Physics 102-002 Announcements WebAssign – –Chapter 10 due next Tuesday –Chapter 11 due next Wednesday Exam #2 corrections due today Revised class schedule.

Physics 102-002 Announcements

• WebAssign – – Chapter 10 due next Tuesday– Chapter 11 due next Wednesday

• Exam #2 corrections due

today• Revised class schedule

posted on website

90x80 nm STM image of a GaAs nanowire sliced through the face and imaged with atomic resolution. The wire diameter is ~50 nanometer, this particular (and special) nanowire consists of two individual nanocrystallites perfectly fused together in the middle. In the top-left corner the inset shows a 10x10 nm zoom-in on the center of the wire showing the individual As inside the wire – on the inset one can see the perfect (atom-by-atom) junction of two nanocrystallites inside the wire. Images were recorded in constant current mode at –2.0V and 0.2nA.

Class Schedule

3/11 – 3/18

Spring Recess

3/19 Chapter 10 Projectile and Satellite Motion (Pg 184-191)

3/21 Chapter 11 Atomic Nature of Matter (Pg 211-223)

3/26 Chapter 22 Electrostatics, Part 1 (Pg 410-419)

3/28 Chapter 22 Electrostatics, Part 2 (Pg 419-430)

4/2 Chapter 23 Electric Current, Part 1 (Pg 436-443)

4/4 Chapter 23 Electric Current, Part 2 (Pg 444-452)

Chapter 11The Atomic Nature of Matter

• The Atomic Hypothesis• Characteristics of Atoms• Atomic Imagery• Atomic Structure• The Elements• The Periodic Table of the Elements• Compounds and Mixtures• Molecules

The Atomic Hypothesis • All things are made of atoms

• Atoms are little particles that move around in perpetual motion

• Atoms attract each other when they are more than about 10-10 m = 0.1 nm = 1 Å apart

• Atoms repel on being squeezed together

Brownian motion simulationhttp://www.geocities.com/piratord/browni/Difus.html

Physics Place videos

Question 1Why does air spread out to fill a room?

a) The molecules repel each other so the air expands to fill up the available space

b) The molecules move randomly, and end up all over the place

c) The energy of the system is lowered when the air fills the entire room

Question 1 AnswerWhy does air spread out to fill a room?

a) The molecules repel each other so the air expands to fill up the available space

b) The molecules move randomly, and end up all over the place

c) The energy of the system is lowered when the air fills the entire room

Characteristics of AtomsAtoms are REALLY tiny

Thermal movement of atoms simulationhttp://nic.sav.sk/fyzikraj/MovingDiscs/MovingDiscs.html

A cylindrical block of lithium with diameter and height of 2.4 cm contains approximately 1023 Li atoms.

Atoms are REALLY numerous

Atoms move around

Atoms you breathe have been around since the beginning of time, but have combined/recombined many times.

Some have undergone fusion or fission.

Atoms are ageless

Atomic ImageryThis picture is in the book. The barriers were assembled by individually positioning Fe adatoms using the tip of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A circular corral of radius 71.3 Angstrom was constructed in this way out of 48 Fe adatoms.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: How it’s done and more images.

Cyclopentene on single-domain Si

Atomic-force-microscope cross-sectional image of a carbon nanotube ring that is bridging two gold electrodes.

Atomic Structure

electrons    , protons        and neutrons       

Atoms are built from:

Me=1/2000 Mp=1 Mn=1Mass (in amu)

Electrical Charge - + No charge

A Hydrogen Atom(Using the “shell model”)       

Hydrogen (more accurately): a proton surrounded by an electron cloud

A Helium Atom                   

nucleus

A neutron walked into a bar and asked how much for a drink.  The bartender replied,  "for you, no charge." 

The ElementsAtoms cannot be divided using chemicals. They do consist of parts, which include protons, neutrons, and electrons, but an atom is a basic chemical building block of matter.

Almost all of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; almost all of the volume of an atom is occupied by electrons.

The number of protons (also known as its atomic number) determines the element. Varying the number of neutrons results in isotopes. Varying the number of electrons results in ions. Isotopes and ions of an atom with a constant number of protons are all variations of a single element.

Elements are substances composed of atoms of the same kind. There are more than 112 currently known elements. Each has specific physical characteristics.

Atomic structure animation table for the first 11 elements of the Periodic Table

IA              

VIIIA

1 H 1.01 IIA     IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2 He 4.00

3 Li 6.94

4 Be 9.01

5 B

10.81

6 C

12.01

7 N

14.01

8 O

16.00

9 F

19.00

10 Ne 20.18

11  Na 22.99

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table of Elements

IA < Group VIIIA

1 H

1.01 IIA

Atomic number

Symbol Atomic mass

IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

2 He 4.00

3 Li 6.94

4 Be 9.01

Metals

Transition Metals

Metalloids Nonmetals

5 B

10.81

6 C

12.01

7 N

14.01

8 O

16.00

9 F

19.00

10 Ne 20.18

11 Na 22.99

12 Mg 24.31 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB

VIIIB

IB IIB

13 Al

26.98

14 Si

28.09

15 P

30.97

16 S

32.06

17 Cl

35.45

18 Ar

39.95 19 K

39.10

20 Ca 40.08

21 Sc

44.96

22 Ti

47.90

23 V

50.94

24 Cr

52.00

25 Mn 54.94

26 Fe

55.85

27 Co 58.93

28 Ni

58.71

29 Cu 63.55

30 Zn

65.38

31 Ga 69.72

32 Ge 72.59

33 As 74.92

34 Se

78.96

35 Br

79.90

36 Kr

83.80 37

Rb 85.47

38 Sr

87.62

39 Y

88.91

40 Zr

91.22

41 Nb 92.91

42 Mo 95.94

43 Tc (98)

44 Ru

101.07

45 Rh

102.91

46 Pd

106.4

47 Ag

107.87

48 Cd

112.40

49 In

114.82

50 Sn

118.69

51 Sb

121.75

52 Te

127.60

53 I

126.90

54 Xe

131.30 55 Cs

132.91

56 Ba

137.34

57 La* 138.91

72 Hf

178.49

73 Ta

180.95

74 W

183.85

75 Re

186.21

76 Os 190.2

77 Ir

192.22

78 Pt

195.09

79 Au

196.97

80 Hg

200.59

81 Tl

204.37

82 Pb

207.2

83 Bi

208.96

84 Po (209)

85 At

(210)

86 Rn (222)

87 Fr

(223)

88 Ra

226.03

89 Ac* (227)

104 Rf

(261)

105 Db (262)

106 Sg (263)

107 Bh (262)

108 Hs (265)

109 Mt (266)

110 Uun (269)

111 Uuu (272)

112 Uub (277)

113 Uut (282)

*Lanthanide series: 58 Ce

140.11

59 Pr

140.91

60 Nd

144.24

61 Pm (145)

62 Sm

150.36

63 Eu

151.96

64 Gd

157.25

65 Tb

158.92

66 Dy

162.50

67 Ho

164.93

68 Er

167.26

69 Tm

168.93

70 Yb

173.04

71 Lu

174.97

*Actinide series: 90 Th

232.04

91 Pa

231.04

92 U

238.03

93 Np

237.05

94 Pu (244)

95 Am (243)

96 Cm (247)

97 Bk (247)

98 Cf

(251)

99 Es

(252)

100 Fm (257)

101 Md (258)

102 No (259)

103 Lr

(260)

Link to the periodic table above.

Compounds, Mixtures, and Molecules

Compound: A pure chemical material that consists of more than one kind of atom.Examples: water; PVC; table sugar (sucrose); table salt (sodium chloride)

Molecule: 2 or more atoms held together by the sharing of electrons. A compound is a collection of 2 or more molecules of the same kind (like an element is a collection of 2 or more of the same kind of atom).

Mixture: A collection of 2 or more different types of atoms or molecules that don’t chemically bond with each other.

Examples: air (a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases); gunpowder (charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate )

Water Methane Gas