Physics 2 - Class XII

8/18/2019 Physics 2 - Class XII

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CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS

F F F F F OREWORDOREWORDOREWORDOREWORDOREWORD v

PPPPPREFACEREFACEREFACEREFACEREFACE vii

CHAPTER NINECHAPTER NINECHAPTER NINECHAPTER NINECHAPTER NINE

R R R R R AY AY AY AY AY OOOOOPTICSPTICSPTICSPTICSPTICS AND AND AND AND AND OOOOOPTICAL PTICAL PTICAL PTICAL PTICAL IIIIINSTRUMENTSNSTRUMENTSNSTRUMENTSNSTRUMENTSNSTRUMENTS

9.19.19.19.19.1 Introduction 309

9.29.29.29.29.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310

9.39.39.39.39.3 Refraction 316

9.49.49.49.49.4 Total Internal Reflection 319

9.59.59.59.59.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 323

9.69.69.69.69.6 Refraction through a Prism 330

9.79.79.79.79.7 Dispersion by a Prism 332

9.89.89.89.89.8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 333

9.99.99.99.99.9 Optical Instruments 335

CHAPTER TENCHAPTER TENCHAPTER TENCHAPTER TENCHAPTER TEN

W W W W W AVE AVE AVE AVE AVE OOOOOPTICSPTICSPTICSPTICSPTICS

10.110.110.110.110.1 Introduction 351

10.210.210.210.210.2 Huygens Principle 353

10.310.310.310.310.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle 355

10.410.410.410.410.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 360

10.510.510.510.510.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment 362

10.610.610.610.610.6 Diffraction 367

10.710.710.710.710.7 Polarisation 376

CHAPTER ELEVENCHAPTER ELEVENCHAPTER ELEVENCHAPTER ELEVENCHAPTER ELEVENDDDDDUAL UAL UAL UAL UAL NNNNN ATURE ATURE ATURE ATURE ATURE OF OF OF OF OF R R R R R ADIATION ADIATION ADIATION ADIATION ADIATION AND AND AND AND AND MMMMM ATTER ATTER ATTER ATTER ATTER

11.111.111.111.111.1 Introduction 386

11.211.211.211.211.2 Electron Emission 387

11.311.311.311.311.3 Photoelectric Effect 388

11.411.411.411.411.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389

11.511.511.511.511.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 393

11.611.611.611.611.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 393

11.711.711.711.711.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 395

11.811.811.811.811.8 Wave Nature of Matter 39811.911.911.911.911.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403

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CHAPTER TWELVECHAPTER TWELVECHAPTER TWELVECHAPTER TWELVECHAPTER TWELVE

A A A A A TOMS TOMS TOMS TOMS TOMS

12.112.112.112.112.1 Introduction 414

12.212.212.212.212.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 415

12.312.312.312.312.3 Atomic Spectra 420

12.412.412.412.412.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 422

12.512.512.512.512.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 428

12.612.612.612.612.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation 430

CHAPTER THIRTEENCHAPTER THIRTEENCHAPTER THIRTEENCHAPTER THIRTEENCHAPTER THIRTEEN

NNNNNUCLEIUCLEIUCLEIUCLEIUCLEI

13.113.113.113.113.1 Introduction 43813.213.213.213.213.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 438

13.313.313.313.313.3 Size of the Nucleus 441

13.513.513.513.513.5 Nuclear Force 445

13.613.613.613.613.6 Radioactivity 446

13.713.713.713.713.7 Nuclear Energy 451

CHAPTER FOURTEENCHAPTER FOURTEENCHAPTER FOURTEENCHAPTER FOURTEENCHAPTER FOURTEEN

SSSSSEMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EEEEELECTRONLECTRONLECTRONLECTRONLECTRONICICICICICSSSSS: M: M: M: M: M ATERIALS ATERIALS ATERIALS ATERIALS ATERIALS,,,,, DEVICESDEVICESDEVICESDEVICESDEVICES AND AND AND AND AND SIMPLESIMPLESIMPLESIMPLESIMPLE CIRCUITSCIRCUITSCIRCUITSCIRCUITSCIRCUITS

14.114.114.114.114.1 Introduction 467

14.214.214.214.214.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 468

14.314.314.314.314.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 472

14.414.414.414.414.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 474

14.514.514.514.514.5 p-n Junction 478

14.614.614.614.614.6 Semiconductor diode 479

14.714.714.714.714.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 483

14.814.814.814.814.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 485

14.914.914.914.914.9 Junction Transistor 490

14.1014.1014.1014.1014.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 501

14.1114.1114.1114.1114.11 Integrated Circuits 505

CHAPTER FIFTEENCHAPTER FIFTEENCHAPTER FIFTEENCHAPTER FIFTEENCHAPTER FIFTEEN

CCCCCOMMUNICATIONOMMUNICATIONOMMUNICATIONOMMUNICATIONOMMUNICATION SSSSS YSTEMS YSTEMS YSTEMS YSTEMS YSTEMS

15.115.115.115.115.1 Introduction 513

15.215.215.215.215.2 Elements of a Communication System 513

15.315.315.315.315.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems 515

15.415.415.415.415.4 Bandwidth of Signals 517

15.515.515.515.515.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium 518

15.615.615.615.615.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 519

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15.715.715.715.715.7 Modulation and its Necessity 522

15.815.815.815.815.8 Amplitude Modulation 524

15.915.915.915.915.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave 52515.1015.1015.1015.1015.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave 526

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 528

APPENDICES APPENDICES APPENDICES APPENDICES APPENDICES 532

ANSWERS ANSWERS ANSWERS ANSWERS ANSWERS 534

BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY 552

INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX 554

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Physics 2 - Class XII

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