )! )!, ) !", 0 ! !) '!! '* !!) ) )! , '* ) !+)! )! ", " ) ! ! !" - . #/ , *! 0 ", " ) ! " !), !" ) - " ")0" !-!$ ')!! )! - , ! ) , =0 =1. !$ 4.4 " ' ')!! )! - !* ' ) )! " *! ), ) , !$ 4.5 ! ')!! ' ) )! ".

( 4.3 )!! ! $" ! !" " ' ) 0$ - 10 . ! " ) ), .

-4.0 -3.8 -3.6 -3.4 -3.20.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0ε1 = -3.920ε2 = -3.685ε3 = -3.310

T

ε

Page 44: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

44

0 10 20 30 400.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

ε = -3.90ε = -3.85

T

L0 10 20 30 40

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

ε = -3.80ε = -3.75ε = -3.70

T

L

( 4.4 ( 4.5 quit - ')!! (L) ' " quit - ')!! (L) ' "

ε=-3.90 ε=-3.85 ε=-3.80 , ε=-3.75 ε=-3.70 ( ) ! ! ) " ' )! " ε=-3.9, ε=-3.85 ε=-3.8 ')!!

(L) "! , " ! " . ) " ) ! ! ) ')!! L !" !0" ) ! )! )! !*. ) ! ! " ! " " , ) )! )')' !,. , ! !* '! " ) ) ' -+ ' , " * !" " ') !)" )' !, " " * '" -+ * " $ *" ) ! 0 . ' !, !" ! ! !" , ). - " ' " ) ! !+ !) )' !), ," 0 * )' !, ( !" )'", ! )" $"), ! 0 ! , ) ' !) ' " " - " $ *" ) ! 0 *0 " '" '. )" " '0 " - !) ! '" ', -) '*+ ,) !* - ' , - ! '" , ' !" ! ') ' ' ' ! 0 * ) ! " " !" ! ') '. ) !", ' ') !) ,) ' ' '!, ) !, ! ' ! )' !, " ! ! $" 0) ) $". * !) , ')!! (L) ) ) ! 0 ! " ", ! ! ". " ε>-3.7 ) " )- !) )- " "! )')' !, $ )! " ! !, !!)+ ' )- " 0)+)" '$" !) , * " ')+ ' ! 0 !)' )$.

!" '+ " '!! , ! ! " " ) " ) !). ε=-3.9 ! ! 4.4 "*+ !" ) ), !)+" ! '! )" . $ ' ! " ) )! , ! " !) '- (L=-10) '), '! " ! JFET 0 . #/ , ! ) " ' ' *' ! ! , )$ !* '') -, *! ! ), ) ! $" + ". ) )! !* !0

Page 45: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

45

')! " , ! !- , * ! "" ' ) ) )! ) " . (! !$ ! ' ! "- *+ ! " 0 *"" ! ) !* )0 , !", " ! )- ). ) ! " "! *0 " *$", " ' ) *+ ! - *! )! ! )! ! ", ! '! ! ). " ) '- ' ,) ', " " ! - * ) ! ) )! " * '!) ) $' ".

!) !", * *'* )! " * !! . ' 1 ") ) * ! !)+ - , '* ", " ) *" ) ' ! ! ' ) " . , " ! ) ) ) 1 ") " ) ' ! !. 4.2. )' ) quit-a

) )+ " !) ' )' ) ) '!. '), ! !* )) ) $" 0 - "), ) ! *!, ! !) ! !) )! -, !0 $" " ! ')! ")+" $" " . 0, ) )! " 0 ', " ! !0 $", !, )', * )' Tquit-), " !* ) ) !! " ! !* ) !!) !$ . "!, !$ ) !,, ' !!) !) ! $!, " '0 "!) " ! , ) ! !!, ) !! , !0 *, - $ , . * *, - !", "), !0 * !0, ,$ ) '" " ! ) ' " -, '' ')! " !! , " ' )' Tquit-) ! -), ) * . ), !) !" " ! ! " $" '" ) 0 ' $" .

!$ 4.6 " ' )' ) '! ' )+. ! ) Tquit- !" '" ! !)" !) "!) $, !) )' " - 2d+1=21 . ' " ! ! ! )! !*) '! 10 . )!! '* $" ! !" )! !*) '! L1 L2 ' ! " ! !$ 4.8. 0!, " ! * -, )'. ) * * ' . $", " ! " * '! )! !* '!, )!. #/ , )! "*+ !" !" ! 0.2, " )" " $" !) ) '). ! )- " +" ! (b c) (d) )! )- ! 1 !) ! )! !*). $ b) c) !"

Page 46: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

46

( 4.6 ' )' ) quit-a.

2 '" !) " 2d+1 , " d - !) ') quit-a, - !*) '! " W=10

( 4.7

' )' ) quit-a. 2 !) " d=10 , - !*) '! ! W1=W2=10 ,

' ' / '! " b=10

2d+1

L1

W

x a

y a

L2

b

y a

x a

W1 W2

L2

d

L1

Page 47: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

47

) '*+ )! ! )! !*), d) !" ! , )" ) ) '! - $" ! - . ( ,...) , " )! )! * " '! '' )! !* 6. ) - ! ! !$ ) - !) - )) $" ! " * ! '! ! )+, " " ' ! !, )- . 6 ! " !+)" ! " - " ! ! '+$ ' )+ - ! ! 4.2 ! ) ! -, ' ) +, " 0 " .

0

5

10

0

5

100

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

L1L2

T

02

46

810

02

46

810

1

1.5

2

L1L2

T

a) b)

02

46

810

02

46

810

0

1

2

L1L2

T

02

46

810

02

46

8100.5

1

1.5

2

L1L2

T

c) d)

( 4.8 )' ) '! )! !*) L1 L2, 2d+1=21, w=10

a) ε = −3.95 , b) ε = −3.90 , c) ε = −3.85 , d) ε = −3.80

Page 48: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

48

# *+ ! ! !0 ! )' ) Tquit-a !" ! ') ", ! !) - 2d+1=11 . )!! ! $" ! !" )! !*) '! " !$ 4.9 ' )! " . " ε<−3.90 '! ) !" ' ε=−3.90 ! ! - . . #/ , " ε=−3.85 ε=−3.80 ! ! - . * ε=−3.80. )" ")" ! " " )! ! 0 , 0 1 *! ! )! " ) - * !. ! " ) *+-, * ! ! ! ! ,, - !) " " *! " " 0 )' ) Tquit-a ') Tquit-a. , ) !" !" !, ! ! ' )! )' ) - ) '! '", )' , " )! " " " , ), *' *' !, .

0

5

10

0

5

100

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

L1L2

T

02

46

810

02

46

810

0

0.5

1

L1L2

T

a) b)

c) d)

( 4.9 )' ) '! )! !*) L1 L2, 2d+1=11, w=10

a) ε = −3.90 , b) ε = −3.85 , c) ε = −3.80 , d) *$ $" ! b) c)

02

46

810

02

46

810

0

0.5

1

L1L2

T

V1 (L1) V2 (L2) Tb 0 (10) 0 (10) 0 0 (10) 1 ( 5) 1 1 ( 5) 0 (10) 1 1 ( 5) 1 ( 5) 1

1 (L1) V2 (L2) Tc 0 (10) 0 (10) 0 0 (10) 1 ( 2) 1 1 ( 2) 0 (10) 1 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1

Page 49: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

49

( 4.10 '" ' *" ! $" )' ) Tquit- (! ! 4.7). '! ! ! - !*) /!* !", " - ,) !*). !) " ! !" ' ') ", " - 10 , )+. " ε<−3.90 ! ' $", " ε=−3.85 ε=−3.80 !" ! !. ε=−3.85 ! ! - , " ) !" ! " * '! ) " -" *! ! ) ! ," )! !*. * "$ ! ' ", )! )! !*). " ε=−3.80 !" )- ! ')+" * "! )! )! - " ! * ! * "- ' '!, !)+, ! )! !*). ! ! )! !*) * '! " 10, $" . , !) " 0 )- ') !* (! L=5).

0

5

10

0

5

100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

L1L2

T

02

46

810

02

46

810

0

0.5

1

L1L2

T

a) b)

02

46

810

02

46

810

0

0.5

1

L1L2

T

c)

( 4.10 )' ) '! )! !*) L1 L2, d=10, w=10, b=10

Page 50: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

50

a) ε = −3.90 , b) ε = −3.85 , c) ε = −3.80 ! ! )! !*) * '! " 5, $" . 3- ) $" ! !) '* ' ! )! ) '!. , ' ε=−3.80 )' ) '! 0 $":

L1max=10 , L2max=10 L1max=6 , L2max=10

V1 (L1) V2 (L2) Tc 0 (10) 0 (10) 1 0 (10) 1 ( 6) 0 1 ( 6) 0 (10) 0 1 ( 6) 1 ( 6) 0

L1max=10 , L2max=6

V1 (L1) V2 (L2) Tc 0 (10) 0 ( 6) 0 0 (10) 1 ( 0) 1 1 ( 6) 0 ( 6) 0 1 ( 6) 1 ( 0) 0

V1 (L1) V2 (L2) Tc 0 ( 6) 0 (10) 0 0 ( 6) 1 ( 6) 0 1 ( 0) 0 (10) 1 1 ( 0) 1 ( 6) 0

L1max=6 , L2max=6

V1 (L1) V2 (L2) Tc 0 ( 6) 0 ( 6) 0 0 ( 6) 1 ( 0) 0 1 ( 0) 0 ( 6) 0 1 ( 0) 1 ( 0) 1

K )' quit-) ! ! !) , "*+ ! ! !+) " ε=−3.80, ! 0 ! )) ) $" *. ! * ! ') quit- , ! ", ! ! $" ! !".

#0 ! ') '+ " ' *! !) '!) ) '! ! '" ! !) ! -. ! , "! " " ) '! *" ! !! '! ) 0" ) ! ' !)), "'" $" ! *" ". ), !, '+ ! !, !), ) )+ 2.2, " ! ' 0+ ! ! ". , ' )+ * ") '!, !" ! " " 0 !" 1 ") ", * ! '), ! ) *" Tquit-) )' ) (( 1.1) * ! )'- ) ) ! * )+ ) !". ! ! " * ) ! " !) * ! )! * ! !+-, .

! 4.11 4.12 " / )! , ! )' )

) Tquit- (( 4.6 ! 2d+1=21 ! 4.7, L=L1=L2=10) ! )- " * ! * * )0 ! ' )! )' ).

!" "! )' Tquit-) ! "! ) $" )! * " '* )! " '!, ". )!" )! ') Tquit-. , )" ! !,, ! !$ ) - !) " $" - *! " $" ! ) ! + Tquit-, )')' !, )-

Page 51: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

51

" ! * '* +, )- !. #0 ! $" , '" !) '$" ! ! ! ! + Tquit, - ! ""!" ) ! ! 4.11 " ε=−3.86.

-4.0 -3.9 -3.8 -3.7 -3.6 -3.50.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0 Tparallel

2T1

T

ε

-4.0 -3.9 -3.8 -3.7 -3.6 -3.50.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0 Tserial

0.5T1

T

ε

( 4.11 ( 4.12 /, )! ') Tquit-a /, )! ') Tquit-a )' ) Tquit-a )' ) Tquit-a - !" ! 0 ) ! ) "! )'), ! $", +" !", !) - , *" ! ! " !" ! '!, ! ) !,: +, $" , " " " )')' !, !0 !. )! !" *0 ) !) ! -" !), " ' - !) 0 ) !" - )" ' " ! !! ' !*, )! )'), - ! * !" )) *" " 0 / ' ).

% "! !) )' ) ) Tquit- ! ) ' ' / ' )! )! " * ! ! ' ) )' ) ). !) " ! ) )' '! )) ! ), , ' ' ! '!, + ! " '!. & ! ) )! ! )')' !, ")+" ! " ') Tquit-. ! * ), " + ' !" ) *! )! )! ! + '! ! ")+" ) ) )! )'. ) $, *! )! )! ! ) '' (! !$ ' ! ! )- !*). , 0 ! '+ ! )'), )- '! 0) ' ' !. ! !! !! ) 0), !" '* !) ! - ' ) " , 0)+) )- ! ! * )- ", ! /" ' ') ", ! 0), !". ! '!! ) !$", * ) ! ! )'), !) '" ) !" , 0 ' $" . !), )' * Tquit-) " ! ) '! *+ !, " - *! ! )! " ! * Tquit-) !.

Page 52: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

52

* ')!! )! " *! )! )!

') quit-a ! !$ )-! !" ! ! ' / ) !* $". !$ 4.13 ! / ')!! (ε) ' $" ! ! 4.7 W1=W2=10, d=10, L1=10, L2=5, " " ) !", ' / ) !* b. ! ! ')!! (ε) ' ') '! (W=10, d=10) )! !*) L=10 L=5. ) - ! 0 " !)" " )')' !, * ) '! !" )')' !, $" $. " ' " !!) ) )', * !" ' !) 0 * !*. #/ , ' !", ' / !*) b=20 b=30 !" )')' !, *' " ε=-3.9 " 0 * !$ " )-! !" !*) . ) ! )! -) ," " ' ) !", ' / !*), ". ' ) '" ) !$ ' - ) '$" !" )" !" 0 ) ', ' ," ". , ! b * ) " '$" ! )/, $", ' )+ ) b )) )')' !,. ( ' ) )! $" ! ")+" )- " , ! '0 '* )! ) *" .

-3.9 -3.8 -3.7 -3.60.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Tserial , b = 10 Tserial , b = 20 Tserial , b = 30 0.5T1 , L = 5 0.5T1 , L = 10

T

ε

( 4.13 )!! (ε) ' $" ' !", b ' / !*).

$" " !!)+ ) quit-a )! !*) L=10 L=5 (W=d=10). /,, ! ')!! 0.5 (ε) * '! ' $".

Page 53: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

53

4.3. $" + ! !*

4 + ! ))! ! ) )$, - " ' )+ 2.1. !!) !* +23 ' ' $" !- ' " " )' " ) ' " !! . ( ) - * ! ) " + !)) '" ) ), -), ,) *!, ". ))! ! ) !". #/ , '" ! " *! !$ ! !! , 0 * - )+ !* + . "!) + * * " ' !) ) *" ) ! '* - " ! ! ! " -) ! !) !. ) * ' ) '), ), !) ) '! , !) '), ! ,, '/ " ", - * '. )+" , ) ! + * ' !0 !! .

"!) + )'-" ' ! ! "*+ !) ) 0$, ". quit-a " " !* '). !$ 4.14 " ' ')!! ! $" ! !" " "

23 (*, '* )! ! ! - .

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

BE

T

( 4.14

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' ) 0$ (') quit ! L=0)

ε

Page 54: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

54

+ ' )" !". !) )! $" ')!!)! " !" !, '+) ' ) 0$ - )! " $ *" ) 0$, " !)- )) + " !, '') -, . , ", + ) ), ! ! " )- " , *0 - " )-. ) ") ! "!) *"-,) ,$ + 0 !*" "" )$ 0$, ! ) - ! !) ! ,". 3- " ' 0 ') quit-a ! ) )! !* L<0 ' 0 !) )- ) +, , ! " !" - !) * )), ) !" " " ! )! $" , . #/ , ! *" " ! ! ' ) 0$ 0 ! , , 0)" *' " ) " , ) " ) - , )!, * ! ) ! !! !)-, " " .$) ! $ *' . . " ' - ! ) )) ', " !) ! !)' , , ' !* " ')! ! / . )$, ' " " ! ) ! *", $" +. )" '+, ')) ! '* .) "5 ' )-$", ), ) '* ')+ "5.

') quit-a ! 0 ) "- " !$ !0), ) ' + (( 4.15 4.16). , + $" ) *+-) )'$" )! $" ", ! '*" )')' !, ) '! ) 0 ) 0$. ) ") " ' " , ) !, " ! '" ! ," !" . !" ) ) '! +, 0 * ! )" )$ '!, !* '!, ')! ! $". ) !" " " 0 !" !* - " 0 ' ! !*, !" ! ) *"-,, 0 !-' ' -+, - ! ! ' / ! ' ! *! , *, )+ " + !) " 0 )$ !, ) " *. ( ) -, ' ! $! " )", !- !" ! - + ) !, " " ") )) 0, ) *' )$ !. )" + !) ) $" ! ! !* " * ! '* !" + ) )" !. %! ) !, * * )". ! ! '*0 ' ! !)-! ! " ! ) $" '')" ,) !",, + )+ ! ! $ HEMT '!, ! , + 0 - !, '!. ( , " ε=−3.80, ! 4.15).

!" )' ) quit-a ! - '" !) (2d+1=21) $ 4.19 4.20 '" $" + ! $" ! !". + ! )" ! ! , !*" '* ) - !). #/ , " $" !" " !$! " ! !* ) ! ' , ! ) ' ' $" + )! " ! " (( 4.17 4.18). , )! $" (( 4.17) !" ! - )

Page 55: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

55

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

BE

T

( 4.15

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' ') quit, L=5 () '!)

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

BE

T

( 4.16

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' ') quit, L=10 () '!)

ε

ε

Page 56: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

56

)! " ε=−3.90. - ) " ! " " " ) + )! )! ), *"-,, ! 0 )')' !, ! ! ) +. ! , ! ! ) 0, + )' )!, ) !" ' !) )! $". #0 ! '+ + )" " " " )')' !,, ! )- ) . !, ! ! , !, 0, *" " ')" !*) ) '! " !" ! + )" ". ) ! 4.18 ! " ! ) " * " + *" ' ) " ε=−3.825,24 !$" ! ! 4.17 ' $" =0.004 =0.008. * ) ! ! !! ) / $" ,) -,, '+) !!" '$, ) $" *" $! ) !0 . ' ) ! 0 !) ! ! " * ! " ! ')" + / " " " ! !" ). " $+ " " ' $" ! * !* ) ! " ') !* .

( ! 4.21 4.22 ! ) ! ) ) ")+" $" + )' ) Tquit-a. /, " $" + " ) )')' !,, - ! ".

-4.00 -3.95 -3.90 -3.85 -3.800.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

B = 0.000 B = 0.004 B = 0.008 B = 0.012

T

ε

-3.90 -3.85 -3.800.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4 B = 0.016 B = 0.020 B = 0.030

T

ε

( 4.17 ( 4.18 )!! (ε) ' )' Tquit-) )!! (ε) ' )' Tquit-) (2d+1=21) !* + (2d+1=21) " +

24 ! , *" " )$, *' (! *") , " ! 0) +, $" " ! +.

Page 57: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

57

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

1

2

3

4

BE

T

( 4.19

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' )' ) quit-, L1=5, L2=10, 2d+1=21

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

1

2

3

4

BE

T

( 4.20

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' )' ) quit-, L1=10, L2=10, 2d+1=21

ε

ε

Page 58: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

58

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

BE

T

( 4.21

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' )' ) quit-, L1=5, L2=10

00.01

0.020.03

-4-3.8

-3.6-3.4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

BE

T

( 4.22

( $" ! !" $" " !+-, + ' )' ) quit-, L1=10, L2=10

ε

ε

Page 59: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

59

4.4. ( " ) !

- " '!! !! ! /" ! !*, !" ) ! $" !! ! " ! !) ! !* )". !:

• )'" ! !", • )'" ! !)' )$, • )'" ! )$, • ! +. )'" ! !" !, ! ' !$" *'

! $!, !) )'" ) . $! " ! ) ' ! !$, " ')! ) , ! !) ) ! $ ' ! )). * , !) $! " 0 ! )" ! !! , 0 ! )" ! ! , ) ' - " $! ! -, 2 ) " ψ(r,t) , " $! ψ(r,-t). ! )) $! $" ! ' kx-ωt " ! ) ! " ! ! ' kx+ωt (t " ' , ! -t).25 ( ! " ! !! 0 *"! ! ) ! ". ! " !" ! !" ! ! $" ψ !$ 4.23 ). ( , ! + ! *0 ! $" !" r ! !" t ' ') ! !, !. )'" ) ! *" !$" !$ 4.23 b). !$ 4.23 c) " ! ) ! ') ! -r+ψ ,) !",. ( *' " !! , ! ! ! 4.23 b) 4.23 c) ! !* $ ! " ' ')+ !, ! ,) !'$" 0 ! t+. *" !$" ) !$ 4.23 d). ( !, ! 4.23 d) !" !", ! ! $" ψ " ! ' ) ! . %$" !" ! !" ' )" ! !:

r r− += − , 21 ( )rt

t

+−

+

−=

#/ , ' ' 0, " (! !)), ' '' ' $" ! !" " " t+ : R+=(r+)2, T+=(t+)2 , R++T+=1, ' !) ! r t *"), ". * " !",. % ":

r r− += − , t t− += .

! $" ! !" R T, $ ) ( ) r t !, , " * ! . , !0" ! ! ' )" '+ !" )- !! .

25 ( $" /" ! ') ' ! )! ! *" k !! ω, " " * ! ' !, ! - '* ! " * )! '.

(4.1)

(4.2)

Page 60: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

60

a) b) c) d)

( 4.23

2 ! ' ' ')/, ! " ! ) !"

)'" ! !)' )$ ( 0 !) " ! $"

" , !* ! ) +, " ! ! ) )$ ' )). ! ' + - '" !$ !-! !. ", " )'" !)' )$ " ' + ," " !! ! ! ! $" ' !! ψ(x,y,t) *" $" ψ(x,-y,t). ' !! ! ) ! $" -" $" $ !! ! !.

! $" !!)+ " )'" ! )$ ( !) " ' + / , ! !* !. ! '+" ' ,$ ! " )) ! $" " ! ! $" (!)' )'" + ' +) )) "" ! !".

#/ , ! ' ! !* ) ! ')! ! " +, ,) ! . * ! !, ) !0 ! $" !" , *" ! $" " 0)" - ! " !! .

! t+ψ

r+ψ ψ

! t+ψ ψ r+ψ

! −r+t+ψ

-(r+)2ψ -r+ψ

! −r+ψ ψ

1 - (r+)2 t+

ψ

Page 61: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

61

Page 62: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

62

5. +

6+ ) " * ! !" ! !* ) '! -* ,) !) )', ') +. '), '! " " 0, '!! !! , , 0 ) !$" !0 ! *!, " ) . !) ! ! ) !$ 0 !) " '0" ' ! +) ! , " " ! * '! ! ' ) !. !) ' ) " !" )) $! ! $" ! !" ,) " *)+ ) ! '!) " )' ') /), ) $".

' ') ) '! " ' " !) '!! ), )! !*. '!! " * ! " 0 '! JFET 0 , ' )" " ! ' " ' " '! ), ) ) !", ! $" ! !*. ) '* ! )! !* '! ,) ' 0 ! *, * , * )" ! ". $ , " 0 " *' )')' !, !*, " ! " " ' ,) )!, ! , ! 1 ") " ! "" ! ' !) " !)" !.

1 , "! )' '! *" ! ! " ! !, *)+" ' $" !0 ! ) . ' " ! ) '* ! )! !*) '! * ' $" ! ! !, " ! ' ! !! !! , . $" " $". ")" ' ! *" " ε=-3.8 ' $" '! *' !) - 10 , !*) - 10 !", 10 ' / ) !* " $". " " ' * !!! *' ) '! ! '" ! !) ! - !" -, * " " !)" ! " ! !) . " !0 !! * * !) "*+ !" ", ε=-3.8 *"" ) !", " * ! ! 1 ") " !! .

) ! )0 ! ' , ' )! )' ) ), ) " !) ! -. " ' +), " " ! ! ! '!! !! * '. ')!! (ε) !0 ! ! ) ) !! ! ')!! (ε) " !0 !, " )' ) '! !) '! !)" )')' !, ! ! $ !. ) !! ! ) ")+" * ) (ε), " !) ! - ! ) )! (ε) ! ' $ ! !) , !!) , " !) ! $, " !, ! *" ! " +, )- . % )' ) ) '!, ! !) " "

Page 63: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

63

- " '* - !) ') '!, *" ! ')!! (ε) " ! ! ) )! )' ), ")- ')+" - !). , ) - !) " " !! ) )! (ε) ! ! ) , ) " ) !, )! ! ), - +, $" , " ) +, ') '! ( ,) )' ! !)) ) '*", )')' !, ') '! )- " ! " +, )- . + " ! -, !0 ! '" , ! ! ), !) " !! , ! ) ")+" !$! '* ! ) -, ! )')' !,. ) )0 "- " 0 !)+ !) ") * " ! "), ) - " $ , ". '" 0 ' $" , ! !* !) , , ! *, " ! ! !! !! .

+ ! ! )$ ) ! ! ) !, " ) " *+ ! !". )+ " + !) ! , ! - ) 0$. # + !0) ) - ' " ! !!)+ !" )) " ) +, . !" $" + !" )')' !, " )" ! $! 0, *". )')' !, ! )" ! )! $" ' $", ! ''$ , ! ' ) $" ")+" ) " - " ! ! ! ), . !", ) )')' !, *, , "), !0 " * ! ') !* + , * !" ). " * ! + !) !!$ , ! + ," $ .

" ! ' ! $" " 0, ) !! " ! !* !" )". !)+ " ! ) ! $" ! !", ! +, )'" ! !)' )$ )'" ! )$.

Page 64: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

64

: i ! !)"!) !, ! !)* ijk ! 0" ! ! xyz ! 0" ! !: + ') ! !, ! - ) ! !, ! L ) !) R ! !) n,m ! !) " # #:

( )tψ !, ξ !)"!) !, ! !)*

C(t) )) 0, !! !, ξ

( )tϕ $ !, !) χ !)"!) !, 0, !)

ψ, ξ, ϕ, χ ! $" )" !, ψψψψ, ϕϕϕϕ, χχχχ ) !)' (0,)) )" !, ψψψψ, ϕϕϕϕ ) )" !, ΨΨΨΨJ $ !, , !)' ΨΨΨΨ $ !, H ", " ( )tψ $ * " " " ψψψψ

", " ψψψψ H ", " ΨΨΨΨ ΦΦΦΦxyz ! !

ΦΦΦΦ ) !

λ $ )! ! Rnm $" !" ' n m Tnm $" ! !" ' n m rnm ! $" !" ' n m tnm ! $" ! !" ' n m

Page 65: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

65

! $" ! !"

# #: fi $" !, )) 0, !! !, i fFD 1 - ) $" !

i jp → )) ' "$ ) ' !, i !, j ∆tik !, ) ' ' !, i !, j %! #: ϕ ! $" )-$" B ) $" α !) &# : V !- 0 " " " )' " ε ) " : ε=(-0)/|V| En0 " n- M *" ) !) L '" ! N '" ! J ! 0" U $ !)"!) ) 0,) !) λλλλ $ !) !) C $ )) ! !, r $ ! $" !" t $ $" ! !" G ) $ GI,J * ) $ F $ ' #: m ) ! a !", ' / !! !" - v !, *' k ! *" I !" " ' ! U !

Page 66: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

66

(# : !, µ0 *! ) ε0 ! ) z0 ! ) c *' !)! ) h ) ! ) ! i,j,k ) ! ': !), ,), $

|z| ! *" z ( ), $) ||a|| ' ) ||A|| $ [A]nm $ n-" )! m-" Rez ! *" Imz ! *" diaga,b,c... " $ ! a,b,c,... "

Page 67: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

67

Page 68: Physics & Astronomy | GMU College of Science

68

[1] . 2 / - “$" ! !)-! ) '!”; !! ', (1995) [2] Fernando Sols, M.Macucci, U.Ravaioli and Karl Hess - “On the possibility of transistor based quantum interference phenomena”; Appl.Phys.Lett. 54(4) (23 January 1989) [3] Fernando Sols, M.Macucci, U.Ravaioli and Karl Hess - “Theory for a quantum modulated transistor”; J.Appl.Phys. 66(8) (15 October 1989) [4] T.Ando - “Quantum point contacts in magnetic fields”; Physical Review B, 8017 (15 October 1991-I) [5] E.N.Economou - “Green’s Functions in Quantum Physics”, 2nd edition; Springer-Verlag, New York Berlin Heidelberg (1990) [6] H.Tamura and T.Ando - “Conductance fluctuations in quantum wires”; Physical Review B, 1792 (15 July 1991-II) [7] C.G.Smith, M.Pepper, R.Newbury, H.Ahmed, D.G.Hasko, D.C.Peacock, J.E.F.Frost, D.A.Ritchie, G.A.C.Jones and G.Hill - “One-dimensional quantised resistors in parallel configuration”; J.Phys: Condensed Matter I (1989) [8] Eleuterio Castano and George Kirczenow - “Theory of the conductance of parallel ballistic constrictions”; Physical Review B, 5055 (15 March 1990-I) [9] Y.Hirayama and T.Saku - “Large magnetic depopulation of multiple parallel ballistic point contacts with circulating channels”; Physical Review B, 11408 (15 December 1990-I) [10] Yoshiro Hirayama and Tadashi Saku - “Transport Properties of Parallel Multiple Ballistic Point Contacts”; Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.29, No.2 (February 1990) [11] ...2 - “%) ”, 1.',; %5, [12] J.E.F. Frost et.al., Phys. Rev. B49, 14078 (1994)