Physico-Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water ... · Jalandhar is a city in the Doaba region of the North Western Indian state of Punjab. Jalandhar is the oldest city in

Journal of Green Engineering, Vol.9 2,212-223, Alpha Publishers This is an Open Access publication. © 2019 the Author(s). All rights reserved.

Physico-Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water Pollution in Jalandhar - Phagwara

Region

1Bishnu Kant Shukla, 2Anit Raj Bhowmik, 3Raperthy Bhargav Raj, 4Pushpendra Kumar Sharma

Abstract Groundwater is considered the most valuable and one of the essential prerequisites for human presence and the survival of humankind giving him the extravagances and solaces notwithstanding satisfying his fundamental necessities of life and furthermore for agricultural and industrial advancements and in this manner being a vital constituent of our eco-system. Be that as it may, depicting quality conditions is commonly troublesome thinking about spatial changeability of pollutants and a wide scope of indicators (organic, physical and concoction substances) which can be estimated. In recent years, the ground water quality has been observed deteriorating due to industrial activities and pollution in Punjab. The primary objective of this paper is to study the groundwater quality parameters in the surroundings of Jalandhar-Phagwara region of Punjab and determine level of pollution of such ground water. Study has been done to determine different physico-chemical characteristics of ground water of this region and estimate the impact of these parameters on environment in general and health of mankind in particular. Samples were collected from different villages and analyzed for pH, TDS, TSS, alkalinity, hardness and chloride content in ground water. The results indicated that values of Ph, TDS, TSS, alkalinity, hardness and chloride content were 7.2-7.8, 0-200 gm/l, 0-200 gm/l, 14-71 mg/l, 225-260 mg/l and 35.5-578.65 mg/l respectively.The obtained results were analyzed against the permissible limits given by Indian water quality standard IS: 10500-2012 and suggestions were made to improve water quality of the region under study in order to make the ground water in this region fit for drinking purpose.

1Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected] 2Student, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected] 3Student, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected] 4Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Journal of Green Engineering (JGE)

Volume-9, Issue-2, August 2019

213 Bishnu Kant Shukla et. al.

Keywords : Water Quality, Ground Water, Environmental Pollution, Water Pollution, Subsurface Water

1 Introduction

India, which is a tropical nation with a huge decent variety of geography, vegetation and climate. Despite the fact that it is favoured with genuinely high yearly precipitation, it isn't consistently disseminated in time bringing about heft of the precipitation getting away as overflow [1]. This outcome in deficient usage of accessible surface water [2-4]. The shortage of surface water particularly in dry seasons in many parts of the nation implies that groundwater assumes a definitive job. India has expanded geographical, climatological and topographic set up offering ascend to disparate groundwater circumstances in various parts of the nation [2, 4, 6]. Groundwater might be considered as a the most valuable and one of the fundamental prerequisites [7, 8-10] for human presence and the survival of humankind giving him the extravagances and solaces notwithstanding satisfying his essential necessities [11] of life and furthermore for industrial and farming advancements consequently being a critical constituent of our eco-framework [6, 12]. Jalandhar is a city in the Doaba region of the North Western Indian state of Punjab. Jalandhar is the oldest city in the Indian state of Punjab and is one of the oldest in the country whose Coordinates: is 31.326°N 75.576°E. As of late, the city experienced quick urbanization and has formed into an exceptionally industrialized focal point of trade. This also led to pollution in the city which causes impurities in water. Phagwara is a city and it as of late ended up Municipal Corporation in Kapurthala district of central Punjab in north-west India The city is universally perceived in light of the fact that an expansive NRI (Non-Resident Indian) populace has a place with this city. Before Phagwara was converged with Kapurthala district, it was a part of Jalandhar district. It falls in the Jalandhar Revenue Division having coordinates 31.22°N 75.77°E. Assessment of groundwater quality is a critical issue to guarantee for its sheltered and stable use [1, 13]. Be that as it may, depicting quality conditions is commonly troublesome thinking about spatial changeability of pollutants and a wide scope of indicators (natural, physical and compound substances) which are possible to be estimated [14]. The primary objective of this paper is to study the common groundwater quality parameters in the surrounding of Phagwara- Jalandhar region and also ascertain level of different pollutants in the groundwater. For full filling objectives of paper, the parameters that were analysed were Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, pH , Alkalinity, Hardness, Determination of chloride ion etc. In the whole study, we concentrated on these factors only in the Jalandhar and Phagwara region. After completion of this work, people of this area will came to know how much their water has impurity and which components are present more than allowable limit and which is within the limits. Based on this study, the residents of this region will be able to justify water condition in this particular area. People of this area must use water as per requirements so that wastage of water can be avoided and if they have some problem regarding quality of water, they must treat it before consumptive use to avoid the hazards related to the same.

Physico-Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water Pollution in Jalandhar - Phagwara Region 214

2 Materials and Methodology

Water is one of the most important things in human life and its essential for survival of living organism [15] but it may contain many types of impurities and other components which may affect the quality of water [16]. The components like TDS (Total dissolved solid), TSS (Total Suspended solid), Alkalinity, Chloride ions, Hardness of water etc may be commonly found in ground water which may cause pollution and health problems. In the present work, the quality of water was ascertained on the basis of TDS, TSS, Total Hardness, Chloride ion, Alkalinity and pH.

2.1 Sample Collection and Preservation Study period for the current work was June-September, 2018. Manual sampling with a plastic container in compliance with established standard norms [17] was adopted. Labels were used to prevent sample misidentification. Sample preservation was done in tune with Ground Water Board guidelines with minimum possible time lapse between collection and analysis. Sampling stations were selected from in and around Jalandhar-Phagwara region in such a way that a wide area may be covered and accurate depiction of results may be prepared. Samples of ground water were taken from hand pumps, tube wells and bore wells. Experimentation regarding evaluation of ground water parameters was generally done on the same day of procurement of sample to avoid errors. The sampling locations were Darwesh Pind, Nangal Moza, Hardaspur, Jandiala, Sarhali, Samrai, Chaheru, Jamsher khas, Meheru, Daulatpur, Palahi, Hazara, Adampur, Jalandharcant, Pragpur, Nangal choma, Bhogpur, Bolina, Lamra Pind and Satnampura. 2.2 Analysis of Sample Analysis of the collected ground water samples was done in accordance with the procedures suggested in the standard analytical procedure manual [11, 12]. The parameters, methodology adopted and equipment used have been listed in Table 1. A total of five samples were analysed from each place and average value was taken as final result to ensure accuracy in results.

Table 1 Methods of Analysis of Sample

S. No.

Parameter Methods Equipment

1. PH Electrometric PH meter, buffer solution PH4 & PH7,

2. TDS Experimental Oven, beaker, filter paper, weighing machine, funnel

3 TSS Experimental Oven, beaker, filter paper, weighing machine, funnel

4 Total solid Experimental Oven, beaker, filter paper, weighing machine, funnel

5. Chloride Ions Experimental Titration flask, burette , glass stirrer. beaker, conical flask

6. Hardness Experimental Titration flask, burette , glass stirrer. beaker, conical flask

7. Alkalinity Experimental Titration flask, burette , glass stirrer. beaker, conical flask


2.3 Testing Methodology Standard methods of testing of water quality parameters were adopted as per IS: 3025 and the results were analyzed as per Indian standard IS: 10500:2012 [12]. The testing methodologies for different parameters are discussed in subsequent subsections. 2.3.1 Measurement of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) To measure TSS, water sample was filtered through a pre-weighed filter. The residue retained on the filter was dried in an oven at temperature equal to 103 to 105° C until the weight of the filter no longer changed. The increase in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. This method was repeated five times for each sample and average value was considered.

2.3.2 Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids To gauge TDS, the specimen of water was first filtered and after that the filtrate (the water that went through the filter) was dissipated in a pre-gauged dish and oven dried at 180° C, until a constant weight of the dish was obtained [12]. The rise in weight of the dish depicted to the total dissolved solids, and was presented in milligrams per litre (mg/l).

2.3.3 Measurement of Total Solids

Total solids was estimated by evaporation of a sample of water in pre weighed dish and after that oven drying the remaining residue in between temperature of 103 to 105° C. Total solid content was determined by measurement of increase in weight of the dish.

2.3.4 Determination of pH pH determines how acidic or basic a given sample of water is. The range of measurement lies in 0 - 14, with 7 being completely neutral. A water sample having pH less than 7 is termed as acidic, while a pH of greater than 7 demonstrates a base. pH is in actuality, measurement of relative proportion of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas water that has greater amount of free hydroxyl ions is termed as basic. pH in laboratory was measured using electronic multimeter using pH probe manufactured by HACH.

Physico-Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water Pollution in Jalandhar

Figure

2.3.5 Measurement of Alkalinity Alkalinity, which is an electrometric estimation, was estimated utilizing a pH electrode and a titrant. Potentiometric titration was undertaken to an endperusing (Fig. 1) of pH 4.5. The measure of acid required to achieve a pH of 4.5 was communicated in millilitres. In this reaction, neutralization of calcium ion (COdone using acid buffering capacity of sample was demonstrated. From the measurement of acid utilized, amocalculated. This measurement was expressed in mg of CaCO

2.3.4 Determination of Hardness Total hardness is the hardness of the mineral substance in the water that cannot be reversed by boiling. Almagnesium hardness. All out hardness was measured by the concentration of multivalent cations which was present in water. These cations had a positive charge, higher than 1+. In general, catrecognized cations present in hard water were Mg2+ and Ca+. Presence of these ions in excess of 17 ppm renders water hard. Amount of these ions were determined as per standard titration method mentioned

2.3.5 Measurement of Chloride ion Measurement of chloride ion was done by titration of the water sample with silver nitrate solution in presence of potassium chromate as indicator. The titration was carried out until the colour of

Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water Pollution in Jalandhar Phagwara

Figure 1 Laboratory determination of water quality parameters

Measurement of Alkalinity

Alkalinity, which is an electrometric estimation, was estimated utilizing a pH electrode and a titrant. Potentiometric titration was undertaken to an end

pH 4.5. The measure of acid required to achieve a pH of 4.5 was communicated in millilitres. In this reaction, neutralization of calcium ion (COdone using acid buffering capacity of sample was demonstrated. From the measurement of acid utilized, amount of carbonate (CO3) used in the reaction was calculated. This measurement was expressed in mg of CaCO3/l.

Determination of Hardness

Total hardness is the hardness of the mineral substance in the water that cannot be reversed by boiling. Along these lines, total hardness is equal to the total calcium and magnesium hardness. All out hardness was measured by the concentration of multivalent cations which was present in water. These cations had a positive charge, higher than 1+. In general, cations having charge of 2+ were found. The most widely recognized cations present in hard water were Mg2+ and Ca+. Presence of these ions in excess of 17 ppm renders water hard. Amount of these ions were determined as per standard titration method mentioned in IS 3025 [12].

Measurement of Chloride ion

Measurement of chloride ion was done by titration of the water sample with silver nitrate solution in presence of potassium chromate as indicator. The titration was carried out until the colour of indicator changes to red from yellow.

Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water Pollution in Jalandhar - Phagwara Region 216

Alkalinity, which is an electrometric estimation, was estimated utilizing a pH electrode and a titrant. Potentiometric titration was undertaken to an end-point

pH 4.5. The measure of acid required to achieve a pH of 4.5 was communicated in millilitres. In this reaction, neutralization of calcium ion (CO3) was done using acid buffering capacity of sample was demonstrated. From the

) used in the reaction was

Total hardness is the hardness of the mineral substance in the water that cannot be ong these lines, total hardness is equal to the total calcium and

magnesium hardness. All out hardness was measured by the concentration of multivalent cations which was present in water. These cations had a positive charge,

ions having charge of 2+ were found. The most widely recognized cations present in hard water were Mg2+ and Ca+. Presence of these ions in excess of 17 ppm renders water hard. Amount of these ions were determined as per

Measurement of chloride ion was done by titration of the water sample with silver nitrate solution in presence of potassium chromate as indicator. The titration was


3 Results and Analysis Standard methods of testing were adopted as per Indian standards of IS:3025 [12]. The results of water quality tests are presented in subsequent sections. 3.1 Solid Content Contents of total solids, total dissolved solids and total suspended were determined as per methods discussed in section 2.3 and presented in the Table 2. It is evident from the table that solid contents at most of the places were absent except for Nangal Moza, Samaramai, Meheru, Jalandharcant, Nangal choma and Bolina. The solid contents at Nangal choma and Bolina were found to be 200 mg/l which is less than acceptable limit of 500 mg/l [5]. However, prolong use of such water for drinking purpose may lead to certain diseases and hence it is advisable that water in these two locations should be filtered before drinking use. Solid contents at rest of places were negligible in amount and water of those places may be used directly.

3.2 Chemical Parameters

Different chemical parameters viz., pH, chloride content, hardness and alkalinity were also determined as per standard procedure [4] discussed in article 2.3 and presented in Table 3. It can be observed from the table that pH of all the samples are over 7 but not more than 8.5 which is maximum allowable limit for drinking water. pH of Bhogpur was found just on the verge of allowable limit and it can be said that pH of this place needs to be critically monitored over time. Also, Sarahi. Jamsher khas and Adampur have pH on higher side and with prevailing conditions; pH of these places may also go beyond allowable limit. On the other hand, alkalinity of all the samples were found to be well below allowable limit of 250 mg/l [2]. Whereas, chloride ion content in some of the samples were estimated to be much more than general allowable limit of 250 mg/l. Ground water from Jandiala, Meheru, Daulatpur and Bhogpur were having alkalinity more than practical limits which makes ground water of these places corrosive and regular use in drinking can complicate existing heart problems and contribute to high blood pressure when ingested in excess. On the other hand, hardness of most of the samples were found to lie below 120 but seven sample exceed the hardness above 100 which are Hazara(220), Jalandhar cant(185), Pragpur(160), bolina(210), lamra pind(180), Satnaampura(260) and Bhogpur(290). Water having hardness above 120 is termed as hard and prolong use may produce corrosive actions and hence ground water at these places must be given hardness removal treatment before human use.

Table 2 TDS,TSS, Total Solid Results

S.N Place of sample

Filter paper weight Before filtration (gm)

Filter paper weight After filtration (gm)

Beaker weight before filtration (gm)

Beaker weight After filtration(gm)

TDS (mg/l)

TSS (mg/l)

Total Solid (mg/l)

1. Dirwesh Pind 0.84 0.84 49.21 49.21 NIL NIL NIL

2. Nangal Moza 0.76 0.77 49.22 49.23 1 1 1

3. Hardaspur 0.94 0.94 47.13 47.13 NIL NIL NIL


4. Jandiala 0.99 0.99 49.82 49.82 NIL NIL NIL

5. Sarahi 0.89 0.89 49.95 49.95 NIL NIL NIL

6. Samaramai 0.77 0.78 52.14 52.15 1 1 1

7. Chaheru 0.92 0.92 49.68 49.68 NIL NIL NIL

8. Jamsher khas 0.77 0.77 49.68 49.68 NIL NIL NIL

9. Meheru 0.92 0.93 49.37 49.38 1 1 1

10. Daulatpur 1.06 1.06 49.51 49.51 NIL NIL NIL

11. Palahi 0.91 0.91 47.55 47.55 NIL NIL NIL

12. Hazara 0.60 0.60 50.38 50.38 NIL NIL NIL

13. Adampur 1.13 1.13 52.35 52.35 NIL NIL NIL

14 Jalandharcant 0.84 0.85 49.63 49.64 1 1 1

15. Pragpur 0.77 0.77 49.85 49.85 NIL NIL NIL

16. Nangal choma

0.76 0.77 50.24 50.25 100 100 200

17. Bolina 0.94 0.95 49.52 49.53 100 100 200

18. Lamra Pind 0.77 0.77 49.71 49.71 NIL NIL NIL

19. Satnaampura 0.99 0.99 50.50 50.50 NIL NIL NIL

20. Bhogpur 0.85 0.85 49.70 49.70 NIL NIL NIL

Table 3 Chemical parameters results

S.N Place of sample pH

Alkali-nity (mg/l)

Chloride content (mg/l)

Hardness (mg/l)

1. Dirwesh Pind 7.4 47 53.25 47

2. Nangal Moza 7.4 45 67.45 52

3. Hardaspur 7.5 57 216.55 57

4. Jandiala 7.5 39 252.05 53

5. Sarahi 7.8 48 63.9 44

6. Samaramai 7.6 46 60.35 47

7. Chaheru 7.5 50 67.45 34

8. Jamsher khas 7.8 40 63.9 40

9. Meheru 7.6 33 578.65 72

10. Daulatpur 7.6 36 511.2 77


11. Palahi 7.5 17 78.1 30

12. Hazara 7.2 14 85.2 220

13. Adampur 7.8 35 53.25 25

14. Jalandhar cant 7.4 32 159.75 185

15. Pragpur 7.5 37 56.8 160

16. Nangal choma 7.6 71 35.5 100

17. Bolina 7.2 46 88.75 210

18. Lamra Pind 7.4 48 95.85 180

19. Satnaam-pura 7.3 37 227.2 260

20. Bhogpur 8.5 53 596.7 290

4 Conclusion

As a result of current study, following conclusions were drawn: Most of water samples do not possess solid content or possess significantly

small solid content except samples from Nangal choma and Bolina which possess total solid equal to 200 mg/l.

Solid content of all the samples of ground water was found to lie well within allowable limit for drinking use.

pH of all the samples lie within allowable limits. However, pH of ground water from Bhogpur was found to be just within allowable limit and water must be treated to reduce pH before human consumption.

Chloride content of samples from Jandiala, Meheru, Daulatpur and Bhogpur lie above practical limits. The ground water from these places must be desalinated before practical application.

Samples from Hazara, Jalandhar cantt, Pragpur, bolina, lamra pind, Satnaampura and Bhogpur were found to possess hardness aand it is recommended that ground water from these places must be given softening treatment before human consumption.

Due to rise in industrial activities, ground water qualities of Jalandhar-Phagwara region is deteriorating due to disposal of waste water directly over land. It is recommended that industrial wastewater should not be allowed to mix with ground water and proper disposal mechanism of industrial effluents must be designed in order to save ground water of this region from getting further polluted over time.

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Biographies

Bishnu Kant Shukla, born in February 1986, graduated from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida and post graduated from National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra India in field of civil engineering and currently pursuing Ph.D. in environmental and water resources engineering. He is working as Assistant Professor in School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. He is having a total experience of 6 years in administration, teaching and research. He is having his areas of interests like environmental and water resources, green buildings, transportation system modeling, pervious concrete, energy efficient buildings, water and wastewater treatment technologies, environmental designs, water resource management, river pollution control and industrial wastewater treatment etc. In addition to teaching, he has served and officiated administrative designations like Academic Counselor and Warden. He has been the author of more than 20 International/Conference research papers and published 6 journal papers. He has also authored two book chapters. Two of his conference papers were awarded best paper award. He is reviewer of Applied Water Science of Springer Nature and Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering of Elsevier and has reviewed many papers of these journals. He has guided 14 B.Tech level projects on various topics of civil engineering. He has submitted one project proposed to be funded from DST, India. He has attended many workshops of international and national repute. He is life member of Indian Science Congress Association.

Anit Raj Bhowmik is a distinguished member of Indian Science Congress Association. He holds a diploma and bachelor's degree in civil engineering and pursuing his master's degrees in civil engineering from Lovely Professional University at Phagwara-Punjab. He has been in research work from bachelor's itself and has many conferences proceedings under his name. He was awarded best paper award in his two research papers presented in national and international conferences, with two online publications of his research work, he has worked for many alternatives


ways for wastewater treatments and highway planning and configurations, for better road quality and environment friendly materials for the research work.

Raperthy Bhargav Raj has done bachelor degree in civil engineering from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-Punjab. His areas of interest are environmental engineering, green engineering, eco friendly ideas etc.

Dr. Pushpendra Kumar Sharma, born in December 1963, graduated and post graduated from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India in field of civil engineering in 1996 and with the same research centre, completed PhD in civil engineering with specialization in environmental and water resources engineering in 2017, is an Associate Professor in School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. He is having a total experience of more than 28 years; 9.5 years construction industry and 19 years of teaching. He is having his areas of interests like environmental and water resources, green buildings, capacity buildings, earthquake resistant buildings, energy efficient buildings, water and wastewater treatment technologies, environmental designs, sustainable construction project management, river pollution control and industrial wastewater treatment etc. In addition to teaching, Dr. Sharma has served and officiated many administrative designations like Dean Academics, Dean Students Welfare, Warden, Chairman Construction Committee HCST etc. He has been the author of more than 40 International/Conference research papers. He is reviewer of Cogent Engineering International Journal of Tailor and Francis, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering and has reviewed many papers of the same. He has successfully organized national and international conferences in the working institutions. Currently he is guiding 8 PhDs in civil engineering on various topics. He has guided one M.Tech and two more currently being guided. He has guided 150 B.Tech level


projects on various topics of civil engineering. One of his patents is recommended and one project proposed to be funded from DST, India. He attended many workshops of international and national repute. He is successfully trained under National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers in Earthquake Risk Management (NPCBEERM), organized by Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.

Physico-Chemical Parameters and Status of Ground Water ... · Jalandhar is a city in the Doaba region of the North Western Indian state of Punjab. Jalandhar is the oldest city in

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