PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF GLACIERS AND PREVENTION PROPOSALS

PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF GLACIERS AND PREVENTION PROPOSALS

Deglaciation is an ongoing process that has been increasing since the end of the

Little Ice Age, about the year 1860.

As important consequences of deglaciation, we have the decrease in glacier surfaces and the formation of

hanging glaciers and lakes, many with high levels of physical vulnerability.

Type of Glacier Hazards

1 Ice Avalanches

2 Alluvion of Glacier Lakes

3 Glacier Mass Reduction

PERU

En 1702 Inundación de la ciudad de HuarásEn 1725 Aluvión que desapareció el pueblo de AncashEn 1725 Avalanchas y aluviones en Huarás- 1500 pérdidas de vidasEn 1869 Aluvión en Monterrey - HuarásEn 1883 Aluvión en Macashca cerca a HuarásEn 1917 Aluvión del Nevado Huascarán sobre RanrahircaEn 1938 Aluvión en la quebrada Ulta - CarhuazEn 1941 Aluvión en la cuenca del Río PativilcaEn 1941 Aluvión de laguna Palcacocha- Huarás - 4 a 5 mil pérdidas de vidasEn 1945 Aluvión sobre las ruinas de Chavín de HuantarEn 1950 Aluvión en la laguna Jancarurish destruyendo hidroeléctricaEn 1951 Primer aluvión en la laguna Artesoncocha – Laguna ParónEn 1951 Segundo aluvión en la laguna Artesoncocha - Laguna ParónEn 1952 Aluvión en la Laguna Millhuacocha – Quebrada Ishinca1953-1959 Rebalse de la Laguna Tullparaju – HuarásEn 1962 Avalancha del Nevado Huascarán N, destrucción de Ranrahirca –4000 pérdidas de vidasEn 1965 Aluvión en la Laguna Tumarina – CarhuascanchaEn 1970 Aluvión en Yungay y Ranrahirca – 18,000 pérdidas de vidasEn 2001 Avalancha sobre la laguna Mullaca, produciendo su desbordeEn 2002 Derrumbe sobre la laguna Safuna Alta, produciendo oleajes de 77m de alturaEn 2003 Derrumbe sobre la laguna Palcacocha, produciendo su desborde y

desabastecimiento de agua potable en la ciudad de Huarás por 6 días.En 2003 Avalancha del Nevado Huandoy, produciendo 9 pérdidas de vidasEn 2006 Desborde de la laguna Matara (Huari), produciendo daños en infraestructuraEn 2008 Desborde de una laguna en formación en la cabecera de la quebrada CojupEn 2009 Deslizamiento en Rampac Grande (Carhuaz), 9 pérdidas de vidasEn 2010 Avalancha sobre la laguna 513; daños a la infraestructura.En 2012 Aluvión de laguna Artesa, quebrada Santa Cruz

HISTORY OF GLACIER TYPE DISASTERS IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA

PALCACOCHA LAKE IN THE HIGHEST LEVEL1940

ALLUVION THAT DEVASTATED HUARAS CITYDECEMBER 13th, 1941

ICE AVALANCHE FROM HUALCAN MOUNTAIN ABOVE 513 LAKE, ABRIL 2010

Formación de la Lag. 513 (2) Aluvión de la Lag. 513 (1)

ALLUVION PATH BETWEN 513 LAKE AND THE SANTA RIVER CROSSING CARHUAZ CITY – APRIL 2010

AVALANCHE OF NORTH

HUASCARANMAYO 31st, 1970

CHILE

ESTERO DEL APAREJO GLACIER BASINREMAINS OF THE GLACIER AT THE END OF THE VALLEY

UNDER THE ROCK MATERIAL

COLOMBIA

ARMEO CITY DESTROYED BY THE LAHAR OF MOUNT RUIZ

SWITZERLAND

ALLALIN GLACIER

MATMARK DAM IN CONSTRUCTION

ALLALIN AVALANCHE ABOVE THE MATMARK

DAM

HIMALAYAS

IN ORDER TO AVOID GLACIER CATHASTOPHIES, SEVERAL SAFETY

PREVENTION WORKS WERE BUILT SPECIALLY IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA - PERU

SAFETY PREVENTION WORKS

SAFETY PREVENTION WORKS• REDUCE THE WATER LEVEL•BUILT DAMS OR TUNELS

34 SAFETY PREVENTION WORKS WERE BUILT IN THE

CORDILLERA BLANCA

Towns / Cities

Safety Prevention Works

INSTITUTIONAL POLICIESPeruvian Case

1. 1945-1950: Instituto Geológico del Perú (IGP)2. 1951-1970: Comisión de Lagunas de la Cordillera Blanca

(CLCB)

3. 1966-1973: Corporación Peruana del Santa (CPS)4. 1973-1977 : Electroperú (EP1) 5. 1977-1978: Instituto de Geología y Minería (IMIN)6. 1978-1980: Instituto de Geología Minería y Metalurgia

(IMET)7. 1981-1991: Empresa de Electricidad Norte Medio

HIDRANDINA (HIDRA)8. 1991-1999: Electroperú (EP2)

9. 1999-2010: Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA)

10. 2010-2012: Autoridad Nacional del Agua (ANA)

From the mid-40 can distinguish the shared management of the Glaciology and Lakes Security Program of in 3 principal stages:

Ministry of Development and

Public Works

Ministry of Mining and Energy

Ministry of Agriculture

PROPOSAL

To create an Organism of Glaciology and Safety Lake

Program for the Andean Region with base in Huaras City –

Cordillera Blanca

GROUNDS OF THE PROPOSAL

1. The objective of the studies of glaciers has two aspects, one oriented towards the assessment and monitoring of glaciers for mitigation and reduction of surface water. The second aspect is related to the hazards and the development of actions for safety matters.

2. Related to the glacier research, there is a lack of management policies, for being oriented basically only towards the reaserch and monitoring of glaciers with hydric resources matter, not taking in consideration the complementary portion of hazards and prevention works against the glacier disasters.

3. Need for specialists in the public sector in multidisciplinary specialties for glacier research, hazards and safety works.

4. Need particularly in the Latin American region to have a Permanent Agency specializing in Glacier Research, Hazard Management and Implementation of safety prevention works.