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Phylogeny of Rosids
Vitacea
e
After Jansen et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 19369-19374
Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassica oleracea var. botritus
Brassica oleracea var. acephala
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Brassica oleracea var. italicaBrassica oleracea wild type
Textbook DVD KRR
Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae
Brassica rapaTextbook DVD KRR & DLN
Note the 4 petals arranged like a cross –– “cross bearing” (Cruciferae);Also note the 6 stamens, 4 long, 2 short –– tetradynamous;Ovary superior
Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN
Draba laciniata
Hesperis matronalisTextbook DVD KRR & DLN
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Erysimum sp.
Arabidopsis thaliana
Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae
Textbook DVD BSCTextbook DVD KRR
Note thatBrassicaceae fruit iseither a silique or asilicle.
Silique: a dry, dehiscent fruit of the Brassicaceae, typically more than twice as long aswide, with two valves separating from the persistent placentae and septum (replum).Silicle: the same as silique, but less than twice as long as wide.
Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae
Lesquerella ludoviciana
Note thattwo valves separatingfrom the persistentplacentae andseptum (replum).
Brassicaceae (Mustard family) = Cruciferae
Brassicaceae - 365 genera/3250 species.The Brassicaceae we taught here is the traditional Brassicaceae s.s., which is clearly monophyletic.But studies have suggested that Brassicaceae s.s. may be nested within the paraphyletic tropicalfamily “Capparaceae”. If that’s true, then we should include “Capparaceae” into Brassicaceae s.l..
Herbs;
Leaves alternate, simple to compound.
Flowers actinomorphic;
Sepals and Petals 4, polypetalous, cruciform. Petals often clawed;
Stamens 6, tetradynamous (4 long, 2 short).Carpels 2, connate; Ovary superior with a “replum” (a false septum
formed by thickened placentae), separating the two locules.Fruit a silique (more than twice as long as wide) or silicle (less than twice as
long as wide) .
Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)
Oenothera grandis (Evening primrose )
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)
Fuchsia pringsheimiiTextbook DVD WSJ Te
xtbo
ok D
VD
KRR
& D
LN
Fuchsia x hybrida
Note the hypanthium prolonged above the inferior ovary; Flora parts in 4 Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Textbook DVD WSJ
Ludwigia peruviana
Oenothera grandis
Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)
Oenothera biennisTextbook DVD KRR & DLN
Textbook DVD BSC
Oenothera (Gaura) lindheimeri
Oenothera (Gaura) sp.
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Note the 4 fused carpels, hypanthium andinferior ovary;Sometimes flowers are zygomorphic
Onagraceae (Evening primrose family)
Onagraceae - 16 genera/650 species.This small family is prominent in the western US and includes Oenothera (eveningprimrose) , Clarkia, Chamerion(fireweed), Fuchsia, Epilobium, etc.
Fruit a capsule, seeds often comose (with tuft of hairs), think about fireweed.
Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)
Textbook DVD WSJ
Hibiscus moscheutos
The family Malvaceae is circumscribedbroadly in your textbook, including fourtraditionally recognized families (i.e.,Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae,and Malvaceae s.s.). Since Malvaceae s.s.is still a monophyletic group and is theonly one of the four families representedin our native flora. The family we areteaching here is Malvaceae s.s..
Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)Textbook DVD KRR Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis
Note the five fused carpels, and numerous stamens that are monadelphous.
Monadelphous: stamens united by the filaments and forming a tube around thegynoecium
Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)Textbook DVD DLN
Abutilon theophrastii
Note that perianths are in 5, and stamens are numerous and monadelphous.
Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)
Textbook DVD WSJ
Callirhoe papaver Textbook DVD WSJ
Hibiscusmoscheutos
Again, Note that perianths are in 5, and stamens are numerous andMonadelphous; Fruit a capsule
weblogs.baltimoresun.com/.../blog/okra.jpg
Abelmoschus esculentus
Malvaceae s.s. (Mallow family)
Malvaceae s.s. - 11 genera/1800 species, including okra, Hibiscus, etc.
Mostly tropical herbs or shrubs, also trees.
Leaves alternate, palmately veined.
Stellate hairs;
Mucilaginous cells that secrete slimy/sticky substances (e.g., makes okra slimy)
Aceraceae is amonophyletic group, sois Hippocastanaceae(Horse chestnut family),but Sapindaceae s.s. isparaphyletic in relationto the other two families.So your text bookinclude all three familiesinto Sapindaceae s.l.. ButSapindaceae s.s. ismainly a tropical family.We are teaching just oneclade in the Sapindaceaes.l. –– Aceraceae
Aceraceae (Maple family)
Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Note the samaroid schizocarp;Samara: A dry, indehiscent, winged fruit;Schizocarp: A dry, indehiscent fruit which splits into separate one-seeded
segments (carpels) at maturity.
Aceraceae (Maple family)
Textbook DVD WSJ
Acer negundo
Textbook DVD WSJ
Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum
Note the opposite leaves;
N. hemisphere woody plant families with opposite leaves
A MAD CAP HORSE =
Oleaceae (Ash family)
Maple family (Aceraceae, included in Sapindaceae now)
Adoxaceae (Elderberry family)
Dogwood family (Cornaceae)
Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family)
Horse chestnut family (Hipposcastanaceae, included in Sapindaceae now)
Aceraceae (Maple family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN
Acer negundo
Flowers could be unisexual; thenplants can be mono- or deoecious, orandrodioecious (some plants withperfect flowers, some plants withmale flowers only)
Aceraceae (Maple family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN
Acer
pla
tano
ides
Petals are reduced and sepal-like;Nctary disk;Superior ovary (2 fused carpels), developing wings;
Aceraceae (Maple family)
Aceraceae - 2 genera/113 species, including Acer and Dipteronia.
Woody trees or shrubs, mostly N temperate.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers actinomorphic;
perianths 4-5 parted; petals reduced and sepal-like;
Stamens 4-10;nectary disk;flowers bisexual or unisexual; if unisexual, plants either mono- or
dioecious, or androdioecious;ovary superior (2 fused carpels), winged;
Fruit of 2 fused carpels each with pronounced wing and single seed that splitapart at maturity and dispersed by wind –– samaroid schizocarp.
Hybridization and Polyploidization
What is hybridization?Hybridization is the process of producing offspringof two organisms belonging to different varieties orspecies. –– the process to create hybrids.
Why does hybridization matter?
Well, nearly all of our major crops, livestock,pets, and ornamentals are hybrids betweendifferent species or varieties/races/strains.
Hybridization and Polyploidization
Textbook DVD WSJ
Strawberry;Fragaria x ananassa;Hybrid between F. virginianaand F. chiloensis;
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN
Pansy;Viola x wittrockiana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis
Hybridization and Polyploidization
Hybrid vigor (Heterosis): An increase in fertility, survivability, yield, or other superior qualities arising from the crossbreeding of genetically different organisms.
Polyploidy: with three or more complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. Allopolyploidy: presence in a cell of two or more genomes from different species. Autopolyploidy: presence in a cell of three or more chromosome sets from the
same species.
50% or more offlowering plants and95% of ferns and fernallies are polyploids.Polyploid cropsinclude rice, wheat,cotton, soybean, etcl.
Hybridization and Polyploidization
How to detect natural hybridization?
A B CA1A2B1B2C1C2
A phylogenetic approach.
Note: materials on this slide and the following slides are optional –– they won’tbe on the lecture exam. So you can fall asleep now!
Detecting natural hybridization: case studies
Atropa belladonna
Hyoscyameae
Detecting natural hybridization: case studies
Yuan et al., 2006. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12): 2263-2267
Detecting natural hybridization: case studies
Yuan et al., 2006. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23(12): 2263-2267