Phys.Fundament.GC-2007/08 www.pik-potsdam.de/~stock 02-1 Physical Fundamentals of Global Change Processes Lecture 02: 16-Oct-07 Historical, Philosophical and Scientifical Fundamentals of GC • Some Essentials of Lecture 1 • Historic Milestones of Science and Knowledge –Renaissance: from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age –Discovery of the Globe and fundamentals of Earth Sciences –The Copernican Revolution –The Age of Enlightment, Reasoning, and Inventions –Example: Photosynthesis • Towards the 2nd Copernican Revolution University of Applied Sciences Eberswalde Master Study Program Global Change Management Manfred Stock Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
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Physical Fundamentals of Global Change ProcessesLecture 02: 16-Oct-07
Historical, Philosophical and Scientifical Fundamentals of GC• Some Essentials of Lecture 1• Historic Milestones of Science and Knowledge
–Renaissance: from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age –Discovery of the Globe and fundamentals of Earth Sciences–The Copernican Revolution–The Age of Enlightment, Reasoning, and Inventions–Example: Photosynthesis
• Towards the 2nd Copernican Revolution
University of Applied Sciences EberswaldeMaster Study Program Global Change Management
Manfred Stock Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Definition of Global ChangeChanges in the global environment (including alterations in
climate, land productivity, oceans or other water resources, atmospheric chemistry, and ecological systems) that may alter the capacity of the Earth to sustain life. (U.S. Global Change Research Act of 1990)
1. Anthropogenic use of fossil energy resources 2. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG)3. Anthropogenic climate change4. Direct impacts of climate change 5. Indirect impacts of climate change6. Environmentally induced climate change (land use)
Climate Change: The past 1000 years and this century
Global Change Analysis will show:
A continuation of the present business to use energy will most probably terminate the industrialized civilization on Earth and may even endanger Earth’s capacity to sustain life!
There is an urgent need for sustainable options of Global Change Management to alter the global energy system to ‘renewables’.
Renaissance: from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age
1342: extreme rainfall in June and July in Central Europe, strongest extreme flood event of the last 2000 years, all bridges lost in Germany, most of agricultural crop land lost due to erosion, famine, 1347-51: Black Death kills about one third of European population
Fundamentals of Epistemology: the theory of knowledge
William of Ockham a pioneer of nominalism and father of modern epistemology and modern philosophy in general, Summa logicae (Sum of Logic), before 1327.
‘Occam's razor’ states that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible.
1455 Johann Gutenberg: letterpress1492 Martin Behaim: Nürnberg Terrestrial Globe1524 Peter Henlein: first pocket watch1568 Geradus Mercator: projection with parallel lines of longitude to aid navigation by sea (compass courses marked as straight lines).
south-oriented map, made by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154,
Admiral Zheng He sailed from China to many places throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan, Persian Gulf and distant Africa in seven voyages from 1405 to 1433 , some 80 years before Columbus. His "treasure ship" is four hundred feet long - much larger than Columbus's St. Maria.http://www.tourism-melaka.com/new/tourism/
Nicolaus Copernicus, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), 1543
The seven parts of Copernicus' theory are:1. There is no one center in the universe 2. The Earth's center is not the center of the universe 3. The center of the universe is near the sun 4. The distance from the Earth to the sun is imperceptible
compared with the distance to the stars 5. The rotation of the Earth accounts for the apparent daily rotation of the
stars 6. The apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is caused
by the Earth revolving around the sun 7. The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused
by the motion of the Earth, from which one observes
Johannes Kepler, Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy), 1609, andHarmonices Mundi ("Harmony of the Worlds"), 1619, contained the three laws of planetary motion:
1. The orbit of a planet about a star is an ellipsewith the star at one focus.
2. A line joining a planet and its star sweeps out equal areasduring equal intervals of time.
3. The squares of the orbital periods of planets are directlyproportional to the cubes of the semi-major axis of the orbits.
T = orbital period of planeta = semimajor axis of orbit
Fundamentals of Epistemology: the theory of knowledge
William of Ockham a pioneer of nominalism and father of modern epistemology and modern philosophy in general, Summa logicae (Sum of Logic), before 1327.
‘Occam's razor’ states that the explanation of any phenomenon should make as few assumptions as possible.
Rationalism - Cogito ergo sumRationalismwestern philosophical tradition begins with Eleatics, Pythagoreans, and Plato:Theory of the self-sufficiency of reason, leitmotif of Neoplatonism and Idealism.
Since the Enlightenment, rationalism is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into philosophy, as in Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza.
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) built upon the work of Kepler and Galileo. His development of the calculus opened up new applications of the methods of mathematics to science. He showed that an inverse square law for gravity explained the elliptical orbits of the planets, and advanced the theory of Universal Gravitation. (Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 1678)
Newton believed that scientific theory should be coupled with rigid experimentation.
The Three Laws of Motion (Newton 1678)Newton's Laws of Motion describe the motion of a body as a whole and are valid for motions relative to a reference frame:
1. An object will stay at rest or move at a constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2. The rate of change of the momentum I of a body is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and the direction of the change in momentum takes place in the direction of the net force: F = dI/dt
3. To every action (force applied) there is an equal but opposite reaction (equal force applied in the opposite direction).
⇒a = v² / rcentripetal acceleration⇒Fc = m v² / rcentripetal force
I
r
m
Using the phase space is a rather elegant and simple method to calculate the centripetal or centrifugal force, compared to the standard method via vector and differential calculus. The phase space is the coordinate system of all variables describing the state of a system.
DTBnPlanet DTB = 0,4 + 0,3 x 2(n-1) x sgn(n) Distances in astronomical units, AU. One AU is the average distance between Earth and Sun, roughly
AU = 149 598 000 km
The rule was proposed in 1766 by Johann Daniel Titius and "published" without attribution in 1772 by the director of the Berlin Observatory, Johann Elert Bode.
There is no solid theoretical explanation of the rule, but it is likely a combination of orbital resonance and shortage of degrees of freedom.
James Watt (1736-1819) British inventor and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine (Newcomen 1711) were fundamental to the changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution.
Watt's idea was to separate the condensation system from the cylinder, injecting the cooling water spray in a second cylinder, C, attached to the main one through a valve V'. When the piston had reached the top of the cylinder, the valve V was closed and V' was opened. External atmospheric pressure would then push the steam and piston towards the condenser. Thus the condenser could be kept cold and under less than atmospheric pressure, while the cylinder remained hot.
Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography.
discovery of blood circulation
1676 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: discovery of bacteria1761 John Harrison: invention of longitude Chronometer1779 Jan Ingenhouse: discovery of photosynthesis1850 Charles Darwin: “The Origin of Species”